Metodi e modelli per la logistica distributiva nella filiera globale dell'olio alimentare. Analisi dell'impatto ambientale

La tesi tratta il tema dell'impatto ambientale della logistica distributiva della filiera globale dell'olio alimentare. Sono presentati i tratti salienti del mercato dell'olio: produttori, consumatori e packaging per l'olio. Si affronta il concetto di Green Logistics e le categorie chimiche inquinanti per la valutazione dell'impatto ambientale della filiera. Il caso analizzato riguarda la logistica di un'azienda italiana produttrice e distributrice di olio. Sono presentati e simulati degli scenari alternativi all'organizzazione logistica distributiva di tale azienda per eventuali migliorie maggiormente ecosostenibili.

Start-up e green economy. Un’analisi delle regioni italiane

Questa tesi si pone l’obiettivo di fornire un quadro generale relativo allo stato della Green Economy in Italia, riservando particolare attenzione alle start-up innovative e all’eco-innovazione, per poi passare ad una analisi particolareggiata delle start-up innovative di Marche, Umbria ed Abruzzo attive nel campo dell’ economia verde. Nel realizzare questo approfondimento ho raccolto, catalogato e rielaborato informazioni presenti nella sezione speciale del Registro delle Imprese dedicata alle start-up innovative. Si è trattato di selezionare le imprese green dall’universo delle start-up innovative di Umbria, Marche ed Abruzzo raccogliendone le informazioni più significative (Nome, Provincia, inizio attività, codice Ateco, requisiti d’innovazione, eventuale alto valore tecnologico in ambito energetico, dimensione economica, caratteristiche della risorse umane e mission dell’impresa) creando un dataset tramite un foglio excel. Terminata la fase di raccolta e catalogazione di dati è cominciato il lavoro di analisi che ha condotto allo studio riportato nella tesi. Nel riportare e commentare le informazioni raccolte mi sono avvalso dell’ausilio di grafici.

Verso un mondo produttivo più sostenibile: analisi del grado di adozione e comunicazione di politiche sostenibili da parte di un campione di 100 aziende italiane

La sostenibilità (ambientale, economica e sociale) non rappresenta per le aziende un trend passeggero, ma una direzione da seguire per poter rispondere a norme sempre più stringenti e a consumatori sempre più attenti. La tesi illustra il concetto di sviluppo sostenibile, il quale ha segnato varie tappe della storia tra cui la pubblicazione nel 2015 dell’Agenda 2030 dalle Nazioni Unite e la definizione dei 17 obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile per contrastare i problemi climatici. Vengono descritti i principali strumenti introdotti dall’Unione Europea per promuovere una crescita verde, utilizzando leve di intervento sia legislative che con incentivi, quali il Green Deal che mira a promuovere attività sostenibili che non generino emissioni di inquinanti, il decreto legislativo che regola l’informativa non finanziaria, il Piano d’Azione della Commissione Europea per finanziare la crescita sostenibile. Quello che le aziende comunicano sui propri siti web è una prima indicazione delle loro politiche in materia di sostenibilità, insieme ai report e alle certificazioni più formali. Lo scopo della tesi è valutare a che punto sono le aziende di diversi settori e dimensioni nella comunicazione di queste tematiche, analizzando un campione di esse, per mezzo di un form progettato per raccogliere e archiviare dati strutturati presi dai siti web. Grazie a questo si arriverà ad un punteggio per ciascuna di esse che rappresenta l’attuale livello comunicativo. Un problema attuale riscontrato è quello del greenwashing: una strategia di marketing, per dimostrare un impegno non reale nei confronti dell’ambiente agli occhi degli stakeholder e per farle guadagnare punti in reputazione e immagine aziendale. Il fine ultimo della tesi è quello di dimostrare che la sostenibilità è una scelta necessaria che va compiuta fin da subito, e non una questione solo delle grandi aziende o dei settori più “verdi”.

Valorizzazione della sansa d'oliva: estrazione ed analisi della frazione fenolica

Il presente elaborato di tesi espone uno studio scientifico che ha come obbiettivo quello di valutare un metodo sostenibile per il recupero della frazione fenolica presente nella sansa d’oliva vergine, il sottoprodotto solido dell’industria olearia. L’attività di ricerca ha riguardato prove sperimentali di estrazione di tali composti minori polari da sanse d’oliva vergini successivamente caratterizzate con metodi analitici (Folin-Ciocâlteu, UHPLC-DAD). Lo scopo finale di questo studio è l’ottenimento di un estratto idroalcolico caratterizzato per il contenuto in componenti polari ad attività riducente, quali le molecole fenoliche; si intende quindi ottenere un semilavorato ad alto valore aggiunto che possa essere conferito successivamente all’industria alimentare, cosmetica, farmaceutica, per la produzione di prodotti funzionali con proprietà bioattive. Questo studio è orientato verso un concetto di innovazione di metodi efficaci per la valorizzazione di questi scarti. Il lavoro compiuto ha confermato la possibilità di valorizzare la sansa d’oliva in maniera sostenibile in un’ottica di economia circolare, con ottenimento di estratti idro-alcolici interessanti in termini di contenuto in composti ad attività riducente riconducibili, con molta probabilità, soprattutto a molecole a struttura fenolica. Gli studi preliminari sulle sanse hanno permesso di individuare il campione ideale da sottoporre al processo di valorizzazione, ovvero la sansa trifasica ma, salvo un costo maggioritario in termini energetici durante la fase di evaporazione dell’estratto filtrato, grazie al metodo messo a punto, possono essere valorizzate sanse sia bifasiche che trifasiche denocciolate. Le tecnologie considerate, quali ad esempio presse, sistemi di centrifugazione ed evaporazione e solventi “green’’ quali l’etanolo, suggeriscono la possibilità di uno scale-up a livello industriale per la produzione di estratti caratterizzati per il contenuto in composti riducenti e fenolici.

All Green, But Equal? Morphological Traits And Ecological Implications On Spores Of Three Species Of Mosses In The Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Spores of the tropical mosses Pyrrhobryum spiniforme, Neckeropsis undulata and N. disticha were characterized regarding size, number per capsule and viability. Chemical substances were analyzed for P. spiniforme and N. undulata spores. Length of sporophyte seta (spore dispersal ability) was analyzed for P. spiniforme. Four to six colonies per species in each site (lowland and highland areas of an Atlantic Forest; Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil) were visited for the collection of capsules (2008 - 2009). Neckeropsis undulata in the highland area produced the largest spores (ca. 19 µm) with the highest viability. The smallest spores were found in N. disticha in the lowland (ca. 13 µm). Pyrrhobryum spiniforme produced more spores per capsule in the highland (ca. 150,000) than in lowland (ca. 40,000); longer sporophytic setae in the lowland (ca. 64 mm) than in the highland (ca. 43 mm); and similar sized spores in both areas (ca. 16 µm). Spores of N. undulata and P. spiniforme contained lipids and proteins in the cytoplasm, and acid/neutral lipids and pectins in the wall. Lipid bodies were larger in N. undulata than in P. spiniforme. No starch was recorded for spores. Pyrrhobryum spiniforme in the highland area, different from lowland, was characterized by low reproductive effort, but presented many spores per capsule.

Reduced Lrp6 Expression And Increase In The Interaction Of Gsk3β With P53 Contribute To Podocyte Apoptosis In Diabetes Mellitus And Are Prevented By Green Tea.

In diabetes mellitus (DM), podocyte apoptosis leads to albuminuria and nephropathy progression. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is WNT pathway receptor that is involved in podocyte death, adhesion and motility. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) interaction with p53 (GSK3-p53) promotes apoptosis in carcinoma cells. It is unknown if GSK3-p53 contributes to podocyte apoptosis in DM. In experimental DM, green tea (GT) reduces albuminuria by an unknown mechanism. In the present study, we assessed the role of the GSK3β-p53 in podocyte apoptosis and the effects of GT on these abnormalities. In diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), GT prevents podocyte's p-LRP6 expression reduction, increased GSK3β-p53 and high p53 levels. In diabetic SHR rats, GT reduces podocyte apoptosis, foot process effacement and albuminuria. In immortalized mouse podocytes (iMPs), high glucose (HG), silencing RNA (siRNA) or blocking LRP6 (DKK-1) reduced p-LRP6 expression, leading to high GSK3β-p53, p53 expression, apoptosis and increased albumin influx. GSK3β blockade by BIO reduced GSK3β-p53 and podocyte apoptosis. In iMPs under HG, GT reduced apoptosis and the albumin influx by blocking GSK3β-p53 following the rise in p-LRP6 expression. These effects of GT were prevented by LRP6 siRNA or DKK-1. In conclusion, in DM, WNT inhibition, via LRP6, increases GSK3β-p53 and podocyte apoptosis. Maneuvers that inactivate GSK3β-p53, such as GT, may be renoprotective in DM.

Supercritical CO2 recovery of caffeine from green coffee oil: new experimental solubility data and modeling

The caffeine solubility in supercritical CO2 was studied by assessing the effects of pressure and temperature on the extraction of green coffee oil (GCO). The Peng-Robinson¹ equation of state was used to correlate the solubility of caffeine with a thermodynamic model and two mixing rules were evaluated: the classical mixing rule of van der Waals with two adjustable parameters (PR-VDW) and a density dependent one, proposed by Mohamed and Holder² with two (PR-MH, two parameters adjusted to the attractive term) and three (PR-MH3 two parameters adjusted to the attractive and one to the repulsive term) adjustable parameters. The best results were obtained with the mixing rule of Mohamed and Holder² with three parameters.

Flow injection green method for the quantitative analysis of ketoconazole in pharmaceutical preparations

A flow injection method for the quantitative analysis of ketoconazole in tablets, based on the reaction with iron (III) ions, is presented. Ketoconazole forms a red complex with iron ions in an acid medium, with maximum absorbance at 495 nm. The detection limit was estimated to be 1×10--4 mol L-1; the quantitation limit is about 3×10--4 mol L-1 and approximately 30 determinations can be performed in an hour. The results were compared with those obtained with a reference HPLC method. Statistical comparisons were done using the Student's t procedure and the F test. Complete agreement was found at the 0.95 significance level between the proposed flow injection and the HPLC procedures. The two methods present similar precision, i.e., for HPLC the mean relative standard deviation was ca. 1.2% and for FIA ca. 1.6%.

Measurement of banana green life

Introduction. This protocol aims at measuring the storage life potential of banana fruit, and at determining the physiological age of fruit. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material, time required and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. This part describes the required laboratory materials and the five steps necessary for calculating the banana green life duration, which corresponds to the number of days between the fruit harvest and climacteric crisis. Results. The measurement of O-2 and CO2 concentrations allows one to detect the climacteric peak which marks the end of the banana green life.

State-of-the-Art and Future Directions for Green Human Resource Management: Introduction to the Special Issue

The topic of environmental sustainability is generating increased concern among business executives, governments, consumers, and management scholars. As these stakeholders struggle with the challenges and opportunities presented by an array of environmental issues, HRM scholars and practitioners alike have been relatively slow to engage in the ongoing discussions and debates. Through this special issue on Green FIRM, we seek to stimulate the field of HRM to expand its role in the pursuit of environmentally sustainable business. In this introduction to the special issue, we first provide an overview of the articles that appear in the special issue. Next we present a detailed discussion of research questions that arise from a consideration of several functional HRM practices, including performance management; training, development, and learning; compensation and rewards; and organizational culture. We conclude by describing opportunities for research at the intersection of strategic HRM and environmental management. If pursued with vigor, research addressing this extensive agenda could begin to establish a healthy field of Green FIRM scholarship.

Aqueous Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis: Primary Components, Evaluation of Inflammation and Wound Healing by Using Subcutaneous Implanted Sponges

Propolis is a chemically complex resinous bee product which has gained worldwide popularity as a means to improve health condition and prevent diseases. The main constituents of an aqueous extract of a sample of green propolis from Southeast Brazil were shown by high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy to be mono- and di-O-caffeoylquinic acids; phenylpropanoids known as important constituents of alcohol extracts of green propolis, such as artepillin C and drupanin were also detected in low amounts in the aqueous extract. The anti-inflammatory activity of this extract was evaluated by determination of wound healing parameters. Female Swiss mice were implanted subcutaneously with polyesther-polyurethane sponge discs to induce wound healing responses, and administered orally with green propolis (500mg kg(-1)). At 4, 7 and 14 days post-implantation, the fibrovascular stroma and deposition of extracellular matrix were evaluated by histopathologic and morphometric analyses. In the propolis-treated group at Days 4 and 7 the inflammatory process in the sponge was reduced in comparison with control. A progressive increase in cell influx and collagen deposition was observed in control and propolis-treated groups during the whole period. However, these effects were attenuated in the propolis-treated group at Days 4 and 7, indicating that key factors of the wound healing process are modulated by propolis constituents.

Impact of Manaus City on the Amazon Green Ocean atmosphere: ozone production, precursor sensitivity and aerosol load

As a contribution to the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia - Cooperative LBA Airborne Regional Experiment (LBA-CLAIRE-2001) field campaign in the heart of the Amazon Basin, we analyzed the temporal and spatial dynamics of the urban plume of Manaus City during the wet-to-dry season transition period in July 2001. During the flights, we performed vertical stacks of crosswind transects in the urban outflow downwind of Manaus City, measuring a comprehensive set of trace constituents including O(3), NO, NO(2), CO, VOC, CO(2), and H(2)O. Aerosol loads were characterized by concentrations of total aerosol number (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and by light scattering properties. Measurements over pristine rainforest areas during the campaign showed low levels of pollution from biomass burning or industrial emissions, representative of wet season background conditions. The urban plume of Manaus City was found to be joined by plumes from power plants south of the city, all showing evidence of very strong photochemical ozone formation. One episode is discussed in detail, where a threefold increase in ozone mixing ratios within the atmospheric boundary layer occurred within a 100 km travel distance downwind of Manaus. Observation-based estimates of the ozone production rates in the plume reached 15 ppb h(-1). Within the plume core, aerosol concentrations were strongly enhanced, with Delta CN/Delta CO ratios about one order of magnitude higher than observed in Amazon biomass burning plumes. Delta CN/Delta CO ratios tended to decrease with increasing transport time, indicative of a significant reduction in particle number by coagulation, and without substantial new particle nucleation occurring within the time/space observed. While in the background atmosphere a large fraction of the total particle number served as CCN (about 60-80% at 0.6% supersaturation), the CCN/CN ratios within the plume indicated that only a small fraction (16 +/- 12 %) of the plume particles were CCN. The fresh plume aerosols showed relatively weak light scattering efficiency. The CO-normalized CCN concentrations and light scattering coefficients increased with plume age in most cases, suggesting particle growth by condensation of soluble organic or inorganic species. We used a Single Column Chemistry and Transport Model (SCM) to infer the urban pollution emission fluxes of Manaus City, implying observed mixing ratios of CO, NO(x) and VOC. The model can reproduce the temporal/spatial distribution of ozone enhancements in the Manaus plume, both with and without accounting for the distinct (high NO(x)) contribution by the power plants; this way examining the sensitivity of ozone production to changes in the emission rates of NO(x). The VOC reactivity in the Manaus region was dominated by a high burden of biogenic isoprene from the background rainforest atmosphere, and therefore NO(x) control is assumed to be the most effective ozone abatement strategy. Both observations and models show that the agglomeration of NO(x) emission sources, like power plants, in a well-arranged area can decrease the ozone production efficiency in the near field of the urban populated cores. But on the other hand remote areas downwind of the city then bear the brunt, being exposed to increased ozone production and N-deposition. The simulated maximum stomatal ozone uptake fluxes were 4 nmol m(-2) s(-1) close to Manaus, and decreased only to about 2 nmol m(-2) s(-1) within a travel distance >1500 km downwind from Manaus, clearly exceeding the critical threshold level for broadleaf trees. Likewise, the simulated N deposition close to Manaus was similar to 70 kg N ha(-1) a(-1) decreasing only to about 30 kg N ha(-1) a(-1) after three days of simulation.

Spin-polarized current and shot noise in the presence of spin flip in a quantum dot via nonequilibrium Green's functions

Using nonequilibrium Green's functions we calculate the spin-polarized current and shot noise in a ferromagnet-quantum-dot-ferromagnet system. Both parallel (P) and antiparallel (AP) magnetic configurations are considered. Coulomb interaction and coherent spin flip (similar to a transverse magnetic field) are taken into account within the dot. We find that the interplay between Coulomb interaction and spin accumulation in the dot can result in a bias-dependent current polarization p. In particular, p can be suppressed in the P alignment and enhanced in the AP case depending on the bias voltage. The coherent spin flip can also result in a switch of the current polarization from the emitter to the collector lead. Interestingly, for a particular set of parameters it is possible to have a polarized current in the collector and an unpolarized current in the emitter lead. We also found a suppression of the Fano factor to values well below 0.5.

Green Chemistry-Sensitive Analytical Procedure for Photometric Determination of Orthophosphate in River and Tap Water by Use of a Simple LED-Based Photometer

In the current work a Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) procedure for photometric determination of orthophosphate in river water at mu g L-1 concentration level is described. The flow system module and the LED-based photometer were assembled together to constitute a compact unit in order to allow that a flow cell with optical path-length of 100mm was coupled to them. The photometric procedure based on the molybdenum blue method was implemented employing the multicommuted flow injection analysis approach, which provided facilities to allow reduction of reagent consumption and as well as waste generation. Aiming to prove the usefulness of the system, orthophosphate in river and tap waters was determined. Accuracy was ascertained by spiking samples with orthophosphate solution yielding recoveries ranging from 96% up to 107%. Other profitable features such as a wide linear response range between 10 to 800 mu g L-1 [image omitted]; a detection limit (3 sigma criterion) of 2.4 mu g L-1 [image omitted]; a relative standard deviation (n=7) of 2% using a typical water sample with concentration of 120 mu g L-1 [image omitted]; reagent consumption of 3.0mg ammonium molybdate, 0.3mg hydrazine sulfate, and 0.03mg stannous chloride per determination; a waste generation of 2.4mL per determination; and a sampling throughput of 20 determination per hours were also achieved.

Influence of alumina content on green machined electrical porcelain

The effect of alumina content on the mechanical strength of electrical porcelain manufactured by green machining of isostatically pressed blanks was examined with a view to attaining optimal mechanical properties at low sintering temperatures. Porcelain compositions were formulated with four different alumina contents, maintaining the same proportion of the other materials (kaolin, clay and feldspar). Test specimens were isostatically pressed at 70 MPa and machined at high speed into cylindrical test specimens using controlled machining parameters. These specimens were sintered at several temperatures to determine the optimal sintering temperature for each composition, after which their mechanical properties were analyzed by the flexural bend test. The results indicated a correlation between the alumina content and the sintering temperature, and between the flexural strength and its influence on the green machining conditions. An average tensile strength of 786 MPa was attained for the composition with an added content of 30 wt% of commercial alumina sintered at 1250 degrees C, pressed and machined under industrial conditions.