Saneamiento por vicios ocultos: las acciones edilicias

¿Una cosa que no cumple o cumple imperfectamente con su función es la cosa prometida en el contrato o es una cosa distinta ¿La función que debe cumplir una cosa hace parte de su definición contractualDe estas preguntas que, a primera vista, pueden parecer eminentemente teóricas se desprenden consecuencias prácticas de gran importancia: ¿Puede el comprador servirse de la acción por incumplimiento de la obligación de entrega o, más bien, debe reclamar por vicios ocultos o, incluso, solicitar la nulidad por error en las calidades sustanciales de la cosa ¿Y qué decir de la posibilidad de recurrir a las garantías especiales (como la garantía por buen funcionamiento) ¿O a las acciones propias del derecho al consumoSi se tiene en cuenta que estas diferentes vías le ofrecen al demandante plazos de prescripción diversos que en Colombia van desde seis meses hasta diez años y dan lugar a pretensiones distintas, todo abogado litigante para no mencionar a los académicos- se verá en la inminente necesidad de preguntarse sobre las definiciones funcionales de las cosas contractuales y sobre la delimitación del campo de aplicación de las distintas acciones del comprador insatisfecho. Éste es precisamente el objetivo que persigue y, sin duda, alcanza el autor en su libro.

Machine-learning prediction of cancer survival: a retrospective study using electronic administrative records and a cancer registry

Using the prediction of cancer outcome as a model, we have tested the hypothesis that through analysing routinely collected digital data contained in an electronic administrative record (EAR), using machine-learning techniques, we could enhance conventional methods in predicting clinical outcomes.

From the Hill

Making It Official: Colby and Kipp Charter Schools from partnership A Half Century of Jan Plan: A bold experiment in 1962, it remains a "defining characteristic" of Colby Author Uncovered: Raffael Scheck traces POW narrative to key African figure Q&A: Gregory White Smith '73 discusses challenges of Van Gogh: The Life, including the effort to get readers "inside [Van Gogh's] skin" and the disadvantages of not speaking Dutch Nation Builder: An important period in America's history, illuminated through the life of key but overlooked player Joseph Holt A Small-Town Tale, Affectionately Told Recent Releases Getting Centered, Finding Strength: Male athletes turn to yoga for a competitive edge Sports Shorts

Avaliação de modelo matemático para estimar a radiação solar incidente sobre superfícies com diferentes exposições e declividades

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar modelo matemático para estimar a radiação solar global diária sobre superfícies com diferentes exposições e declividades, no período de março de 2002 a março de 2003. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma estrutura denominada Bacia Hidrográfica Experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal - SP. Nessa estrutura, foram utilizadas superfícies caracterizadas como H, 10N, 10S, 20N, 20S, 10E, 10W, 20E e 20W. O sensor utilizado para medir a radiação solar global incidente nas superfícies estudadas foi um piranômetro da marca Kipp & Zonnen, modelo CM3. Para calcular a radiação solar incidente nas superfícies estudadas, foi utilizado o modelo de Kondratyev. As análises dos resultados foram feitas para o período diário, utilizando-se de análise de regressão e considerando o modelo linear (y = ax + b), na qual a variável dependente foi a radiação global medida (K¯M) e a radiação global calculada (K¯C) foi a variável independente. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o modelo apresentou bons resultados para estimar a radiação nas superfícies H, 10N, 10S, 10E, 10W, 20E e 20W. Utilizando-se de dados de dias com céu límpido, foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: no inverno, o modelo foi preciso para estimar a radiação solar na superfície 20N, e apresentou resultados aceitáveis para estimar a radiação solar na superfície 20S.

A new shadow-ring device for measuring diffuse solar radiation at the surface

A new shadow-ring device for measuring diffuse solar radiation at the surface is presented. In this device the seasonal variation of shadow is followed by moving the detector horizontally. This unique characteristic facilitates its application for long and continuous periods of time. The blocking effect caused by the ring and other related geometric properties are formulated considering the diffuse solar radiation isotropic. The correction factor, shadow size, and ring-detector distance are derived as a function of radius and width of the ring, sun position, and local latitude. The largest blocking occurs during summer, when the ring-detector distance and the shadow width are the smallest, and it is compensated by a smaller blocking effect in the winter period. The performance of the new device is verified comparing daily values of diffuse solar radiation measured simultaneously with a similar device from Kipp & Zonen, Inc. The results show a very good agreement (within 2.5%) between both devices. The new device was also able to reproduce the radiometric properties of the local atmosphere based on 3-yr-long measurements of direct solar radiation using a pyrheliometer. The new device can be applied to estimate daily values of diffuse solar radiation at the surface in the range of 30degreesN-30degreesS with results comparable to other similar apparatuses.

Implications of the Adoption of BISAC for Classifying Library Collections

We analysed the written statements of libraries that have adopted the bookstore model for coherence or lack of coherence with common public library guidelines. We used a text-based Foucauldian genealogical discourse analysis to investigate the written statements used by libraries that have adopted BISAC and other aspects of the bookstore model. Libraries adopting bookstore models such as BISAC should consider the potential consequences of adopting a commercial model for a public entity. This paper has practical implications for libraries considering adopting any aspect of the bookstore model, but especially the BISAC system, as it examines the potential benefits and drawbacks of the bookstore model popular in some libraries with respect to the purposes and goals of public libraries. BISAC application in libraries seems to be part of a trend of applying commercial practices, values and terminology in libraries, perhaps not with the purpose of replacing libraries with bookstores, but with the aim for both systems to converge into a new kind of commercial entity and context. The influence of one kind of system over the other does not seem to be totally reciprocal, since the application of library practices, values and standards in bookstores has not had the same effects and resonance as has occurred in the opposite direction.

Morfologia comparada da asa da Tesourinha (Tyrannus Savana) na América do Sul

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Airborne measurements of the spectral surface albedo over Morocco and its influence on the radiative forcing of Saharan dust

This PhD thesis is embedded into the DFG research project SAMUM, the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment which was initiated with the goal to investigate the optical and microphysical properties of Saharan dust aerosol, its transport, and its radiative effect. This work described the deployment of the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement SysTem (SMART-Albedometer) in SAMUM after it has been extended in its spectral range. The SAMUM field campaign was conducted in May and June 2006 in south-eastern Morocco. At two ground stations and aboard two aircraft various measurements in an almost pure plume of Saharan dust were conducted. Airborne measurements of the spectral upwelling and downwelling irradiance are used to derive the spectral surface albedo in its typical range in the experiment region. Typical spectral types are presented and compared to the surface albedo derived from MISR satellite data. Furthermore, the radiative forcing of the observed Saharan dust is estimated in dependence on the surface albedo and its regional variations. A strong dependence of the radiative forcing not only on the surface albedo, but also on the optical properties of the dust aerosol is observed. It is unique to SAMUM that all these influential parameters have been measured in near-source Saharan dust, which made the calculations shown in this work possible.

The impact of ice crystals on radiative forcing and remote sensing of arctic boundary-layer mixed-phase clouds

This PhD thesis is embedded into the Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation (ASTAR) and investigates the radiative transfer through Arctic boundary-layer mixed-phase (ABM) clouds. For this purpose airborne spectral solar radiation measurements and simulations of the solar and thermal infrared radiative transfer have been performed. This work reports on measurements with the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation measurement sysTem (SMART-Albedometer) conducted in the framework of ASTAR in April 2007 close to Svalbard. For ASTAR the SMART-Albedometer was extended to measure spectral radiance. The development and calibration of the radiance measurements are described in this work. In combination with in situ measurements of cloud particle properties provided by the Laboratoire de M¶et¶eorologie Physique (LaMP) and simultaneous airborne lidar measurements by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) ABM clouds were sampled. The SMART-Albedometer measurements were used to retrieve the cloud thermodynamic phase by three different approaches. A comparison of these results with the in situ and lidar measurements is presented in two case studies. Beside the dominating mixed-phase clouds pure ice clouds were found in cloud gaps and at the edge of a large cloud field. Furthermore the vertical distribution of ice crystals within ABM clouds was investigated. It was found that ice crystals at cloud top are necessary to describe the observed SMART-Albedometer measurements. The impact of ice crystals on the radiative forcing of ABM clouds is in vestigated by extensive radiative transfer simulations. The solar and net radiative forcing was found to depend on the ice crystal size, shape and the mixing ratio of ice crystals and liquid water droplets.

Influence of ice crystal habit and cirrus spatial inhomogeneities on the retrieval of cirrus optical thickness and effective radius

Diese Dissertation untersucht den Einfluss von Eiskristallform und räumlicher Inhomogenität von Zirren auf das Retrieval von optischer Wolkendicke und effektivem Eispartikelradius. Zu diesem Zweck werden flugzeuggetragene spektrale Messungen solarer Strahlung sowie solare und langwellige Strahlungstransfersimulationen durchgeführt. Flugzeuggetragene spektrale aufwärtsgerichtete Radianzen (Strahldichten) sind mit dem SMART-Albedometer (Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation measurement sysTem) während des CIRCLE-2 (CIRrus CLoud Experiment-2) Feldexperiments im Mai 2007 gemessen worden. Basierend auf diesen Radianzdaten werden mittels eines Wolkenretrievalalgorithmus optische Wolkendicken und effektive Eispartikelradien anhand von eindimensionalen Strahlungstransferrechnungen bestimmt. Die Auswirkung der Annahme unterschiedlicher Eiskristallformen auf die retrievten Parameter wird durch Variation der Einfachstreueigenschaften der Eispartikel untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird mittels Strahlungstransferrechnungen auch der Einfluss der Eiskristallform auf den Strahlungsantrieb von Eiswolken ermittelt. Die Frage nach dem relativen Einfluss von räumlicher Wolkeninhomogenität und Eiskristallform wird anhand von dreidimensionalen und independent pixel approximation (IPA) Strahlungssimulationen untersucht. Die Analyse basiert auf einer Modelleiswolke, die aus Daten des NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) TC4 (Tropical Composition, Cloud, and Climate Coupling) Feldexperiments im Sommer 2007 in Costa Rica erzeugt wurde. Lokal gesehen können beide Effekte - Eiskristallform und räumliche Eiswolkeninhomogenität - die gleiche Grössenordnung haben und zu einer Unter- bzw. Überschätzung der retrievten Parameter um 40 – 60% führen. Gemittelt über die ganze Wolke ist jedoch der Einfluss der Eiskristallform viel bedeutender als der von räumlichen Inhomogenitäten.

Commentary on "Expanded Learning Time in Schools"

As co-founder of KIPP, I know from experience and research that more time in school works. A well-designed extended-time program can help underserved students catch up academically, and prepare them for the rigors of higher education. Implementing extended time more widely poses challenges, but there are also creative solutions to these challenges.