Mild and efficient method for the cleavage of benzylidene acetals using HCl04-Si02 and directconversion of acetals to acetates

HCI04-Si02 has been used successfuIly for the deprotection of benzylidene acetals and the direct conversion of benzylidene acetals to the corresponding di-O-acetates. The reactions are very fast and yields are excellent

SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ANTITUMOR ALDOPHOSPHAMIDE ACETALS

Although the major metabolic pathways of cyclophosphamide are well established, the mechanism of antitumor drug selectivity is highly controversial. However, it is widely accepted that aldophosphamide, one of the primary metabolites, plays a crucial role in drug selectivity. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of selectivity of cyclophosphamide, a series of aldophosphamide analogs have been synthesized.^ The new analogs, unlike aldophosphamide, are relatively stable in neutral solution; however, they are converted rapidly to aldehydo intermediates in the presence of carboxylate esterase. Due to structural differences, these analogs may be classified into three different groups, arbitrarily designated as A, B, C, depending upon the facility with which the intermediate aldehydes form 4-hydroxy cyclic tautomers. The half-life of the aldehydo/4-hydroxy cyclic tautomeric mixture is longer for bis(acetoxy)aldophosphamide acetal I (a representative of group A), shorter for the n-ethyl analog III (B), and shortest for the N,N-dimethyl analog IV (C). The ratio of aldophosphamide: 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide at pseudoequilibrium is 1: 4 for compound I, 1: 2 for compound III and 0: 1 for compound IV. The therapeutic efficacy of these compounds are group A $>$ group B $>$ group C. It is apparent that the equilibrium position between the aldehydo and 4-hydroxy cyclic tautomers, which determines their stability, is a crucial determinant of both the cytotoxicity and antitumor selectivity. These findings, taken in conjunction with the aldehyde dehydrogenase selectivity hypothesis, may provide an explanation for the unique antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide. ^

Dimethyl Acetals, an Indirect Marker of the Endogenous Antioxidant Plasmalogen Level, are Reduced in Blood Lipids of Sudanese Pre-eclamptic Subjects whose Background Diet is High in Carbohydrate

In Sudanese women with (n = 60) and without (n = 65) pre-eclampsia, circulating lipids, plasma and red cell saturated and monounsaturated fatty (MUFA) acids and dimethyl acetals (DMAs) were investigated. DMAs are an indirect marker of levels of plasmalogens, endogenous antioxidants, which play a critical role in oxidative protection, and cholesterol homeostasis. The pre-eclamptics had higher C18:1n-9 (p < 0.001) and ΣMUFA (p < 0.01) in plasma free fatty acids, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-9, ΣMUFA; 16:0/16:1n-7 (p < 0.01) in erythrocyte choline phosphoglycerides (ePC) and 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7 and 16:0/16:1n-7 (p < 0.01) in erythrocyte ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (ePE). In contrast, the DMAs 18:0, 18:1 and ΣDMAs in ePE, and 16:0, 18:0 and ΣDMAs in ePC were reduced (p < 0.001) in the pre-eclamptic women. This study of pregnant women with high carbohydrate and low fat background diet suggests pre-eclampsia is associated with oxidative stress and enhanced activity of the microsomal enzyme stearyl-CoA desaturase (delta 9 desaturase), as assessed by palmitic/palmitoleic (C16:0/C16:n-1) and stearic/oleic (C18/C18:1n-9) ratios.

Hydroalumination of seleno acetylenes: a versatile generation and reactions of alpha-aluminate vinyl selenide intermediates in the highly regio and stereoselective synthesis of telluro(seleno)ketene acetals

The hydroalumination of butylseleno acetylenes with DIBAL-H followed by addition of n-butyllithium generated in situ the (Z)-butylseleno vinyl alanates intermediates which were captured with C(4)H(9)TeBr furnishing the (E)-telluro(seleno)ketene acetals exclusively. The isomers with opposite stereochemistry (Z)-telluro(seleno)ketene acetals were obtained by the reduction of phenylseleno acetylenes with lithium di-(isobutyl)-n-butyl aluminate hydride (Zweifel's reagent) followed by reaction of (E)-phenylseleno vinyl alanates intermediates with C(4)H(9)TeBr. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bufadienolides. 8. 12(13→14)abeo skeletal rearrangements

Several methods were developed for converting isodigitoxigenin (2a) into methyl acetals 4b and 4c. Of these, methanolysis (followed by acetylation) of isodigitoxigenin in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid proved most useful. Each isomer reached an equilibrium corresponding to ca. 3:1 acetal 4c to 4b within 15 min in benzene containing p-toluenesulfonic acid. Addition of dihydropyran to the equilibrium mixture resulted in excellent conversion into vinyl ether 5a. Heating either acetal 4b or 4c in benzene containing p-toluenesulfonic acid led to a skeletal rearrangement culminating in formation of C-norcardenolide 6. In addition to results of physical measurements, the structure of spiran 6 was confirmed by degradation to methyl ketone 8. Similar rearrangement of isodigitoxigenin gave spiran 9 accompanied by C-norcardenolide 6. Treating lactone 9 with p-toluenesulfonic acid in methanol-water provided acetals 10a and 10b, which on further contact with p-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing benzene gave lactone 9 and cardenolide 6. Evidence underlying the stereochemical assignments noted for structures 4, 9, and 10 was also discussed.

A formal total synthesis of (+/-)-enterolactone

A radical cyclization based methodology has been applied for the formal total synthesis of (+/-)-enterolactone (1), the first lignan isolated from human source. Bromoacetalization reaction of the cinnamyl alcohols 7 and 13 using ethyl vinyl ether and NBS, generated the bromoacetals 8 and 15. The 5-exo-trig radical cyclization reaction of the bromoacetals 8 and 15 with in situ generated catalytic tri-a-butyltin hydride and AIBN furnished a 3 : 2 diastereomeric mixture of the cyclic acetals 9 and 16. Sonochemically accelerated Jones oxidation of the cyclic acetals 9 and 16 yielded the gamma-butyrolactones 10 and 12 completing the formal total synthesis of (+/-)-enterolactone. Alternatively radical cyclization of the bromoacetate 17 furnished a 1 : 2 mixture of the lactone 10 and the reduced product 18.

Upgrading bio-oil over different solid catalysts

Solid acid 40SiO(2)/TiO2-SO42- and solid base 30K(2)CO(3)/Al2O3-NaOH were prepared and compared with catalytic esterification activity according to the model reaction. Upgrading bio-oil by solid acid and solid base catalysts in the conditioned experiment was investigated, in which dynamic viscosities of bio-oil was lowered markedly, although 8 months of aging did not show much viscosity to improve its fluidity and enhance its stability positively. Even the dehydration by 3A molecular sieve still kept the fluidity well. The density of upgraded bio-oil was reduced from 1.24 to 0.96 kg/m(3), and the gross calorific value increased by 50.7 and 51.8%, respectively. The acidity of upgraded bio-oil was alleviated by the solid base catalyst but intensified by the solid acid catalyst for its strong acidification. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the ester reaction in the bio-oil was promoted by both solid acid and solid base catalysts and that the solid acid catalyst converted volatile and nonvolatile organic acids into esters and raised their amount by 20-fold. Besides the catalytic esterification, the solid acid catalyst carried out the carbonyl addition of alcohol to acetals. Some components of bio-oil undertook the isomerization over the solid base catalyst.

[4+2] Annulation - Convenient Synthesis of Substituted Dihydropyranones in Aqueous Media

A facile and convenient synthesis of dihydropyranones has been developed by a formal [4+2] annulation of readily available alpha-acetyl ketene S,S-acetals with various aldehydes, involving a tandem aldol reaction and conjugate addition-elimination reaction, in the presence of NaOH in water.

Synthesis and reactivity of alpha-thio-beta-chloroacrylamides and alpha-thio-beta-chloroenones

Development of novel synthetic methodology for selective transformation of organic compounds is a central element underpinning organic synthesis with control of chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity a very high priority. Reactions which can be conducted under mild reaction conditions and, ideally in an environmentally attractive manner, are particularly advantageous. The principal objective of this thesis was to explore the synthesis, reactivity and synthetic utility of a series of α,β-thio-β-chloroenones. The stereochemical features of these transformations and the potential of this novel series of compounds in the synthesis of bioactive compounds were of particular interest. In exploring the reactivity of these compounds, the key transformations included nucleophilic additions and Stille cross-coupling at the β-carbon. Chapter 1 reviews the literature relevant to the research conducted, and focuses in particular on the synthesis of β-chloroenones and related unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The synthesis of chalcone compounds from various precursors is also discussed, with particular emphasis on the use of palladium cross-coupling reactions in the preparation of these compounds. The biological activity of chalcones is also summarised in this chapter. The second chapter delineates the stereoselective synthesis of the novel α-thio-β-chloroenones from the corresponding α-thioketones in a multistep reaction cascade initiated by a NCS-mediated chlorination. A range of both alkyl and aryl β-chloroenones were prepared in this work and the oxidation of these compounds to the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones is also outlined. The electrophilicity of the β-carbon of the enones was examined in nucleophilic addition/substitution reactions with successful access to a variety of synthetically useful novel adducts including acetals and enaminoketones. Investigation of the synthetic potential of the Stille cross-coupling reaction with the novel α-thio-β-chloroenones was explored and provided an efficient route for the synthesis of a novel series of chalcones. Most importantly this new methodology provided a new and synthetically powerful approach for carbon-carbon bond formation at the β-carbon under mild neutral conditions. A preliminary investigation into the use of these β-chloroenones as dienophiles in Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 also reports the nucleophilic addition of N, O, S and C nucleophiles to previously described β-chloroacrylamides and their corresponding sulfoxide derivatives. This work builds on previous research carried out in this programme and the reactivity of these β-chloroacrylamides at the sulfide and sulfoxide level is compared. Comparison of the reactivity of the β-chloroacrylamides, in nucleophilic substitution and Stille-coupling, with that of the novel β-chloroenones is of interest. Finally, the biological activity of both the β-chloroenones and the β-chloroacrylamides in terms of cytotoxicity is summarised in Chapter 2. The final chapter, Chapter 3, details the full experimental procedures, including spectroscopic and analytical data for the compounds prepared during this research.

Synthesis of dimethyl acetal of ketones: design of solid acid catalysts for one-pot acetalization reaction

The synthesis of dimethyl acetals of carbonyl compounds such as cyclohexanone, acetophenone, and benzophenone has successfully been carried out by the reaction between ketones and methanol using different solid acid catalysts. The strong influence of the textural properties of the catalysts such as acid amount and adsorption properties (surface area and pore volume) determine the catalytic activity. The molecular size of the reactants and products determine the acetalization ability of a particular ketone. The hydrophobicity of the various rare earth exchanged Mg–Y zeolites, K-10 montmorillonite clay, and cerium exchanged montmorillonite (which shows maximum activity) is more determinant than the number of active sites present on the catalyst. The optimum number of acidic sites as well as dehydrating ability of Ce3+-montmorillonite and K-10 montmorillonite clays and various rare earth exchanged Mg–Y zeolites seem to work well in shifting the equilibrium to the product side.

4,5-Dihydro-1,3-dioxepine als chirale Bausteine in der enantioselektiven organischen Synthese

Durch asymmetrische Doppelbindungsisomerisierung mittels Me-DuPHOS-modifizierter Dihalogen-Nickel-Komplexe als Katalysatorvorstufen lassen sich aus 2-Alkyl-4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepinen hochenantiomerenreine 2-Alkyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-dioxepine erhalten. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die bisher noch unbekannte Absolutkonfiguration dieses Verbindungstyps zu bestimmen und darüber hinaus ihre Einsatzfähigkeit in der enantioselektiven organischen Synthese zu untersuchen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden enantiomerenangereichertes 2-Isopropyl- und 2-tert-Butyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-dioxepin mit m-Chlorperbenzoesäure epoxidiert. Dabei bildeten sich die entsprechenden 3-Chlorbenzoesäure-(2-alkyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxepan-4yl)-ester in hohen Ausbeuten und Diastereoselektivitäten. Von den vier zu erwartenden Diastereomeren wurden jeweils nur zwei mit einer Selektivität von mehr als 95:5 gebildet. Im Fall des 3-Chlorbenzoesäure-(2-isopropyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxepan-4yl)-esters konnte das Haupt-diastereomer kristallin erhalten werden. Durch röntgenspektroskopische Untersuchung war es möglich, die Relativ-Konfiguration dieser Verbindung zu bestimmen. Die Ester lassen sich unter Ringverengung in 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-carbaldehyde umlagern. Ausgehend von diesen Carbaldehyden stehen zwei Synthesewege zur Verfügung, welche zu Verbindungen führen deren Absolutkonfiguration bereits bekannt ist. So erhält man durch Reduktion 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl-methanole, welche sich in 1,2,4-Butantriol überführen lassen. Oxidation ergibt die 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-carbonsäuren, aus denen 3-Hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-on gewonnen werden kann. Messung des Drehwertes dieser beiden literaturbekannten Verbindungen liefert nicht nur Information über deren Enantiomerenreinheit sondern ebenfalls über die Konfiguration ihres Stereozentrums. In Kombination mit der Relativ-Konfiguration des Esters ist somit ein Rückschluss auf die Absolutkonfiguration der eingesetzten 4,5-Dihydro-1,3-dioxepine möglich. Die auf den beschriebenen Wegen gewonnenen Substanzen finden Anwendung in der stereoselektiven organischen Synthese. Löst man die Chlorbenzoesäureester in Dichlormethan und behandelt sie mit wässriger Salzsäure, so entstehen die bicyclischen 2-Alkyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxole. Auch bei diesen Verbindungen konnten hohe Enantio- und Diastereoselektivitäten erzielt werden. Der intermolekular verlaufende Reaktionsmechanismus der Bicyclus-Bildung, welcher unter Abspaltung eines den Alkylrest tragenden Aldehyds und dessen Neuanlagerung unter Ausbildung eines Acetals verläuft, konnte in dieser Arbeit durch ein Kreuzungsexperiment bestätigt werden. Umacetalisierung der Bicyclen liefert 2-Methoxytetrahydrofuran-3-ol, aus dem durch Acetalspaltung Tetrahydrofuran-2,3-diol erhalten wird, das die Halbacetalform der entsprechenden Desoxytetrose darstellt, die auf diese Weise in einer de novo-Synthese hergestellt werden kann.

Hydroalumination of Thioacetylenes: A Versatile Generation and Reactions of -Aluminate Sulfides Intermediates

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise dos compostos flavorizantes da cana-de-açúcar e otimização da aplicação de extratos ricos em β-glicosidases para liberação de aroma na produção de aguardente de cana

Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE

Thiete und Bisthiete in der Heterocyclensynthese

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese arenoanellierter Naphthothiete und Benzobisthiete, sowie mit der Umsetzung der aus diesen Thieten thermisch generierbaren Valenzisomeren (Thiochinonmethide). Diese Thiochinonmethide sind hochreaktive Diensysteme, die mit zahlreichen Dienophilen (homo- und hetero-Doppel- und Dreifachbindungssysteme) nach Diels-Alder abreagieren, die dabei entstehenden S-Heterocyclen können im Sechsring noch weitere Heteroatome (N, P, O, S) enthalten. Daraus resultiert ein großes Potential der Arenothiete zur Synthese neuer Thioheterocyclen. Durch die erstmals gelungene Synthese der beiden Benzobisthiete 2H,3H-Benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b']bisthiet und 1H,4H-Benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b']bisthiet mit gewinkelter Anellierungsgeometrie hat das synthetische Spektrum der aus Arenothieten darstellbaren Thioheterocyclen nochmal eine deutliche Erweiterung erfahren.

Die Darstellung der Arenothiete erfolgt in einer mehrstufigen Synthese, in deren finalem Schritt sie mittels Blitz-Vakuum-Pyrolyse aus Arylhydroxymethylthiolen gebildet werden, dabei wird das Edukt mittels molekularer Strömung in den "Reaktor" eingebracht. Da die Arylhydroxymethylthiole in der Regel nur eine sehr geringe Flüchtigkeit haben, waren die Arenothiete meist nur in geringen Mengen darstellbar. Daher wurde in dieser Arbeit sowohl die Synthese neuer Arenothiete (gewinkelte Benzobisthiete) als auch eine Optimierung der bisherigen Synthesemethode angestrebt; diese erfolgt bevorzugt durch Variation der Pyrolyseedukte in Richtung zu potentiell höherflüchtigen Verbindungen.

Im Rahmen dieser Versuche war die Darstellung zweier Arenothiete ausgehend von cyclischen O,S-Acetalen als alternative Pyrolysevorstufen erfolgreich.

Ein besonderes Interesse speziell an Benzobisthieten begründet sich in ihrer generellen Fähigkeit zum Aufbau von bandartigen Strukturen durch Oligo- und Poly-Diels-Alder-Reaktionen. Durch die Synthese einiger Modellverbindungen konnte ihre prinzipielle Eignung zum Aufbau von Bandstrukturen auch für die beiden Benzobisthiete belegt werden.

Auxiliar-vermittelte stereoselektive Totalsynthese von neurotoxischen Tetraponerinen

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine neue Strategie zur stereoselektiven Synthese von Tetraponerinen entwickelt. Hierzu wurde die Kohlenhydrat-Auxiliar gesteuerte Tandem-Mannich-Michael-Reaktion als Schlüsselschritt der Totalsynthese eingesetzt. Die synthetisierten Tetraponerine wurden in biologischen Prüfungen auf neurotoxische und insektizide Aktivität untersucht. Zur Darstellung von (+)-Tetraponerin-8 wurde zunächst ausgehend von trans-2-Octensäure in sieben linearen Stufen ein chiraler beta-Amino-Aldehydbaustein synthetisiert. Dieser wurde in einer Tandem-Mannich-Michael-Reaktion mit dem Auxiliar 2,3,4-Tri-O-pivaloyl-alpha-D-arabinopyranosylamin und dem Danishefsky-Dien zur Reaktion gebracht und lieferte stereoselektiv das entsprechende 2-substituierte N-Arabinosyl-dehydropiperidinon. Nach weiterer Umsetzung des Dehydropiperidinons konnte (+)-Tetraponerin-8 in einer Gesamtausbeute von 0.6 % über 17 lineare Stufen dargestellt werden. Der Ringschluss zum tricyclischen Aminal wurde alternativ auch über die Freisetzung eines cyclischen Acetals durch saure Hydrolyse durchgeführt. Diese Syntheseroute lieferte (+)-Tetraponerin-8 in einer Gesamtausbeute von 3 % über 19 lineare Stufen.rnrnUm den Einfluss eines Stereozentrums im Aldehyd auf den stereochemischen Verlauf der Tandem-Mannich-Michael-Reaktion zu untersuchen, wurde auch das spiegelbildliche Enantiomer des chiralen beta-Amino-Aldehydbausteins synthetisiert und zur Darstellung von N-Arabinosyl-dehydropiperidinon herangezogen. Hierbei ergab sich ein „mismatched“-Fall unter Bildung eines Diastereomeren-Gemisches im Verhältnis 2:1. Nach einer Cyclisierung über ein cyclisches Acetal konnte (+)-Tetraponerin-7 über 19 lineare Stufen in einer Gesamtausbeute von 0.6 % dargestellt werden. Darüber hinaus wurde auch die racemische Form von Tetraponerin-8 nach einer literaturbekannten Synthese dargestellt, um dessen biologische Wirksamkeit mit der der enantiomerenreinen Verbindung vergleichen zu können.