Platforms and firm capabilities : a study of emerging global value chains

This paper discusses globalization’s impact on production and distribution systems in emerging economies. On one hand, globalization has resulted in an increasing number of multinational corporations to adopt a platform strategy for their customers in emerging markets. On the other hand, developing countries have witnessed the integration of an increasing number of traditional marketplaces into a powerful distribution system, characterized as a specialized market system. Consequently, an unique industrial organization has developed in emerging economies, regarded as emerging global value chains (EGVCs). They comprise a large number of small firms together with a small number of large platform providers and display the "market" type general governance patterns. Firms in EGVCs are more likely to realize functional upgrading and grow into strong lead firms.

Production fragmentation, upstreamness, and value-added : evidence from factory Asia 1990-2005

We exploit the recent release of the 2005 Asian Input-Output Matrix to dress a picture of the geographic fragmentation of value added in Factory Asia from 1990 to 2005. We document 3 stylized facts. The first is that the average share of foreign value added embedded in production rose by about 7 percentage points between 1990 and 2005, from 9% to 16%. The second is that, contrary to popular belief, China's production embeds a smaller share of foreign value added than other Factory Asia countries'. Between 1990 and 2005 among Factory Asia countries China grew most after Japan as a source of value added to other countries' production. Third, country-industries at the upstream and downstream extremities of the supply chain embed a smaller share of foreign value added than those with intermediate levels of upstreamness.

アラブ首長国連邦の対イラン経済関係と今後の展望

This paper investigates the changes in economic relations between Iran and the UAE, which historically has continued maintaining close economic intercourse with Iran in the Gulf Area, examining the prospects for change in their relationships in the future. By focusing on their trade relations and workers' remittances among the GCC and Iran, this paper discusses changes in their economic linkages. The result of the analysis shows that the economic linkages with the UAE were closer with Iran than other GCC countries during the period 2000 - 2014.

Radium in Arctic surface water

The transpolar drift is strongly enriched in 228Ra accumulated on the wide Arctic shelves with subsequent rapid offshore transport. We present new data of Polarstern expeditions to the central Arctic and to the Kara and Laptev seas. Because 226Ra activities in Pacific waters are 30% higher than in Atlantic waters, we correct 226Ra for the Pacific admixture when normalizing 228Ra with 226Ra. The use of 228Ra decay as age marker critically depends on the constancy in space and time of the source activity, a condition that has not yet adequately been tested. While 228Ra decays during transit over the central basin, ingrowth of 228Th could provide an alternative age marker. The high 228Th/228Ra activity ratio (AR = 0.8-1.0) in the central basins is incompatible with a mixing model based on horizontal eddy diffusion. An advective model predicts that 228Th grows to an equilibrium AR, the value of which depends on the scavenging regime. The low AR over the Lomonosov Ridge (AR = 0.5) can be due to either rapid transport (minimum age without scavenging 1.1 year) or enhanced scavenging. Suspended particulate matter load (derived from beam transmission and particulate 234Th) and total 234Th depletion data show that scavenging, although extremely low in the central Arctic, is enhanced over the Lomonosov Ridge, making an age of 3 years more likely. The combined data of 228Ra decay and 228Th ingrowth confirm the existence of a recirculating gyre in the surface water of the eastern Eurasian Basin with a river water residence time of at least 3 years.

Cistolitotomía percutánea en paciente con derivación urinaria compleja tipo mitrofanoff

Los cálculos vesicales son los más frecuentes del tracto urinario bajo (1). El factor predisponente más frecuente para la formación de cálculos vesicales es la obstrucción del tracto de salida. Presentaremos el caso de una paciente con antecedente de trauma uretral por fractura de pelvis; derivada con un Mitrofanoff; con diagnostico de cistolitiasis múltiple con cálculos de hasta 1 cm. El objetivo es mostrar la posibilidad de manejo de la cistolitiasis vía percutánea en una paciente con una derivación urinaria compleja funcionante, procedimiento menos mórbido, con menor tiempo de recuperación y con resultados comparables a otras técnicas. Inicia el procedimiento previa cateterización del Mitrofanoff con sonda Foley 12Fr, realizando punción suprapúbica para mediana izquierda a 2 cm de la rama púbica con aguja Chiba, posteriormente se avanzó guía hidrofílica seguida de varilla y dilatadores secuenciales de Alken 9Fr-27Fr y colocación de camisa Amplatz 28 Fr. Se retiraron dilatadores conservando guía de seguridad, se extrajeron la totalidad de los cálculos. Se ocluyó herida y se dejó sonda Foley conectada a Cystoflo. Egreso al día 1 post operatorio y retiro sonda Foley a los 5 días post operatorio. No se presentaron complicaciones, el tiempo operatorio fue de 1 hora, con 1 día de estancia hospitalaria. Recuperación satisfactoria con un resultado exitoso en cuanto a la extracción completa de los cálculos en 1 sólo tiempo quirúrgico. La cistolitotomía percutánea es una opción de manejo la cual ofrece grandes ventajas. Debe ser considerada no sólo en pacientes con acceso uretral restringido.

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Includes index.

Afatinib versus cisplatin-based chemotherapy for EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma (LUX-Lung 3 and LUX-Lung 6): analysis of overall survival data from two randomised, phase 3 trials

Background We aimed to assess the effect of afatinib on overall survival of patients with EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma through an analysis of data from two open-label, randomised, phase 3 trials. Methods Previously untreated patients with EGFR mutation-positive stage IIIB or IV lung adenocarcinoma were enrolled in LUX-Lung 3 (n=345) and LUX-Lung 6 (n=364). These patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive afatinib or chemotherapy (pemetrexed-cisplatin [LUX-Lung 3] or gemcitabine-cisplatin [LUX-Lung 6]), stratified by EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion [del19], Leu858Arg, or other) and ethnic origin (LUX-Lung 3 only). We planned analyses of mature overall survival data in the intention-to-treat population after 209 (LUX-Lung 3) and 237 (LUX-Lung 6) deaths. These ongoing studies are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, numbers NCT00949650 and NCT01121393. Findings Median follow-up in LUX-Lung 3 was 41 months (IQR 35–44); 213 (62%) of 345 patients had died. Median follow-up in LUX-Lung 6 was 33 months (IQR 31–37); 246 (68%) of 364 patients had died. In LUX-Lung 3, median overall survival was 28·2 months (95% CI 24·6–33·6) in the afatinib group and 28·2 months (20·7–33·2) in the pemetrexed-cisplatin group (HR 0·88, 95% CI 0·66–1·17, p=0·39). In LUX-Lung 6, median overall survival was 23·1 months (95% CI 20·4–27·3) in the afatinib group and 23·5 months (18·0–25·6) in the gemcitabine-cisplatin group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·72–1·22, p=0·61). However, in preplanned analyses, overall survival was significantly longer for patients with del19-positive tumours in the afatinib group than in the chemotherapy group in both trials: in LUX-Lung 3, median overall survival was 33·3 months (95% CI 26·8–41·5) in the afatinib group versus 21·1 months (16·3–30·7) in the chemotherapy group (HR 0·54, 95% CI 0·36–0·79, p=0·0015); in LUX-Lung 6, it was 31·4 months (95% CI 24·2–35·3) versus 18·4 months (14·6–25·6), respectively (HR 0·64, 95% CI 0·44–0·94, p=0·023). By contrast, there were no significant differences by treatment group for patients with EGFR Leu858Arg-positive tumours in either trial: in LUX-Lung 3, median overall survival was 27·6 months (19·8–41·7) in the afatinib group versus 40·3 months (24·3–not estimable) in the chemotherapy group (HR 1·30, 95% CI 0·80–2·11, p=0·29); in LUX-Lung 6, it was 19·6 months (95% CI 17·0–22·1) versus 24·3 months (19·0–27·0), respectively (HR 1·22, 95% CI 0·81–1·83, p=0·34). In both trials, the most common afatinib-related grade 3–4 adverse events were rash or acne (37 [16%] of 229 patients in LUX-Lung 3 and 35 [15%] of 239 patients in LUX-Lung 6), diarrhoea (33 [14%] and 13 [5%]), paronychia (26 [11%] in LUX-Lung 3 only), and stomatitis or mucositis (13 [5%] in LUX-Lung 6 only). In LUX-Lung 3, neutropenia (20 [18%] of 111 patients), fatigue (14 [13%]) and leucopenia (nine [8%]) were the most common chemotherapy-related grade 3–4 adverse events, while in LUX-Lung 6, the most common chemotherapy-related grade 3–4 adverse events were neutropenia (30 [27%] of 113 patients), vomiting (22 [19%]), and leucopenia (17 [15%]). Interpretation Although afatinib did not improve overall survival in the whole population of either trial, overall survival was improved with the drug for patients with del19 EGFR mutations. The absence of an effect in patients with Leu858Arg EGFR mutations suggests that EGFR del19-positive disease might be distinct from Leu858Arg-positive disease and that these subgroups should be analysed separately in future trials.

A new monoclonal antibody, P2A8(6), that specifically recognizes a novel epitope on the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), but not on MRP2 nor MRP3

Multidrug resistance (NIDR) is a major problem in the chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. Overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), is associated with NIDR in certain tumors. A number of MRP1-specific MAbs, which facilitate both clinical and experimental investigations of this protein, are available. To add to this panel of existing antibodies, we have now generated an additional MRP1-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), P2A8(6), which detects a unique heat stable epitope on the MRP1 molecule. Female Wistar rats were immunized via footpad injections with a combination of two short synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acids 235-246 (peptide A) and 246-260 (peptide B) of the MRP1 protein. Immune reactive B cells were then isolated from the popliteal lymph nodes for fusion with SP2/O-Ag14 myeloma cells. Resultant hybridoma supernatants were screened for MRP1-specific antibody production. Antibody P2A8(6) was characterized by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry on paired multidrug resistant (MRP1 overexpressing) and sensitive parental cell lines. The antibody detects a protein of 190 kDa in MRP1-expressing cell lines but not in MRP2- or MRP3-transfected cell lines. P2A8(6) stains drug-selected and MRP1-transfected cell lines homogeneously by immunocytochemistry and recognizes MRP1 by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections. Peptide inhibition studies confirm that P2AS(6) reacts with peptide B (amino acids 246-260), therefore recognizing a different epitope from that of all currently available MRP1 MAbs. This new MAb, chosen for its specificity to the MRP1 protein, may be a useful addition to the currently available range of MRP1-specific MAbs.

Pensamos, hablamos, dibujamos y escribimos sobre...6 meses 6 causas

Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone organizar y programar de antemano las actividades a celebrar durante los d??as internacionales y mundiales establecidos por Naciones Unidas. Se celebra en el CEIP Virgen de la Paz en G??jar, Granada. Los objetivos son: dar a las ??reas transversales un tratamiento no ocasional en temas de inter??s para la formaci??n integral del alumnado; conocer alguno de los d??as internacionales y mundiales propuestos por Naciones Unidas en su calendario establecido; motivar al di??logo en la asamblea y a la participaci??n del alumnado en la construcci??n del curr??culo; elaborar publicaciones monogr??ficas; realizar encuestas sobre aspectos relacionados con la localidad; visualizar, conocer y fotografiar nuestro entorno; conocer las inquietudes y aportaciones del alumnado: aprender a reflexionar; adquirir y reforzar valores.

Ether-A -go-go 1 (Eag1) Potassium Channel Expression in Dopaminergic Neurons of Basal Ganglia is Modulated by 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesion

The ether A go-go (Eag) gene encodes the voltage-gated potassium (K+) ion channel Kv10.1, whose function still remains unknown. As dopamine may directly affect K+ channels, we evaluated whether a nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesion induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) would alter Eag1-K+ channel expression in the rat basal ganglia and related brain regions. Male Wistar rats received a microinjection of either saline or 6-OHDA (unilaterally) into the medial forebrain bundle. The extent of the dopaminergic lesion induced by 6-OHDA was evaluated by apomorphine-induced rotational behavior and by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. The 6-OHDA microinjection caused a partial or complete lesion of dopaminergic cells, as well as a reduction of Eag1+ cells in a manner proportional to the extent of the lesion. In addition, we observed a decrease in TH immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral striatum. In conclusion, the expression of the Eag1-K+-channel throughout the nigrostriatal pathway in the rat brain, its co-localization with dopaminergic cells and its reduction mirroring the extent of the lesion highlight a physiological circuitry where the functional role of this channel can be investigated. The Eag1-K+ channel expression in dopaminergic cells suggests that these channels are part of the diversified group of ion channels that generate and maintain the electrophysiological activity pattern of dopaminergic midbrain neurons.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 58 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Betty Drury (p. I 27, 186-333)

5 Briefe zwischen Konrad Wittwer und Max Horkheimer, 1936, 1938, 1939; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Joseph Wohl, 18.08.1934; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Hedwig Wollenberger, 25.02.1941; 2 Briefe zwischen Richard Wolf und Max Horkheimer, 22.10.1938, 07.11.1938; 2 Briefe zwischen Martha Wolfenstein und Max Horkheimer, 11.10.1937, 19.10.1937; 1 Brief von Clemy Wolff an Leo Löwenthal, 05.03.1941; 2 Briefe zwischen Ilse Wolff und Max Horkheimer, 29.08.1937, 03.09.1937; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Howard Woolston, 25.03.1941; 1 Einladung von der Women's Conference, 1935; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an die Women's Conference, 15.03.1935; 1 Brief von der World Foundation an Max Horkheimer, 26.11.1937; 2 Briefe vom World Jewish Congress an Max Horkheimer, 1942, 1945; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Francis Henry Russel, 28.09.1942; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Dr. Opie, 28.09.1942; 1 Brief der Württembergische Hypothekenbank an Max Horkheimer, 24.12.1930; 12 Briefe zwischen Rösle Wuestholz und Max Horkheimer, 1935-1937, 1939; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Frida Wunderlich, 22.11.1937; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an die Yale University Library, 22.12.1938; 2 Briefe zwischen Owen D. Young und Max Horkheimer, 22.04.1940, April 1940; 3 Briefe zwischen Hans Zeisel und Max Horkheimer, 21.07.1941, 1941, 1944; 2 Briefe zwischen der Zentrale Hilfsstelle für deutsche Flüchtlingskinder Prag und Max Horkheimer, 01.03.1938, 25.04.1938; 6 Briefe zwischen Gregory Zilboorg und Max Horkheimer, 1939; 16 Briefe und Beilage an Max Horkheimer und F. Pollock von Edgar Zilsel, 1939-1942; 1 Brief vom Social Science Research Counsil an Edgar Zilsel, 01.04.1940; 1 Brief von The Rockefeller Foundation an Edgar Zilsel, 20.06.1939; 9 Briefe und Beilage von Max Horkheimer und F. Pollock an Edgar Zilsel, 1939-1942 sowie Briefwechsel mit Betty Drury; 10 Briefe zwischen The Rockefeller Foundation und Max Horkheimer, 1939-1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Edgar Zilsel, 20.06.1939; 12 Briefe zwischen Betty Drury und F. Pollock, 1939-1940; 7 Briefe zwischen Alexander Zinnemann und Max Horkheimer, 1936;