Programa interactivo para la enseñanza práctica de citopatología mediante Internet.

Se trata de una apliación informática en HTML-Java montada sobre un CD-ROM para su empleo bien autónomo o mediante instalación en Internet. Los iconos, dibujos, animaciones y archivos de texto son originales en su totalidad, así como el diseño de la aplicación. La microfotografías, también originales, se obtuvieron del archivo de preparaciones citológicas del Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Clinico Universitario de Salamanca. El objetivo de esta aplicación es facilitar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la Citología para alumnos de Medicina, Médicos, Citotécnicos y estudiantes de la especialidad de Anatomía Patológica: Citopatología. La aplicación está formada sobre un diseño informático de E. Carrascal, realizado ya en otras aplicaciones del autor: Histología 2000, con RGPI-SA-1348, consistente en: Un frame central (89 por ciento) Cuerpo.htm, donde se presentan las imágenes, un frame lateral (14 por ciento) numeros.htm, donde aparecen los números de los temas, y un frame superior (11 por ciento) explica.htm, donde aparece la explicación de los links de la imagen.GIF del cuerpo.htm. Contiene un total de: 255 archivos.GIF, 188 archivos.JPG, 385 archivos.HTM, para 88 imágenes microscópicas, mapeadas y con links referidos a las áreas, con explicación de las células y tejidos definidas por estas, y 77 láminas en blanco y negro. También se ha realizado un cuaderno con las 88 imágenes microscópicas, en blanco y negro, sin explicación alguna, para ser coloreado y completado por el alumno (CITOPATOLOGIA). El empleo de esta aplicación se hace sobre el cuaderno, de modo que el profesor pueda seguir el proceso de aprendizaje y reconocimiento de células patológicas, mediante el análisis del cuaderno que el alumno ha ido completando, escribiendo autógrafamente en él, las descripciones emergentes de los links al pulsar sobre las células mapeadas en la imagen.

Estudio experimental de la madurez social en un grupo de universitarios.

Con este trabajo se pretende pulsar el nivel de madurez social de un sector de la juventud masculina.. La muestra fue tomada de un grupo de universitarios. Se tuvieron en cuenta tres variables: la soledad, la agresividad y la madurez social.. Descriptivo-experimental.. Se utilizaron las fuentes bibliográficas para la parte desciptiva y la elaboración de una encuesta para la parte experimental.. Estadística, mediante la representación gráfica.. Las conclusiones a las que se ha llegado mediante este estudio son, principalmente, las siguientes: en la elección de carrera por parte de los universitarios se aprecia la influencia de condicionantes como la familia, frente al número limitado de chicos que han sido guiados por intereses fomativos así como los que tienen conciencia de su misión de entrega y servicio a la sociedad. Por otro lado, la responsabilidad personal en el trabajo de las personas encuestadas es de signo positivo. En la convivencia con las personas que le rodean, tienen un campo bastante reducido de aceptación a otras personas, esto implica a su vez que ellos no son bien acogidos. Estos chicos no están bien integrados en la sociedad porque les falta espíritu de colaboración en las actividades sociales, culturales, políticas y religiosas que se organizan en su ambiente universitario. No tienen inquietud social porque los problemas actuales del mundo no les preocupan ni les comprometen en una acción social colectiva. Como conclusión final: con este trabajo se ha podido comprobar que este grupo de chicos carecen de madurez social..

Del juguete al ordenador : un puente hacia la Comunicación, a través de la plurideficiencia.

El artículo proporciona pautas para colocar conmutadores en juguetes y en el ordenador para que los niños plurideficientes -personas que padecen una severa discapacidad, tanto a nivel motor como a nivel cognitivo- puedan jugar o trabajar con el ordenador con tan solo pulsar un botón.

Cuadro eléctrico para la enseñanza de las señales de tráfico.

Se describe la fabricación de un aparato eléctrico construido sobre una caja de madera, con una pantalla muy visible, en la que se sitúan cuarenta y tres señales de tráfico, incluido el semáforo, y en cuya parte inferior lleva un teclado con otros tantos pulsadores que llevan un rótulo con la indicación correspondiente. Al pulsar un botón se ilumina la señal correspondiente y se identifica con su rótulo, y al dejar de pulsar, se apaga. Es un aparato para enseñar, de forma amena, atractiva y eficiente, las señales de tráfico en clase.

Alice, vamos jogar? ensaio sobre a Estrutura da Forma na transição paradigmática

O ensaio deseja indicar pistas para a projectação em Arquitectura, através duma introdução à Teoria Paradigmática que caracteriza e define a nossa contemporaneidade e a Estrutura da Forma. Aflorando a Teoria do Caos e textos de Teoria de Arte que desejam ser rupturas epistemológicas ou seus indicadores, sugere-nos técnicas que pela criatividade se tornam dispositivos para o projecto em Arquitectura. Por fim, é apresentado um caso de estudo de um arquitecto da actualidade, a proposta de Peter Eisenman para Cannaregio. As consequências ambicionadas pelo ensaio são as motivações chave para a criação duma arquitectura mais próxima dos anseios sociais e que através delas existam contributos mais ousados e criativos para uma arquitectura que seja verdadeiramente expressão do pulsar da nossa sociedade.

Hacia la definición de una línea de codicia: aportes conceptuales y empíricos sobre América Latina y Ecuador (Tema Central)

Este ensayo propone la línea de codicia para controlar el máximo nivel de consumo ética y económicamente aceptable, sobre el cual una redistribución parcial de los ingresos individuales puede eliminar la pobreza y restituir la economía hasta sus límites sustentables. El crecimiento económico actual permite superar varias veces las necesidades fundamentales de la población, sin embargo, la enorme inequidad social impide que al menos el 40% de la humanidad satisfaga sus necesidades humanas básicas, mientras que, el consumo suntuario absorbe una parte significativa del producto mundial y el tamaño de la economía ha superado la capacidad de reposición del planeta. La línea de codicia puede ser constante en un contexto histórico nacional definido, pero es variable a escalas temporales y regionales más amplias, su nivel es menor a mayor inequidad o pobreza, y a mayor actividad económica globalmente insustentable, finalmente, aumenta conforme la economía crece dentro de límites sustentables y equitativos.

Dynamics of convectively driven banded jets in the laboratory

The banded organization of clouds and zonal winds in the atmospheres of the outer planets has long fascinated observers. Several recent studies in the theory and idealized modeling of geostrophic turbulence have suggested possible explanations for the emergence of such organized patterns, typically involving highly anisotropic exchanges of kinetic energy and vorticity within the dissipationless inertial ranges of turbulent flows dominated (at least at large scales) by ensembles of propagating Rossby waves. The results from an attempt to reproduce such conditions in the laboratory are presented here. Achievement of a distinct inertial range turns out to require an experiment on the largest feasible scale. Deep, rotating convection on small horizontal scales was induced by gently and continuously spraying dense, salty water onto the free surface of the 13-m-diameter cylindrical tank on the Coriolis platform in Grenoble, France. A “planetary vorticity gradient” or “β effect” was obtained by use of a conically sloping bottom and the whole tank rotated at angular speeds up to 0.15 rad s−1. Over a period of several hours, a highly barotropic, zonally banded large-scale flow pattern was seen to emerge with up to 5–6 narrow, alternating, zonally aligned jets across the tank, indicating the development of an anisotropic field of geostrophic turbulence. Using particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques, zonal jets are shown to have arisen from nonlinear interactions between barotropic eddies on a scale comparable to either a Rhines or “frictional” wavelength, which scales roughly as (β/Urms)−1/2. This resulted in an anisotropic kinetic energy spectrum with a significantly steeper slope with wavenumber k for the zonal flow than for the nonzonal eddies, which largely follows the classical Kolmogorov k−5/3 inertial range. Potential vorticity fields show evidence of Rossby wave breaking and the presence of a “hyperstaircase” with radius, indicating instantaneous flows that are supercritical with respect to the Rayleigh–Kuo instability criterion and in a state of “barotropic adjustment.” The implications of these results are discussed in light of zonal jets observed in planetary atmospheres and, most recently, in the terrestrial oceans.

On the evolution of the solar wind between 1 and 5 AU at the time of the Cassini Jupiter flyby: Multispacecraft observations of interplanetary coronal mass ejections including the formation of a merged interaction region

The Cassini flyby of Jupiter occurred at a time near solar maximum. Consequently, the pre-Jupiter data set reveals clear and numerous transient perturbations to the Parker Spiral solar wind structure. Limited plasma data are available at Cassini for this period due to pointing restrictions imposed on the instrument. This renders the identification of the nature of such structures ambiguous, as determinations based on the magnetic field data alone are unreliable. However, a fortuitous alignment of the planets during this encounter allowed us to trace these structures back to those observed previously by the Wind spacecraft near the Earth. Of the phenomena that we are satisfactorily able to trace back to their manifestation at 1 AU, two are identified as being due to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. One event at Cassini is shown to be a merged interaction region, which is formed from the compression of a magnetic cloud by two anomalously fast solar wind streams. The flux-rope structure associated with this magnetic cloud is not as apparent at Cassini and has most likely been compressed and deformed. Confirmation of the validity of the ballistic projections used here is provided by results obtained from a one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic projection of solar wind parameters measured upstream near the Earth. It is found that when the Earth and Cassini are within a few tens of degrees in heliospheric longitude, the results of this one-dimensional model predict the actual conditions measured at 5 AU to an impressive degree. Finally, the validity of the use of such one-dimensional projections in obtaining quasi-solar wind parameters at the outer planets is discussed.

Integrated optics for nulling interferometry in the thermal infrared: progress and recent achievements

The search for Earth-like exoplanets, orbiting in the habitable zone of stars other than our Sun and showing biological activity, is one of the most exciting and challenging quests of the present time. Nulling interferometry from space, in the thermal infrared, appears as a promising candidate technique for the task of directly observing extra-solar planets. It has been studied for about 10 years by ESA and NASA in the framework of the Darwin and TPF-I missions respectively. Nevertheless, nulling interferometry in the thermal infrared remains a technological challenge at several levels. Among them, the development of the "modal filter" function is mandatory for the filtering of the wavefronts in adequacy with the objective of rejecting the central star flux to an efficiency of about 105. Modal filtering takes benefit of the capability of single-mode waveguides to transmit a single amplitude function, to eliminate virtually any perturbation of the interfering wavefronts, thus making very high rejection ratios possible. The modal filter may either be based on single-mode Integrated Optics (IO) and/or Fiber Optics. In this paper, we focus on IO, and more specifically on the progress of the on-going "Integrated Optics" activity of the European Space Agency.

New results on the thermodynamical properties of the climate system

In this paper the authors exploit two equivalent formulations of the average rate of material entropy production in the climate system to propose an approximate splitting between contributions due to vertical and eminently horizontal processes. This approach is based only on 2D radiative fields at the surface and at the top of atmosphere. Using 2D fields at the top of atmosphere alone, lower bounds to the rate of material entropy production and to the intensity of the Lorenz energy cycle are derived. By introducing a measure of the efficiency of the planetary system with respect to horizontal thermodynamic processes, it is possible to gain insight into a previous intuition on the possibility of defining a baroclinic heat engine extracting work from the meridional heat flux. The approximate formula of the material entropy production is verified and used for studying the global thermodynamic properties of climate models (CMs) included in the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI)/phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) dataset in preindustrial climate conditions. It is found that about 90% of the material entropy production is due to vertical processes such as convection, whereas the large-scale meridional heat transport contributes to only about 10% of the total. This suggests that the traditional two-box models used for providing a minimal representation of entropy production in planetary systems are not appropriate, whereas a basic—but conceptually correct—description can be framed in terms of a four-box model. The total material entropy production is typically 55 mW m−2 K−1, with discrepancies on the order of 5%, and CMs’ baroclinic efficiencies are clustered around 0.055. The lower bounds on the intensity of the Lorenz energy cycle featured by CMs are found to be around 1.0–1.5 W m−2, which implies that the derived inequality is rather stringent. When looking at the variability and covariability of the considered thermodynamic quantities, the agreement among CMs is worse, suggesting that the description of feedbacks is more uncertain. The contributions to material entropy production from vertical and horizontal processes are positively correlated, so that no compensation mechanism seems in place. Quite consistently among CMs, the variability of the efficiency of the system is a better proxy for variability of the entropy production due to horizontal processes than that of the large-scale heat flux. The possibility of providing constraints on the 3D dynamics of the fluid envelope based only on 2D observations of radiative fluxes seems promising for the observational study of planets and for testing numerical models.

A survey for planetary transits in the field of NGC 7789

We present results from 30 nights of observations of the open cluster NGC 7789 with the Wide Field Camera on the Isaac Newton Telescope, La Palma. From ~900 epochs, we obtained light curves and Sloan r'-i' colours for ~33000 stars, with ~2400 stars having better than 1 per cent precision. We expected to detect ~2 transiting hot Jupiter planets if 1 per cent of stars host such a companion and a typical hot Jupiter radius is ~1.2R_J. We find 24 transit candidates, 14 of which we can assign a period. We rule out the transiting planet model for 21 of these candidates using various robust arguments. For two candidates, we are unable to decide on their nature, although it seems most likely that they are eclipsing binaries as well. We have one candidate exhibiting a single eclipse, for which we derive a radius of 1.81+0.09-0.00R_J. Three candidates remain that require follow-up observations in order to determine their nature.

Progress in observing and modelling the urban boundary layer

The urban boundary layer (UBL) is the part of the atmosphere in which most of the planet’s population now lives, and is one of the most complex and least understood microclimates. Given potential climate change impacts and the requirement to develop cities sustainably, the need for sound modelling and observational tools becomes pressing. This review paper considers progress made in studies of the UBL in terms of a conceptual framework spanning microscale to mesoscale determinants of UBL structure and evolution. Considerable progress in observing and modelling the urban surface energy balance has been made. The urban roughness sub-layer is an important region requiring attention as assumptions about atmospheric turbulence break down in this layer and it may dominate coupling of the surface to the UBL due to its considerable depth. The upper 90% of the UBL (mixed and residual layers) remains under-researched but new remote sensing methods and high resolution modelling tools now permit rapid progress. Surface heterogeneity dominates from neighbourhood to regional scales and should be more strongly considered in future studies. Specific research priorities include humidity within the UBL, high-rise urban canopies and the development of long-term, spatially extensive measurement networks coupled strongly to model development.

Temporal and spatial variability of auroral forms in the 10–14 MLT sector: Relationship to plasma convection and solar wind-magnetosphere coupling

Ground-based observations of dayside auroral forms and magnetic perturbations in the arctic sectors of Svalbard and Greenland, in combination with the high-resolution measurements of ionospheric ion drift and temperature by the EISCAT radar, are used to study temporal/spatial structures of cusp-type auroral forms in relation to convection. Large-scale patterns of equivalent convection in the dayside polar ionosphere are derived from the magnetic observations in Greenland and Svalbard. This information is used to estimate the ionospheric convection pattern in the vicinity of the cusp/cleft aurora. The reported observations, covering the period 0700-1130 UT, on January 11, 1993, are separated into four intervals according to the observed characteristics of the aurora and ionospheric convection. The morphology and intensity of the aurora are very different in quiet and disturbed intervals. A latitudinally narrow zone of intense and dynamical 630.0 nm emission equatorward of 75 degrees MLAT, was observed during periods of enhanced antisunward convection in the cusp region. This (type 1 cusp aurora) is considered to be the signature of plasma entry via magnetopause reconnection at low magnetopause latitudes, i.e. the low-latitude boundary layer (LLB I,). Another zone of weak 630.0 nm emission (type 2 cusp aurora) was observed to extend up to high latitudes (similar to 79 degrees MLAT) during relatively quiet magnetic conditions, when indications of reverse (sunward) convection was observed in the dayside polar cap. This is postulated to be a signature of merging between a northward directed IMF (B-z > 0) and the geomagnetic field poleward of the cusp. The coexistence of type 1 and 2 auroras was observed under intermediate circumstances. The optical observations from Svalbard and Greenland were also used to determine the temporal and spatial evolution of type 1 auroral forms, i.e. poleward-moving auroral events occurring in the vicinity of a rotational convection reversal in the early post-noon sector. Each event appeared as a local brightening at the equatorward boundary of the pre-existing type 1 cusp aurora, followed by poleward and eastward expansions of luminosity. The auroral events were associated with poleward-moving surges of enhanced ionospheric convection and F-layer ion temperature as observed by the EISCAT radar in Tromso. The EISCAT ion flow data in combination with the auroral observations show strong evidence for plasma flow across the open/closed field line boundary.