Synchrony is more than overlap: measuring phenological synchronization considering time length and intensity

The degree of flowering and fruiting synchronization is believed to have ecological and evolutionary relevance at several scales. Here we discuss some measures that have been used to estimate synchrony and propose an index that incorporates both the entire length of an individual phenophase and variation in the number of flowers or fruits over that time period. This new index describes more accurately the phenological synchrony among individuals and populations.

Metsäteollisuuden puunhankinnan ohjaus: Hankintalähteen kannattavuus ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät

Tutkielmassa rakennettiin laskentamalli metsäteollisuuden puunhankinnan hankintalähteen kannattavuuden määrittämiseksi ja selittämiseksi. Tutkimuksessa noudatettiin konstruktiivisen tapaustutkimuksen tutkimusotetta. Tutkimuksen kohdeorganisaationa oli kansainvälisesti toimivan metsäteollisuusyrityksen Suomen puunhankintaorganisaatio. Kannattavuusmalli määrittelee hankintalähteen kannattavuuden sekä käsitteellisellä että laskentamenettelyn tasolla. Kannattavuusmallin katesuure on porttikate, joka rakennettiin taloudellisen lisäarvon teoriaan nojaten kohdeorganisaation tarpeiden ja sen laskenta-asiantuntijoiden näkemysten perusteella. Kannattavuusmallin rakenne ja osat kuvattiin seikkaperäisesti. Kannattavuusmallin käyttämän liiketoimintadatan poiminta ja laskentasuureiden raportointi testattiin. Mallin tarvitsemat laskentatiedot on saatavissa kohdeorganisaation kehitteillä olevasta toiminnanohjausjärjestelmästä. Laskentamallin hyödyntämismahdollisuudet arvioitiin. Hankintalähteen kannattavuutta mittaavalla porttikatteella voidaan ohjata puunhankintaorganisaatiota sen tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa. Malli ilmaisee porttikatteeseen vaikuttavien tekijöiden vaikutuksen kannattavuuteen, minkä avulla voidaan tehdä parempia päätöksiä hankintalähteiden hyödyntämisessä. Aiemmista tutkimuksista poiketen malli huomioi hankintalähteen suoritteen arvon tärkeimmille asiakastehtaille perustuen todellisiin liiketapahtumiin. Kannattavuusmallia voidaan hyödyntää laajalti metsäteollisuusyritysten tavaralajimenetelmään perustuvassa puunhankinnassa. Kannattavuusmallin rakentaminen rohkaisee puunhankinnan johtoa ja laskentahenkilöitä hedelmällisen yhteistyöhön.

Palvelun hankinnan prosessi ja laatu. Case: Espoon kaupungin koulukuljetukset

Palvelujen hankinta on yhä kiinteämmin osa yritysten liiketoimintaa, kun kiristyvässä kilpailussa yritykset pyrkivät siirtämään keskittymistään enenevissä määrin ydintoimintojensa tuottamiseen. Yleisiä ohjeistuksia palveluiden laadun kehittämisestä ja hankintaprosessin läpiviennistä on olemassa runsaasti, mutta palveluihin keskittyvän hankinnan kokonaisvaltaista kuvausta on tutkimuskentästä vaikea löytää. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia palvelun hankinnan prosessia ja laatua, sekä paikata olemassa olevaa tutkimusaukkoa tunnistaen hankintaprosessista lopputuloksen laadun kannalta kriittisiä elementtejä. Tutkimusaihetta lähestytään tarkastelemalla ensin olemassa olevaa tutkimusta palvelujen hankintaprosessista ja laadusta. Lisäksi tutkimusta varten on haastateltu hankinta-asiantuntijoita, sekä suoritettu case-tutkimus Espoon kaupungin koulukuljetusten hankinnasta, jossa hyödynnetään QFD-matriisianalyysiä kriittisten tekijöiden tunnistamiseksi. Lopputuloksena tutkimus esittää hankintaprosessiin perustuvan listan niistä laadukkaan lopputuloksen kannalta kriittisistä tekijöistä, joihin keskittymällä palveluhankinnan laatua on mahdollista parantaa. Keskeisimpinä tekijöinä tuloksissa esiin nousevat hankintatiimin kokoaminen, yrityksen tahtotilan tunnistaminen, palvelusisällön ja sen tavoitteiden ymmärtäminen, sanktiomallien hyödyntäminen, sekä yhteistyön vaaliminen hankinnan suunnittelussa ja sopimusseurannassa.

TRAP-silver staining, a highly sensitive assay for measuring telomerase activity in tumor tissue and cell lines

Measurement of telomerase activity in clinically obtained tumor samples may provide important information for use as both a diagnostic marker and a prognostic indicator for patient outcome. In order to evaluate telomerase activity in tumor tissue without radiolabeling the product, we developed a simple telomeric repeat amplification protocol-silver-staining assay that is less time-consuming, is safe and requires minimal equipment. In addition, we determined the sensitivity of the silver-staining method by using extracts of telomerase-positive thyroid carcinoma cell lines which were serially diluted from 5,000 to 10 cells. Telomerase activity was also assayed in 19 thyroid tumors, 2 normal controls and 27 bone marrow aspirates. The results indicate that the technique permits the detection of telomerase activity from 5000 to as few as 10 cells. We propose that it could be immediately applicable in many laboratories due to the minimal amount of equipment required.

Measuring higher order optical aberrations of the human eye: techniques and applications

In the present paper we discuss the development of "wave-front", an instrument for determining the lower and higher optical aberrations of the human eye. We also discuss the advantages that such instrumentation and techniques might bring to the ophthalmology professional of the 21st century. By shining a small light spot on the retina of subjects and observing the light that is reflected back from within the eye, we are able to quantitatively determine the amount of lower order aberrations (astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia) and higher order aberrations (coma, spherical aberration, etc.). We have measured artificial eyes with calibrated ametropia ranging from +5 to -5 D, with and without 2 D astigmatism with axis at 45º and 90º. We used a device known as the Hartmann-Shack (HS) sensor, originally developed for measuring the optical aberrations of optical instruments and general refracting surfaces in astronomical telescopes. The HS sensor sends information to a computer software for decomposition of wave-front aberrations into a set of Zernike polynomials. These polynomials have special mathematical properties and are more suitable in this case than the traditional Seidel polynomials. We have demonstrated that this technique is more precise than conventional autorefraction, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 0.1 µm for a 4-mm diameter pupil. In terms of dioptric power this represents an RMSE error of less than 0.04 D and 5º for the axis. This precision is sufficient for customized corneal ablations, among other applications.

Toimittajayhteistyön kehittäminen

Tutkimustyön tavoitteena oli selvittää case-yrityksen toimittajayhteistyöosaamisen nykytilanne sekä muodostaa tätä kautta ehdotukset toimittajayhteistyön kehittämiselle yrityksessä. Tavoitteena oli myös muodostaa parhaiden käytäntöjen maturiteettimittaristo toimittajayhteistyöstä sekä tarkastella toimittajayhteistyön tärkeyttä. Työn teoreettisessa osassa on tehty katsaus toimittajayhteistyön keskeisimpiin tutkimuksiin ja teorioihin alan artikkeleiden sekä kirjallisuuden avulla. Empiirinen aineisto on kerätty kyselyiden sekä haastattelututkimusten avulla. Koko tutkimuksen tulokset kuvaavat kattavasti toimittajayhteistyössä sovellettavia parhaita käytäntöjä sekä case-yrityksen nykytilannetta näiden käytäntöjen soveltamisessa. Lopuksi on tehty keskeisimmät kehitysehdotukset toimittajayhteistyön kehittämiseksi.

Optimization and Measuring Techniques for Collect-and-Place Machines in Printed Circuit Board Industry

This thesis considers optimization problems arising in printed circuit board assembly. Especially, the case in which the electronic components of a single circuit board are placed using a single placement machine is studied. Although there is a large number of different placement machines, the use of collect-and-place -type gantry machines is discussed because of their flexibility and increasing popularity in the industry. Instead of solving the entire control optimization problem of a collect-andplace machine with a single application, the problem is divided into multiple subproblems because of its hard combinatorial nature. This dividing technique is called hierarchical decomposition. All the subproblems of the one PCB - one machine -context are described, classified and reviewed. The derived subproblems are then either solved with exact methods or new heuristic algorithms are developed and applied. The exact methods include, for example, a greedy algorithm and a solution based on dynamic programming. Some of the proposed heuristics contain constructive parts while others utilize local search or are based on frequency calculations. For the heuristics, it is made sure with comprehensive experimental tests that they are applicable and feasible. A number of quality functions will be proposed for evaluation and applied to the subproblems. In the experimental tests, artificially generated data from Markov-models and data from real-world PCB production are used. The thesis consists of an introduction and of five publications where the developed and used solution methods are described in their full detail. For all the problems stated in this thesis, the methods proposed are efficient enough to be used in the PCB assembly production in practice and are readily applicable in the PCB manufacturing industry.

Measuring Effectiveness of Marketing Message: The Role of Verbal, Visual and Brand Elements

The aim of this paper is to study the role of verbal, visual and brand elements while meas-uring effectiveness of marketing message. The thesis is written in the context of mobile gaming industry. The object of the study is marketing message. To achieve the aim, the main research question was formulated: How do the elements of marketing message, such as verbal, visual and brand, affect the consumer’s attitude toward the ad, emotional response and attention capture? The theory development chapter lays on three corner stones – analysis of previous litera-ture on marketing message and its elements, namely verbal, visual and brand; overview of literature on attitude formation and particularly attitude toward the ad. In addition, investiga-tion of key points of emotional response and attention capture literature finalizes the chap-ter. The empirical part consists of experiment, conducted with 27 participants. Experiment includes the self-report semantically anchored scale, measuring the attitude toward the ad, as well as autonomic measures – eye tracking (attention capture) and facial expressions (emotional response). The results of the experiment showed that the size of the brand element – the logo – has an effect on the attention capture and the overall attitude toward the ad. The bigger the logo, the more time people spend viewing it, and they realise the message is more educa-tional and factual. The measure related to the visual element – the visual complexity – in-creases the intensity of participant’s facial expression. While the measure of verbal ele-ment – the contrast between text and background colours – leads to a better attitude to-ward the ad. The higher the contrast between text and background, the more known the message appears to the viewer.

Corporate social responsibility in procurement: environmentally responsible practices case study

The main object of this study is to find and define environmentally responsible procurement practices and characterize responsible procurement.

Development of Project Logistics in Engineering, Procurement and Construction Projects

The aim of this Master’s Thesis is to develop project logistics functions in large scale en-gineering, procurement and construction projects. The background of the research topic is compounded from two separate subjects; OPAL Program and case study of an actual EPC project. The purpose is to examine Project Logistics process in accordance with OPAL Program as well as logistics process in focus EPC project. Both entities are researched by using the case study research methodology. Logistics process of the focus EPC project is described as well as presented and in addi-tion, logistics related findings and observations are introduced. Significant findings and observations are found from logistics costs as well as shipment volume estimations in the early phase of the focus ECP project. A notable finding is also that because goods were transported as readily assembled as possible it caused expensive oversized cargo deliveries. From findings and observation of the focus EPC project it can be derived that logistics has to be involved in the early sales phase in order to receive more accurate logistics cost esti-mations for project deliveries. It is also noticed that in order to obtain savings in logistics costs, oversized deliveries must be avoided.

Foreign exchange exposure management in a fuel procurement company operating in the commodity markets

Fluctuating commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and interest rates are causing changes in cash flows, market value and the companies’ profit. Most of the commodities are quoted in US dollar. Companies with non-dollar accounting face a double risk in the form of the commodity price risk and foreign exchange risk. The objective of this Master’s thesis is to find out how companies under commodity should manage foreign exchange exposure. The theoretical literature is based on foreign exchange risk, commodity risk and foreign exchange exposure management. The empirical research is done by using constructive modelling of a case company in the oil industry. The exposure is model with foreign exchange net cash flow and net working capital. First, the factors affecting foreign exchange exposure in case company are analyzed, then a model of foreign exchange exposure is created. Finally, the models are compared and the most suitable method is defined. According to the literature, foreign exchange exposure is the foreign exchange net cash flow. However, the results of the study show that foreign exchange risk can be managed also with net working capital. When the purchases, sales and storage are under foreign exchange risk, the best way to manage foreign exchange exposure is with combined net cash flow and net working capital method. The foreign exchange risk policy of the company defines the appropriate way to manage foreign exchange risk.

Measuring software security from the design of software

The vast majority of our contemporary society owns a mobile phone, which has resulted in a dramatic rise in the amount of networked computers in recent years. Security issues in the computers have followed the same trend and nearly everyone is now affected by such issues. How could the situation be improved? For software engineers, an obvious answer is to build computer software with security in mind. A problem with building software with security is how to define secure software or how to measure security. This thesis divides the problem into three research questions. First, how can we measure the security of software? Second, what types of tools are available for measuring security? And finally, what do these tools reveal about the security of software? Measuring tools of these kind are commonly called metrics. This thesis is focused on the perspective of software engineers in the software design phase. Focus on the design phase means that code level semantics or programming language specifics are not discussed in this work. Organizational policy, management issues or software development process are also out of the scope. The first two research problems were studied using a literature review while the third was studied using a case study research. The target of the case study was a Java based email server called Apache James, which had details from its changelog and security issues available and the source code was accessible. The research revealed that there is a consensus in the terminology on software security. Security verification activities are commonly divided into evaluation and assurance. The focus of this work was in assurance, which means to verify one’s own work. There are 34 metrics available for security measurements, of which five are evaluation metrics and 29 are assurance metrics. We found, however, that the general quality of these metrics was not good. Only three metrics in the design category passed the inspection criteria and could be used in the case study. The metrics claim to give quantitative information on the security of the software, but in practice they were limited to evaluating different versions of the same software. Apart from being relative, the metrics were unable to detect security issues or point out problems in the design. Furthermore, interpreting the metrics’ results was difficult. In conclusion, the general state of the software security metrics leaves a lot to be desired. The metrics studied had both theoretical and practical issues, and are not suitable for daily engineering workflows. The metrics studied provided a basis for further research, since they pointed out areas where the security metrics were necessary to improve whether verification of security from the design was desired.