Effect of Cluster Multi-Diode Light Emitting Diode Therapy (LEDT) on Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Fatigue and Skeletal Muscle Recovery in Humans

Background and Objectives: There are some indications that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may delay the development of skeletal muscle fatigue during high-intensity exercise. There have also been claims that LED cluster probes may be effective for this application however there are differences between LED and laser sources like spot size, spectral width, power output, etc. In this study we wanted to test if light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) can alter muscle performance, fatigue development and biochemical markers for skeletal muscle recovery in an experimental model of biceps humeri muscle contractions. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Ten male professional volleyball players (23.6 [SD +/- 5.6] years old) entered a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover trial. Active cluster LEDT (69 LEDs with wavelengths 660/850 nm, 10/30 mW, 30 seconds total irradiation time, 41.7J of total energy irradiated) or an identical placebo LEDT was delivered under double-blinded conditions to the middle of biceps humeri muscle immediately before exercise. All subjects performed voluntary biceps humeri contractions with a workload of 75% of their maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) until exhaustion. Results: Active LEDT increased the number of biceps humeri contractions by 12.9% (38.60 [SD +/- 9.03] vs. 34.20 [SD +/- 8.68], P = 0.021) and extended the elapsed time to perform contractions by 11.6% (P = 0.036) versus placebo. In addition, post-exercise levels of biochemical markers decreased significantly with active LEDT: Blood Lactate (P = 0.042), Creatine Kinase (P = 0.035), and C-Reative Protein levels (P = 0.030), when compared to placebo LEDT. Conclusion: We conclude that this particular procedure and dose of LEDT immediately before exhaustive biceps humeri contractions, causes a slight delay in the development of skeletal muscle fatigue, decreases post-exercise blood lactate levels and inhibits the release of Creatine Kinase and C-Reative Protein. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:572-577, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy in exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on skeletal muscle fatigue. Ten healthy male professional volleyball players entered a crossover randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Active LLLT (830 nm wavelength, 100 mW output, spot size 0.0028 cm(2), 200 s total irradiation time) or an identical placebo LLLT was delivered to four points on the biceps humeri muscle immediately before exercises. All subjects performed voluntary biceps humeri contractions with a load of 75% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force until exhaustion. After active LLLT the mean number of repetitions was significantly higher than after placebo irradiation [mean difference 4.5, standard deviation (SD) +/- 6.0, P = 0.042], the blood lactate levels increased after exercises, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. We concluded that 830 nm LLLT can delay the onset of skeletal muscle fatigue in high-intensity exercises, in spite of increased blood lactate levels.

Increased vascular O-GlcNAcylation augments reactivity to constrictor stimuli - Vasoactive Peptide Symposium

O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) plays a role in many aspects of protein function. Whereas elevated O-GlcNAc levels contribute to diabetes-related end-organ damage, O-GlcNAcylation is also physiologically important. Because proteins that play a role in vascular tone regulation can be O-GlcNAcylated, we hypothesized that O-GlcNAcylation increases vascular reactivity to constrictor stimuli, Aortas front male Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice were incubated for 24 hours with vehicle or PugNAc (O-GlcNAcase inhibitor. 100 mu M). PugNAc incubation significantly increased O-GlcNAc proteins, as determined by Western blot. PugNAc also increased vascular contractions to phenylephrine and serotonin, an effect not observed in the presence of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or in endothelium-denuded vessels. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation. but not that to sodium nitroprusside, was decreased by PugNAc treatment, an effect accompanied by decreased levels of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)(Ser-1177) and Akt(Ser-473). Augmented O-GlcNAcylation increases vascular reactivity to constrictor stimuli, possibly due to its effects oil eNOS expression and activity, reinforcing the concept that O-GlcNAcylation modulates vascular reactivity and may play a role in pathological conditions associated with abnormal vascular function. J Am Soc Hypertens 2008:2(6): 410-417. (C) 2008 American Society of Hypertension. All rights reserved.

The role of endothelin pathway in modulation of airway reactivity to methacholine in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice

Endothelin peptides have been shown to increase cholinergic neurotransmission in the airway. Genetic differences in airway responsiveness to methacholine where reported in mice. The present study compared the airway reactivity to methacholine in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice, the involvement of endothelin on this reactivity and endothelin levels in lung homogenates. Whole airway reactivity was analyzed by means of an isolated lung preparation where lungs were perfused through the trachea with warm gassed Krebs solution at 5 ml/min, and changes in perfusion pressure triggered by methacholine at increasing bolus doses (0.1-100 mu g) were recorded. We found that the maximal airway response to methacholine was much greater in C57Bl/6 than in BALB/c (Emax 34 +/- 2 vs 12 +/- 1 cmH(2)O, respectively). Bosentan (mixed endothelin A/B receptor antagonist; 10 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before sacrifice) reduced lung responsiveness to methacholine in C57Bl/6 (58% at EC50 level) but had no effect in BALB/c mouse strain. This effect seems to be mediated by the endothelin ETA receptor since it was significantly reduced by the selective endothelin ETA receptor antagonist, BQ 123. Immunoreactive endothelin levels were higher in C57Bl/6 than in BALB/c lungs (43 5 vs 19 +/- 5 pg/g of tissue). In conclusion, airway reactivity to methacholine and lung endothelins content varies markedly between C57Bl/6 and BALB/c strains. Endothelins upregulate lung responsiveness to methacholine only in C57Bl/6, an effect achieved through the endothelin ETA receptor. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Increased Activation of Stromal Interaction Molecule-1/Orai-1 in Aorta From Hypertensive Rats A Novel Insight Into Vascular Dysfunction

Disturbances in the regulation of cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration play a key role in the vascular dysfunction associated with arterial hypertension. Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) and Orai proteins represent a novel mechanism to control store-operated Ca(2+) entry. Although STIMs act as Ca(2+) sensors for the intracellular Ca(2+) stores, Orai is the putative pore-forming component of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) channels at the plasma membrane. We hypothesized that augmented activation of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+)/Orai-1, through enhanced activity of STIM-1, plays a role in increased basal tonus and vascular reactivity in hypertensive animals. Endothelium-denuded aortic rings from Wistar-Kyoto and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats were used to evaluate contractions because of Ca(2+) influx. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, which induces Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) activation, was performed by placing arteries in Ca(2+) free-EGTA buffer. The addition of the Ca(2+) regular buffer produced greater contractions in aortas from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats versus Wistar-Kyoto rats. Thapsigargin (10 mu mol/L), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase, further increased these contractions, especially in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat aorta. Addition of the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) channel inhibitors 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (100 mu mol/L) or gadolinium (100 mu mol/L), as well as neutralizing antibodies to STIM-1 or Orai-1, abolished thapsigargin-increased contraction and the differences in spontaneous tone between the groups. Expression of Orai-1 and STIM-1 proteins was increased in aorta from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats when compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats. These results support the hypothesis that both Orai-1 and STIM-1 contribute to abnormal vascular function in hypertension. Augmented activation of STIM-1/Orai-1 may represent the mechanism that leads to impaired control of intracellular Ca(2+) levels in hypertension. (Hypertension. 2009; 53[part 2]: 409-416.)

Interleukin-10 attenuates vascular responses to endothelin-1 via effects on ERK1/2-dependent pathway

Giachini FR, Zemse SM, Carneiro FS, Lima VV, Carneiro ZN, Callera GE, Ergul A, Webb RC, Tostes RC. Interleukin-10 attenuates vascular responses to endothelin-1 via effects on ERK1/2-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296: H489-H496, 2009. First published December 12, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00251.2008.-Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with protective actions on the vasculature. On the other hand, endothelin ( ET)-1 has potent vasoconstrictor, mitogenic, and proinflammatory activities, which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that, in a condition where ET-1 expression is upregulated, i.e., on infusion of TNF-alpha, IL-10 confers vascular protection from ET-1-induced injury. Aortic rings and first-order mesenteric arteries from male C57BL/6 (WT) and IL-10-knockout (IL-10(-/-)) mice were treated with human recombinant TNF-alpha (220 ng.kg(-1).day(-1)) or vehicle (saline) for 14 days. TNF-alpha infusion significantly increased blood pressure in IL-10(-/-), but not WT, mice. TNF-alpha augmented vascular ET-1 mRNA expression in arteries from WT and IL-10(-/-) mice. ET type A (ETA) receptor expression was increased in arteries from IL-10(-/-) mice, and TNF-alpha infusion did not change vascular ETA receptor expression in control or IL-10(-/-) mice. Aorta and mesenteric arteries from TNF-alpha-infused IL-10(-/-) mice displayed increased contractile responses to ET-1, but not the ET type B receptor agonist IRL-1620. The ETA receptor antagonist atrasentan completely abolished responses to ET-1 in aorta and mesenteric vessels, whereas the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 abrogated increased contractions to ET-1 in arteries from TNF-alpha-infused IL-10(-/-) mice. Infusion of TNF-alpha, as well as knockdown of IL-10 (IL-10(-/-)), induced an increase in total and phosphorylated ERK1/2. These data demonstrate that IL-10 counteracts ET(A)-mediated vascular responses to ET-1, as well as activation of the ERK1/2 pathway.

Decreased cGMP Level Contributes to Increased Contraction in Arteries From Hypertensive Rats Role of Phosphodiesterase 1

Recent evidence suggests that angiotensin II (Ang II) upregulates phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1A expression. We hypothesized that Ang II augmented PDE1 activation, decreasing the bioavailability of cyclic guanosine 3` 5`-monophosphate (cGMP), and contributing to increased vascular contractility. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received mini-osmotic pumps with Ang II (60 ng.min(-1)) or saline for 14 days. Phenylephrine (PE)-induced contractions were increased in aorta (E(max)168%+/- 8% vs 136%+/- 4%) and small mesenteric arteries (SMA; E(max)170%+/- 6% vs 143%+/- 3%) from Ang II-infused rats compared to control. PDE1 inhibition with vinpocetine (10 mu mol/L) reduced PE-induced contraction in aortas from Ang II rats (E(max)94%+/- 12%) but not in controls (154%+/- 7%). Vinpocetine decreased the sensitivity to PE in SMA from Ang II rats compared to vehicle (-log of half maximal effective concentration 5.1 +/- 0.1 vs 5.9 +/- 0.06), but not in controls (6.0 +/- 0.03 vs 6.1 +/- 0.04). Sildenafil (10 mu mol/L), a PDE5 inhibitor, reduced PE-induced maximal contraction similarly in Ang II and control rats. Arteries were contracted with PE (1 mu mol/L), and concentration-dependent relaxation to vinpocetine and sildenafil was evaluated. Aortas from Ang II rats displayed increased relaxation to vinpocetine compared to control (E(max)82%+/- 12% vs 445 +/- 5%). SMA from Ang II rats showed greater sensitivity during vinpocetine-induced relaxation compared to control (-log of half maximal effective concentration 6.1 +/- 0.3 vs 5.3 +/- 0.1). No differences in sildenafil-induced relaxation were observed. PDE1A and PDE1C expressions in aorta and PDE1A expression in SMA were increased in Ang II rats. cGMP production, which is decreased in arteries from Ang II rats, was restored after PDE1 blockade. We conclude that PDE1 activation reduces cGMP bioavailability in arteries from Ang II, contributing to increased contractile responsiveness. (Hypertension. 2011;57[part 2]:655-663.)

Clopidogrel, independent of the vascular P2Y(12) receptor, improves arterial function in small mesenteric arteries from Angll-hypertensive rats

The P2Y(12) receptor antagonist clopidogrel blocks platelet aggregation, improves systemic endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability and has anti-inflammatory effects. Since P2Y(12) receptors have been identified in the vasculature, we hypothesized that clopidogrel ameliorates Angll (angiotensin II)-induced vascular functional changes by blockade of P2Y(12) receptors in the vasculature. Male Sprague Dawley rats were infused with Angll (60 ng/min) or vehicle for 14 days. The animals were treated with clopidogrel (10 mg . kg(-1) of body weight . day(-1)) or vehicle. Vascular reactivity was evaluated in second-order mesenteric arteries. Clopidogrel treatment did not change systolic blood pressure [(mmHg) control-vehicle, 117 +/- 7.1 versus control-clopidogrel, 125 +/- 4.2; Angll vehicle, 197 +/- 10.7 versus Angll clopidogrel, 198 +/- 5.2], but it normalized increased phenylephrine-induced vascular contractions [(%KCI) vehicle-treated, 182.2 +/- 18% versus clopidogrel, 133 +/- 14%), as well as impaired vasodilation to acetylcholine [(%) vehicle-treated, 71.7 +/- 2.2 versus clopidogrel, 85.3 +/- 2.8) in Angll-treated animals. Vascular expression of P2Y(12) receptor was determined by Western blot. Pharmacological characterization of vascular P2Y(12) was performed with the P2Y(12) agonist 2-MeS-ADP [2-(methylthio) adenosine 5`-trihydrogen diphosphate trisodium]. Although 2-MeS-ADP induced endothelium-dependent relaxation [(Emax %) = 71 +/- 12%) as well as contractile vascular responses (Emax % = 83 +/- 12%), these actions are not mediated by P2Y(12) receptor activation. 2-MeS-ADP produced similar vascular responses in control and Angll rats. These results indicate potential effects of clopidogrel, such as improvement of hypertension-related vascular functional changes that are not associated with direct actions of clopidogrel in the vasculature, supporting the concept that activated platelets contribute to endothelial dysfunction, possibly via impaired nitric oxide bioavailability.

On the Hartman-Grobman Theorem with Parameters

The Hartman-Grobman Theorem of linearization is extended to families of dynamical systems in a Banach space X, depending continuously on parameters. We prove that the conjugacy also changes continuously. The cases of nonlinear maps and flows are considered, and both in global and local versions, but global in the parameters. To use a special version of the Banach-Caccioppoli Theorem we introduce equivalent norms on X depending on the parameters. The functional setting is suitable for applications to some nonlinear evolution partial differential equations like the nonlinear beam equation.

Numerical solution of the PTT constitutive equation for unsteady three-dimensional free surface flows

This work deals with the development of a numerical technique for simulating three-dimensional viscoelastic free surface flows using the PTT (Phan-Thien-Tanner) nonlinear constitutive equation. In particular, we are interested in flows possessing moving free surfaces. The equations describing the numerical technique are solved by the finite difference method on a staggered grid. The fluid is modelled by a Marker-and-Cell type method and an accurate representation of the fluid surface is employed. The full free surface stress conditions are considered. The PTT equation is solved by a high order method, which requires the calculation of the extra-stress tensor on the mesh contours. To validate the numerical technique developed in this work flow predictions for fully developed pipe flow are compared with an analytic solution from the literature. Then, results of complex free surface flows using the FIT equation such as the transient extrudate swell problem and a jet flowing onto a rigid plate are presented. An investigation of the effects of the parameters epsilon and xi on the extrudate swell and jet buckling problems is reported. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A general Trotter-Kato formula for a class of evolution operators

In this article we prove new results concerning the existence and various properties of an evolution system U(A+B)(t, s)0 <= s <= t <= T generated by the sum -(A(t) + B(t)) of two linear, time-dependent, and generally unbounded operators defined on time-dependent domains in a complex and separable Banach space B. In particular, writing L(B) for the algebra of all linear bounded operators on B, we can express U(A+B)(t, s)0 <= s <= t <= T as the strong limit in C(8) of a product of the holomorphic contraction semigroups generated by -A (t) and - B(t), respectively, thereby proving a product formula of the Trotter-Kato type under very general conditions which allow the domain D(A(t) + B(t)) to evolve with time provided there exists a fixed set D subset of boolean AND(t is an element of)[0,T] D(A(t) + B(t)) everywhere dense in B. We obtain a special case of our formula when B(t) = 0, which, in effect, allows us to reconstruct U(A)(t, s)0 <=(s)<=(t)<=(T) very simply in terms of the semigroup generated by -A(t). We then illustrate our results by considering various examples of nonautonomous parabolic initial-boundary value problems, including one related to the theory of timedependent singular perturbations of self-adjoint operators. We finally mention what we think remains an open problem for the corresponding equations of Schrodinger type in quantum mechanics.

Single Synapse Information Coding in Intraburst Spike Patterns of Central Pattern Generator Motor Neurons

Burst firing is ubiquitous in nervous systems and has been intensively studied in central pattern generators (CPGs). Previous works have described subtle intraburst spike patterns (IBSPs) that, despite being traditionally neglected for their lack of relation to CPG motor function, were shown to be cell-type specific and sensitive to CPG connectivity. Here we address this matter by investigating how a bursting motor neuron expresses information about other neurons in the network. We performed experiments on the crustacean stomatogastric pyloric CPG, both in control conditions and interacting in real-time with computer model neurons. The sensitivity of postsynaptic to presynaptic IBSPs was inferred by computing their average mutual information along each neuron burst. We found that details of input patterns are nonlinearly and inhomogeneously coded through a single synapse into the fine IBSPs structure of the postsynaptic neuron following burst. In this way, motor neurons are able to use different time scales to convey two types of information simultaneously: muscle contraction (related to bursting rhythm) and the behavior of other CPG neurons (at a much shorter timescale by using IBSPs as information carriers). Moreover, the analysis revealed that the coding mechanism described takes part in a previously unsuspected information pathway from a CPG motor neuron to a nerve that projects to sensory brain areas, thus providing evidence of the general physiological role of information coding through IBSPs in the regulation of neuronal firing patterns in remote circuits by the CNS.

Ring Contraction of 1,2-Dihydronaphthalenes Promoted by Thallium(III) in Acetonitrile: A Diastereoselective Approach to Indanes

trans-1,3-Disubstituted indanes are conveniently accessed by a stereoselective ring contraction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes upon treatment with thallium(III) nitrate (TTN) in acetonitrile. Under these conditions, the oxidative rearrangement of either di- or trisubstituted double bonds is possible.

Isquemia silenciosa e arritmias ventriculares são preditores independentes de evenos no pós-infarto do miocárdio de baixo risco

pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) têm mostrado baixo valor preditivo positivo quando estudados isoladamente. A possibilidade da Eletrocardiografia Dinâmica de 24 horas (ECGD) fornecer dados referentes a isquemia silenciosa (IS), arritmias ventriculares e modulação autonômica do coração pelo estudo da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC), levou o autor a empregar este método em pacientes acometidos de IAM com o objetivo de avaliar se estas três variáveis estariam relacionadas a presença de eventos desfavoráveis em evolução a médio prazo. Material e Métodos – Foram selecionados 91 pacientes acometidos de um primeiro IAM não-complicado e realizados exames de ECGD de 24 h por dois dias consecutivos, antes da alta hospitalar. Os parâmetros pesquisados nos exames foram: isquemia silenciosa, identificação e quantificação de arritmias ventriculares e determinação dos índices de VFC pelos métodos do domínio do tempo e do mapa de retorno tridimensional. Foram considerados como desfechos: re-infarto, angina instável, taquicardia ventricular sustentada e morte. Resultados – No seguimento médio de 27,7 meses (DP=15,45), 23 (25%) dos pacientes apresentaram eventos, sendo nove fatais. Os eventos foram mais freqüentes entre os pacientes que apresentaram extra-sístoles ventriculares ≥10/hora (p=0,01) e também naqueles com IS (p=0,02). Em modelo de análise multifatorial, a presença de dislipidemia elevou o valor preditivo positivo dessas variáveis. Nenhum dos índices de VFC esteve significativamente relacionado ao surgimento de eventos. Conclusões – Em pacientes pós-IAM de baixo risco, a presença de arritmias ventriculares freqüentes ou de isquemia silenciosa está relacionada a um prognóstico desfavorável. O estudo da VFC não mostrou utilidade na estratificação de risco destes pacientes.

Resposta urodinamica ao cateterismo vesical intermitente e cloreto de oxibutinina em crianças com mielomeningocele

Examinamos urodinamicamente 46 crianças com mielomeningocele que foram classificadas em pressão de perda do detrusor maior de 40 cmH2O (33 pacientes) ou menor de 40 cmH2O (13 pacientes). As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, sexo, pressão intravesical, complacência vesical, contrações vesicais não-inibidas, capacidade vesical, tipo de esfíncter, hidronefrose, refluxo vesicoureteral e cicatriz renal. Os pacientes com pressão de perda do detrusor maior de 40 cmH2O foram tratados com cateterismo vesical intermitente limpo 4 x/dia e cloreto de oxibutinina na dose de 0,2 mg/kg/dose 3 x/dia. Após 30 dias de tratamento, avaliamos a resposta urodinâmica da pressão intravesical, complacência vesical, contrações vesicais não-inibidas e capacidade vesical. A idade dos pacientes com pressão de perda alta é significativamente maior. O sexo não foi significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos. A pressão intravesical e contrações vesicais não-inibidas são significativamente maiores nos pacientes com pressão de perda alta e a complacência vesical é significativamente menor nestes casos. Não houve correlação significativa entre capacidade vesical e pressão de perda. Também não houve correlação significativa entre o tipo de esfíncter e a capacidade vesical, contrações não-inibidas e pressão intravesical. Os pacientes com dissinergia apresentam significativamente menor complacência vesical e aqueles com sinergia apresentam significativamente maior complacência vesical. A dissinergia esteve significativamente associada aos pacientes com pressão de perda alta. Os pacientes com hidronefrose apresentam significativamente maior capacidade vesical e estão correlacionados significativamente com dissinergia e cicatriz renal. Não houve correlação significativa entre hidronefrose e pressão intravesical, complacência vesical, contrações vesicais não-inibidas e pressão de perda.Também não houve correlação significativa entre refluxo vesicoureteral e capacidade vesical, pressão intravesical, complacência vesical, contrações vesicais não-inibidas, tipo de esfíncter e pressão de perda, mas houve associação significativa com hidronefrose e cicatriz renal. Os pacientes com cicatriz renal apresentam significativamente maior capacidade vesical, mas não houve correlação significativa entre cicatriz renal e pressão intravesical, complacência vesical, contrações vesicais não-inibidas, tipo de esfíncter e pressão de perda. A média da pressão intravesical inicial era 60,5 cmH2O e diminuiu significativamente para 50,2 cmH2O após o tratamento. A complacência vesical média era 2,8 ml/cmH2O inicialmente e aumentou significativamente para 5,2 ml/cmH2O. A média das contrações vesicais não-inibidas inicial era 37 cmH2O e diminuiu significativamente para 11,4 cmH2O. A capacidade vesical média inicial era 133,9 ml e aumentou significativamente para 215,3 ml. Houve significativa melhora nos parâmetros urodinâmicos com o tratamento que, contudo, não conseguiu atingir valores considerados normais. Isto pode ser explicado pelas alterações viscoelásticas que já tenham ocorrido nestas bexigas e pela provável presença de outros neurotransmissores envolvidos na neurofisiologia patológica. Este trabalho deixa em aberto a possibilidade de que doses mais elevadas de cloreto de oxibutinina usadas por períodos mais prolongados possam ter efeitos benéficos adicionais aos aqui demonstrados.