Local order around of germanium atoms in Ga10Ge25S65 glass by EXAFS

Irreversible photoexpansion effect has been observed in amorphous Ga10Ge2S65 glasses when its surface was exposed to light with energy greater than the band gap, 3.52 eV. A volume change of about 5% was reached in bulk samples by controlling illumination time and the laser power density. To understand the atomic scale processes of the photoexpansion effect, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used as a local probe of the germanium environment in the glass samples before and after illumination. Modifications are observed in the average coordination shell around Ge atoms in the illuminated sample compared to the non-illuminated one. For the non-illuminated sample, the Ge coordination shell is described by a distorted tetrahedron of sulfur atoms at around 2.20 Angstrom. After illumination, the EXAFS signal can be explained by introducing an additional contribution to this average environment. Based on an analysis of the EXAFS data we proposed a two-shell model of 0.5 oxygen atoms at 2.01 Angstrom and 3.6 sulfur atoms at a 2.20 Angstrom. The existence of Ge-O bonds in the glass after illumination was confirmed by infrared measurements. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Voltage regulator modeling for the three-phase power flow in distribution networks

In this paper a three-phase power flow for electrical distribution systems considering different models of voltage regulators is presented. A voltage regulator (VR) is an equipment that maintains the voltage level in a predefined value in a distribution line in spite of the load variations within its nominal power. Three different types of connections are analyzed: 1) wye-connected regulators, 2) open delta-connected regulators and 3) closed delta-connected regulators. To calculate the power flow, the three-phase backward/forward sweep algorithm is used. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 34 bus distribution system. ©2008 IEEE.

Spatial electric load forecasting using a local movement approach

An agent based model for spatial electric load forecasting using a local movement approach for the spatiotemporal allocation of the new loads in the service zone is presented. The density of electrical load for each of the major consumer classes in each sub-zone is used as the current state of the agents. The spatial growth is simulated with a walking agent who starts his path in one of the activity centers of the city and goes to the limits of the city following a radial path depending on the different load levels. A series of update rules are established to simulate the S growth behavior and the complementarity between classes. The results are presented in future load density maps. The tests in a real system from a mid-size city show a high rate of success when compared with other techniques. The most important features of this methodology are the need for few data and the simplicity of the algorithm, allowing for future scalability. © 2009 IEEE.

Short-term planning of electric power distribution networks using multiobjective genetic algorithim

The high active and reactive power level demanded by the distribution systems, the growth of consuming centers, and the long lines of the distribution systems result in voltage variations in the busses compromising the quality of energy supplied. To ensure the energy quality supplied in the distribution system short-term planning, some devices and actions are used to implement an effective control of voltage, reactive power, and power factor of the network. Among these devices and actions are the voltage regulators (VRs) and capacitor banks (CBs), as well as exchanging the conductors sizes of distribution lines. This paper presents a methodology based on the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) for optimized allocation of VRs, CBs, and exchange of conductors in radial distribution systems. The Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm (MGA) is aided by an inference process developed using fuzzy logic, which applies specialized knowledge to achieve the reduction of the search space for the allocation of CBs and VRs.

Distributed generators as providers of reactive power support - A market approach

Traditionally, ancillary services are supplied by large conventional generators. However, with the huge penetration of distributed generators (DGs) as a result of the growing interest in satisfying energy requirements, and considering the benefits that they can bring along to the electrical system and to the environment, it appears reasonable to assume that ancillary services could also be provided by DGs in an economical and efficient way. In this paper, a settlement procedure for a reactive power market for DGs in distribution systems is proposed. Attention is directed to wind turbines connected to the network through synchronous generators with permanent magnets and doubly-fed induction generators. The generation uncertainty of this kind of DG is reduced by running a multi-objective optimization algorithm in multiple probabilistic scenarios through the Monte Carlo method and by representing the active power generated by the DGs through Markov models. The objectives to be minimized are the payments of the distribution system operator to the DGs for reactive power, the curtailment of transactions committed in an active power market previously settled, the losses in the lines of the network, and a voltage profile index. The proposed methodology was tested using a modified IEEE 37-bus distribution test system. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

Local attractors, degeneracy and analyticity: Symmetry effects on the locally coupled Kuramoto model

In this work we study the local coupled Kuramoto model with periodic boundary conditions. Our main objective is to show how analytical solutions may be obtained from symmetry assumptions, and while we proceed on our endeavor we show apart from the existence of local attractors, some unexpected features resulting from the symmetry properties, such as intermittent and chaotic period phase slips, degeneracy of stable solutions and double bifurcation composition. As a result of our analysis, we show that stable fixed points in the synchronized region may be obtained with just a small amount of the existent solutions, and for a class of natural frequencies configuration we show analytical expressions for the critical synchronization coupling as a function of the number of oscillators, both exact and asymptotic. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Artificial neural network model of discharge lamps in the power quality context

This paper presents a methodology for modeling high intensity discharge lamps based on artificial neural networks. The methodology provides a model which is able to represent the device operating in the frequency of distribution systems, facing events related to power quality. With the aid of a data acquisition system to monitor the laboratory experiment, and using $$\text{ MATLAB }^{\textregistered }$$ software, data was obtained for the training of two neural networks. These neural networks, working together, were able to represent with high fidelity the behavior of a discharge lamp. The excellent performance obtained by these models allowed the simulation of a group of lamps in a distribution system with shorter simulation time when compared to mathematical models. This fact justified the application of this family of loads in electric power systems. The representation of the device facing power quality disturbances also proved to be a useful tool for more complex studies in distribution systems. © 2013 Brazilian Society for Automatics - SBA.

Estudo teórico da relação entre número de CT de raios-X e Stopping Power de prótons

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O poder local em Presidente Prudente - SP, o comerciante e suas representações sociais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A contribuição dos Programas Oficiais para a Consolidação Sócio-Espacial de assentamentos informais: uma avaliação do Plano de Desenvolvimento Local nos assentamentos do Riacho Doce e Pantanal Belém/PA

Apresenta uma investigação realizada junto aos habitantes de dois assentamentos produzidos informalmente em áreas pertencentes ao poder público municipal e ao governo federal em Belém, denominados Riacho Doce e Pantanal, a respeito do impacto na área resultante da implantação de um projeto de melhoria física e de desenvolvimento social, denominado Plano de desenvolvimento local, financiado pelo programa Habitar Brasil BID. A pesquisa identificou cinco grupos de moradores (não remanejados, em remanejamento, remanejados, indenizados, moradores de um assentamento em formação) definidos a partir do perfil sócio-econômico intra-domiciliar, e de sua localização relativa no assentamento. Os impactos do plano foram bastante diversos, os moradores com maior experiência acumulada nesse tipo de processo, e aqueles que não foram remanejados foram os mais beneficiados. Dentre remanejados destaca-se a satisfação com a melhoria física, e através do grupo em remanejamento e dos novos assentados observamos as limitações do processo, decorrentes de mudanças na gestão municipal, e da desarticulação do PDL com políticas setoriais aplicáveis ao tema.

O dualismo partidário no período de 1966 a 1982 e sua representação local

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Acordos de pesca: a efetividade dos acordos para o desenvolvimento local nas comunidades do Pixuna e Jarí do Socorro no município de Santarém-PA

A presente pesquisa propôs-se investigar a efetividade dos acordos de pesca na Amazônia enquanto instrumento de gestão participativa através das populações residentes nas comunidades do Pixuna e Jarí do Socorro no município de Santarém-Pa. Para tanto, analisou-se como as referidas comunidades veem os acordos de pesca vigente, já que as mesmas são consideradas agroextrativistas e que possui na atividade pesqueira sua fonte de renda, proteína e ao longo dos anos vem praticando o mecanismo do acordo de pesca como forma de gestão desta atividade. Também buscou-se entrevistar representantes de ONGs como o IPAM enquanto organização responsável em divulgar de uma maneira mais simples para os pescadores o que vem a ser na forma da Lei e na prática a Instrução Normativa do IBAMA Nº 29/2002 que trata da criação dos acordos de pesca; a Colônia de Pescadores Z-20 representante legal e responsável em defender os interesses e direitos dos trabalhadores do setor artesanal da pesca local perante os órgãos públicos e a sociedade e o IBAMA representante oficial do poder publico, gestor e fiscalizador de quaisquer ações de pesca predatória e de degradação do meio ambiente evidenciados nos acordos implantados nas comunidades. A pesquisa descreve o ambiente de várzea como cenário para essas relações que se estabelecem a partir do uso de um recurso de acesso livre a todos como é o caso do pescado. No que diz respeito à metodologia as técnicas utilizadas se constituíram em: observação direta, aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e questionários. Foram apresentadas as características da pesquisa, os seus sujeitos e as informações relativas à coleta e à análise dos dados. Assim, o estudo caracterizou-se como qualitativo. Os dados foram analisados através de procedimentos estatísticos básicos com a utilização do software SPSS a partir de frequências e estimativas de parâmetros descritivos, com representação de tendências através de tabelas e gráficos, que tem como finalidade uma melhor visualização destas análises e observações para o contexto da pesquisa. Por fim, foram feitas as considerações finais do estudo, onde foi identificado que a falta de articulação entre os comunitários residentes nas localidades, e das comunidades com o poder publico podem, ser apontados como importantes fatores na decadência observada nos acordos de pesca vigente; outro ponto interessante e de importância considerável é a ausência do órgão responsável pela fiscalização das regras encontradas nos acordos de pesca, o IBAMA. Diante disso, foram sugeridas algumas recomendações aos membros das organizações analisadas.

Partnership, empowerment and local development

Este artigo busca entender como a parceria entre as organizações locais (associações, cooperativas, sindicatos dos trabalhadores e outros) e o governo contribui para o desenvolvimento local. O artigo explora em que medida a parceria é uma estratégia efetiva para o desenvolvimento local em áreas historicamente marcadas por conflito entre os governos municipais e as organizações locais que defendem os interesses dos pequenos produtores rurais de base familiar. Particularmente, o artigo se concentra na discussão sobre a parceria como um mecanismo de divisão de poder e empoderamento das pessoas que historicamente têm sido excluídas do processo de desenvolvimento local. Os dados empíricos do artigo foram coletados nos municípios de Ourém e Igarapé-Miri, Nordeste do Pará, Amazônia, Brasil.

Desenvolvimento local no municípo de Altinópolis-SP com destaque para o turismo: diagnóstico de uma proposta

This study has as its object the municipality of Altinópolis (SP) and its potential for the practice of tourism and the combination of its segments, but it is not perceived effectiveness of the various ideas proposed in other studies. Since then, some work done in relation to this subject were analyzed and investigated the sectors involved, and so we sought to clarify the reason of not taking advantage of this potential for achieving economic, social, cultural and environmental development and consequently place in the city. It might be noted that the main weak points among the various apparent is the absence of significant investments of public power in this area and in all sectors engaging in this practice, or across the city

Convergence towards asymptotic state in 1-D mappings: a scaling investigation

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)