The nature and role of trust in temporary virtual problem-solving teams

The objective of this study is to increase understanding of the nature and role of trust in temporary virtual problem-solving teams engaged in real-life co-creation activities, while much of previous research has been conducted in student settings. The different forms and bases of trust, possible trust barriers and trust building actions, and perceived role of trust in knowledge sharing and collaboration are analyzed. The study is conducted as a qualitative case study in case company. Data includes interviews from 24 people: 13 from 3 different project teams that were going on during the study, 8 from already finalized project teams, and 3 founders of case company. Additional data consists of communication archives from three current teams. The results indicate that there were both knowledge-based and swift trust present, former being based on work-related personal experiences about leaders or other team members, and latter especially on references, disposition to trust and institution-based factors such as norms and rules, as well as leader and expert action. The findings suggest that possible barriers of trust might be related to lack of adaptation to virtual work, unclear roles and safety issues, and nature of virtual communication. Actions that could be applied to enhance trust are for example active behavior in discussions, work-related introductions communicating competence, managerial actions and face-to-face interaction. Finally, results also suggest that trust has a focal role as an enabler of action and knowledge sharing, and coordinator of effective collaboration and performance in temporary virtual problem-solving teams.

Trust Embedded Open Innovation: Human-Centricity in the Financial

Globalization and interconnectedness in the worldwide sphere have changed the existing and prevailing modus operandi of organizations around the globe and have challenged existing practices along with the business as usual mindset. There are no rules in terms of creating a competitive advantage and positioning within an unstable, constantly changing and volatile globalized business environment. The financial industry, the locomotive or the flagship industry of global economy, especially, within the aftermath of the financial crisis, has reached a certain point trying to recover and redefine its strategic orientation and positioning within the global business arena. Innovation has always been a trend and a buzzword and by many has been considered as the ultimate answer to any kind of problem. The mantra Innovate or Die has been prevailing in any organizational entity in a, sometimes, ruthless endeavour to develop cutting-edge products and services and capture a landmark position in the market. The emerging shift from a closed to an open innovation paradigm has been considered as new operational mechanism within the management and leadership of the company of the future. To that respect, open innovation has been experiencing a tremendous growth research trajectory by putting forward a new way of exchanging and using surplus knowledge in order to sustain innovation within organizations and in the level of industry. In the abovementioned reality, there seems to be something missing: the human element. This research, by going beyond the traditional narratives for open innovation, aims at making an innovative theoretical and managerial contribution developed and grounded on the on-going discussion regarding the individual and organizational barriers to open innovation within the financial industry. By functioning across disciplines and researching out to primary data, it debunks the myth that open innovation is solely a knowledge inflow and outflow mechanism and sheds light to the understanding on the why and the how organizational open innovation works by enlightening the broader dynamics and underlying principles of this fascinating paradigm. Little attention has been given to the role of the human element, the foundational pre-requisite of trust encapsulated within the precise and fundamental nature of organizing for open innovation, the organizational capabilities, the individual profiles of open innovation leaders, the definition of open innovation in the realms of the financial industry, the strategic intent of the financial industry and the need for nurturing a societal impact for human development. To that respect, this research introduces the trust-embedded approach to open innovation as a new insightful way of organizing for open innovation. It unveils the peculiarities of the corporate and individual spheres that act as a catalyst towards the creation of productive open innovation activities. The incentive of this research captures the fundamental question revolving around the need for financial institutions to recognise the importance for organizing for open innovation. The overarching question is why and how to create a corporate culture of openness in the financial industry, an organizational environment that can help open innovation excel. This research shares novel and cutting edge outcomes and propositions both under the prism of theory and practice. The trust-embedded open innovation paradigm captures the norms and narratives around the way of leading open innovation within the 21st century by cultivating a human-centricity mindset that leads to the creation of human organizations, leaving behind the dehumanization mindset currently prevailing within the financial industry.

A performance analysis of conventional and fundamental exchange traded funds: ETFs and their risk-return characteristics in relation to building institutional investor’s passive portfolio

An exchange traded fund (ETF) is a financial instrument that tracks some predetermined index. Since their initial establishment in 1993, ETFs have grown in importance in the field of passive investing. The main reason for the growth of the ETF industry is that ETFs combine benefits of stock investing and mutual fund investing. Although ETFs resemble mutual funds in many ways, also many differences occur. In addition, ETFs not only differ from mutual funds but also differ among each other. ETFs can be divided into two categories, i.e. market capitalisation ETFs and fundamental (or strategic) ETFs, and further into subcategories depending on their fundament basis. ETFs are a useful tool for diversification especially for a long-term investor. Although the economic importance of ETFs has risen drastically during the past 25 years, the differences and risk-return characteristics of fundamental ETFs have yet been rather unstudied area. In effect, no previous research on market capitalisation and fundamental ETFs was found during the research process. For its part, this thesis seeks to fill this research gap. The studied data consist of 50 market capitalisation ETFs and 50 fundamental ETFs. The fundaments, on which the indices that the fundamental ETFs track, were not limited nor segregated into subsections. The two types of ETFs were studied at an aggregate level as two different research groups. The dataset ranges from June 2006 to December 2014 with 103 monthly observations. The data was gathered using Bloomberg Terminal. The analysis was conducted as an econometric performance analysis. In addition to other econometric measures, the methods that were used in the performance analysis included modified Value-at-Risk, modified Sharpe ratio and Treynor ratio. The results supported the hypothesis that passive market capitalisation ETFs outperform active fundamental ETFs in terms of risk-adjusted returns, though the difference is rather small. Nevertheless, when taking into account the higher overall trading costs of the fundamental ETFs, the underperformance gap widens. According to the research results, market capitalisation ETFs are a recommendable diversification instrument for a long-term investor. In addition to better risk-adjusted returns, passive ETFs are more transparent and the bases of their underlying indices are simpler than those of fundamental ETFs. ETFs are still a young financial innovation and hence data is scarcely available. On future research, it would be valuable to research the differences in risk-adjusted returns also between the subsections of fundamental ETFs.

REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritys

Sijoittajat ovat historiallisen alahaisesta korkotasosta johtuen etsineet viime vuosina vaihtoehtoisia sijoitusmuotoja korkosijoitusten tilalle. Yksi hyvä vaihtoehto on välillinen kiinteistösijoittaminen pörssinoteeratun kiinteistösijoitusrahaston eli REIT-yhtiön (real estate investment trust) osakkeisiin. REIT-yhtiö harjoittaa kiinteistösijoitustoimintaa eikä se maksa toiminnastaan veroja, mikäli se vain täyttää sille asetetut lainsäädännölliset vaatimukset. REIT-yhtiöt sisältävät sekä suorien kiinteistösijoitusten että osakesijoittamisen piirteitä. REIT-yhtiöiden toiminta on erittäin pääomaintensiivistä, minkä johdosta niiden arvonmääritys ei toimi samalla tavoin kuin tavallisten osakkeiden. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on syventyä REIT-yhtiöihin ja niiden arvonmääritykseen. Tavoitteena on tutkia, miten REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritys tapahtuu, mitä erilaisia arvonmääritysmalleja ja -tekniikoita on kehitetty REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritykseen ja mitä näistä suomalaiset analyytikot, salkunhoitajat ja asiantuntijat käytännössä käyttävät määrittäessään REIT-yhtiöiden arvoja. Tämän tutkimuksen tutkimusmateriaali koostuu oppikirjoista, lehtiartikkeleista, aiheesta kirjoitetuista akateemisista tutkimuksista, investointipankkien ja muiden yritysten tutkimuksista sekä haastatteluista. Empiriaosuuden aineistonkeruumuotona tässä tutkimuksessa käytetään puolistrukturoitua haastattelua eli teemahaastattelua. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritys voidaan toteuttaa eri tavoilla ja käytetyt arvonmääritysmenetelmät ja -mallit ovat pitkälti riippuvaisia siitä, mihin tarkoitukseen arvonmääritystä tehdään. Esimerkiksi analyytikko ja rahaston salkunhoitaja toteuttavat REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritystä eri tavoin. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella REIT-yhtiöitä tulisi kohdella arvonmäärityksessä omana pääomaluokkanaan, mutta ne muistuttavat kuitenkin selvästi enemmän osakkeita kuin suoria kiinteistösijoituksia. Hajautuksen suhteen markkinoilla arvostetaan eniten REIT-yhtiöitä, jotka ovat keskittyneet maantieteellisesti tietylle alueelle ja tietyntyyppisiin kiinteistöihin, jolloin sijoittaja tietää tarkemmin mihin sijoittaa sekä saa itse tehdä hajautuksen. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella yksittäisistä arvonmääritysmalleista Suomessa eniten käytössä on yhtiön nettovarallisuutta mittaava NAV-luku (net asset value). Myös REIT-yhtiön operatiivista tulosta mittaavat mallit, kuten EPRA-earnings ja FFO (funds from operations) ovat laajalti käytössä. Tavallisten osakkeiden arvonmäärityksessä yleisesti käytettyä P/E-lukua ei REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmäärityksessä käytetä lainkaan.

Linguistic skills and trust creation in international business relationships

Today’s international business in highly related to crossing national, cultural and linguistic borders making communication and linguistic skills a vital part of the trade. The purpose of the study is to understand the role of linguistic skills in trust creation in international business relationships. Subobjectives are to discuss the importance of linguistic skills in international business context, to evaluate the strategic value of trust in business relationships and to analyze the extent to which linguistic skills affect trust formation. The scope is restricted to business-to-business markets. The theoretical background consists of different theories and previous studies related to trust and linguistic skills. Based on the theory a new LTS-framework is created to demonstrate a process model of linguistic skills affecting trust creation in international B2B relationships. This study is qualitative using interviews as a data collection method. Altogether eleven interviews were conducted between October 2014 and February 2015. All of the interviewees worked for organizations operating in the field of international business in B2B markets, spoke multiple languages and had a lot of experience in sales and negotiations. This study confirms that linguistic skills are an important part of international business. In many organizations English is used as lingua franca. However, there are several benefits of speaking the mother tongue of the customer. It makes people feel more relaxed and it makes the relationship more intimate and allows to continue developing it at a more personal level. From the strategic point of view trust creates competitive advantage to a company adding strategic value to the business. The data also supported the view that linguistic skills definitely impact the trust formation process. Quickness and easiness could be stated as the main benefits. It was seen that trust forms faster because both parties understand each other better and they become more open about information sharing within a shorter period of time. These findings and the importance of linguistic skills in trust creation should be acknowledged by organizations, especially regarding the human resource management. Boundary spanners are in key positions so special attention should be put into hiring and educating employees which then take care of company’s relationships. Eventually, these benefits are economical and affect to the profitability of the organization