Different legislations regarding OPA's

An analysis was made of then effectof the Tender Offer Law in Chile, andof the related situation of five countrieswith a more developed marketthan the Chilean one, reaching theconclusion that in order to successfullyimplement a Tender Offer Lawit is necessary to bear in mind thatthe problem is not solved by establishingstandards that regulate transactions,but by creating instancesthat contribute to a more dynamicand efficient market. In addition,there should exist a balance betweenprotection of the minority stockholderand competition for corporate control.Finally, we can conclude that thereis evidence that the Tender Offer Lawhas depressed the Stock Exchange.

Ventas en corto: análisis comparativo y propuesta para su implementación en el mercado de valores colombiano

Actualmente la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia adelanta un proyecto para dar vía libre a las ventas en corto de acciones en el mercado de capitales colombiano, a través de un instrumento conocido como transferencia temporal de valores (TTV) -- A partir de un análisis econométrico y del estudio de prácticas en otros mercados, el objetivo de este documento es examinar el esquema bajo el cual operarían las ventas en corto y proponer mejoras para facilitar la implementación de un mecanismo eficiente y de amplia acogida, cuya puesta en marcha contribuiría a la profundización y eficiencia del mercado de capitales y a una mayor participación de los agentes

Capital structure of Finnish firms – Estimating the effects of firm characteristics on capital structure

One of the most disputable matters in the theory of finance has been the theory of capital structure. The seminal contributions of Modigliani and Miller (1958, 1963) gave rise to a multitude of studies and debates. Since the initial spark, the financial literature has offered two competing theories of financing decision: the trade-off theory and the pecking order theory. The trade-off theory suggests that firms have an optimal capital structure balancing the benefits and costs of debt. The pecking order theory approaches the firm capital structure from information asymmetry perspective and assumes a hierarchy of financing, with firms using first internal funds, followed by debt and as a last resort equity. This thesis analyses the trade-off and pecking order theories and their predictions on a panel data consisting 78 Finnish firms listed on the OMX Helsinki stock exchange. Estimations are performed for the period 2003–2012. The data is collected from Datastream system and consists of financial statement data. A number of capital structure characteristics are identified: firm size, profitability, firm growth opportunities, risk, asset tangibility and taxes, speed of adjustment and financial deficit. A regression analysis is used to examine the effects of the firm characteristics on capitals structure. The regression models were formed based on the relevant theories. The general capital structure model is estimated with fixed effects estimator. Additionally, dynamic models play an important role in several areas of corporate finance, but with the combination of fixed effects and lagged dependent variables the model estimation is more complicated. A dynamic partial adjustment model is estimated using Arellano and Bond (1991) first-differencing generalized method of moments, the ordinary least squares and fixed effects estimators. The results for Finnish listed firms show support for the predictions of profitability, firm size and non-debt tax shields. However, no conclusive support for the pecking-order theory is found. However, the effect of pecking order cannot be fully ignored and it is concluded that instead of being substitutes the trade-off and pecking order theory appear to complement each other. For the partial adjustment model the results show that Finnish listed firms adjust towards their target capital structure with a speed of 29% a year using book debt ratio.

Desafíos para la construcción de un Índice de Deuda Corporativa en el mercado de valores colombiano

En la medida en que la deuda corporativa ha tomado mayor dinamismo a raíz de la última crisis, para los estructuradores de portafolio se ha hecho primordial tener un referente que permita medir el desempeño de este tipo de inversiones -- A nivel internacional, el objetivo de desarrollar un benchmark que cumpla con los supuestos de liquidez, replicabilidad, estabilidad y universalidad ha sido una constante -- Adicionalmente, muchos índices se han enfocado en cubrir cada uno de los perfiles de riesgo de los inversionistas -- En Colombia, aunque se han dado pasos importantes hacia el desarrollo del mercado de deuda corporativa, aún no se cuenta con un índice que sirva de referencia para medir el desempeño de portafolios y cumpla con los mencionados supuestos -- Por lo cual, se hace inminente la aceleración de su profesionalización en la búsqueda de instrumentos que proporcionen una mayor rentabilidad comparada con aquella brindada por los de deuda pública, pero con un riesgo más moderado en comparación con los instrumentos de renta variable -- Este trabajo pretende hacer un análisis de la evolución y caracterización de este tipo de índices, desde la experiencia internacional, con el fin de plantear los principales lineamientos para la construcción de un índice que permita representar este segmento del mercado de valores colombiano

A cultura e as características qualitativas da informação financeira: evidência empírica a partir do relato de entidades cotadas na União Europeia

Mestrado em Contabilidade

Gestão do conhecimento e do capital intelectual - Estudo sobre a divulgação do capital intelectual em empresas portuguesas

Mestrado em Gestão e Empreendedorismo

Financing local development through crowdfunding: An empirical analysis of social projects in Portugal

Crowdfunding (CF) is an increasingly attractive source to fund social projects. However, to our best knowledge, the study of CF for social purposes has remained largely unexplored in the literature. This research envisages a detailed examination of the role of CF on the early-stage of the social projects at regional level. By comparing the characteristics of the projects available in the Portuguese Social Stock Exchange (PSSE) platform with others that did not use this source of financial support, we explore its role on regional development. The results we got show that, in most cases, both PSSE and Non-Governmental Organizations projects complemented the services offered by the State or by the private sector. Furthermore, about a quarter of the projects present in PSSE operated in areas that were not being addressed neither by the services offered by the State nor by the ones of the private sector. The results attained show that more recent social ventures have a greater propensity to use PSSE. The same is find in those organizations which work closely with the target audience. We also observed that the use of PSSE was correlated with the geographical scope of the Social Venture. The circumstance of having the social organization acting at a local or regional level seems to be strongly associated with the possibility of using social crowdfunding for financing social projects.

Financing social ventures by crowdfunding: The inflluence of entrepreneurs’ personality traits

Purpose – This research aims to understand the role played by social entrepreneurs’ personality traits on the choice between the traditional donation model and social crowdfunding (CF) to finance social projects. Design/methodology/approach – Social CF is examined as an instrument to capture funds for social projects, and the particular case of the Portuguese Social Stock Exchange (PSSE) is presented. The approach is quantitative in nature and the data were collected through a questionnaire that was emailed to non-governmental organizations in Portugal and founders of the projects listed on PSSE. Logistic regression was employed to predict the probability that a social entrepreneur would use PSSE rather than traditional financing. The predictor variables were based on the big five personality traits. Findings – Our investigation reveals that the agreeableness and neuroticism factors were not even considered in the results of the factorial analysis, which indicates the minor importance of these personality traits in the funding decisions of the Portuguese social entrepreneurs. The same applies to the factors of openness to new experiences and extraversion, which, although considered in the logistic analysis, showed no statistical significance. Finally, the conscientiousness personality trait seems to be the only factor that might explain the use of the PSSE platform.Originality/value – Studies on the profile of the social entrepreneurs that use CF for financing social projects are relatively rare, specifically in the context of Social Stock Exchange platforms. Additionally, there is a need to carry out more empirical evidence about the effect of social entrepreneurs’ personality traits on the decision to finance social projects through social CF platforms vis-a-vis the traditional donation model.

Herramienta para el desarrollo del mercado de futuros de renta fija en Colombia a través de coberturas

El mercado de derivados es un determinante del desarrollo y madurez de los mercados de capitales en el mundo -- Aunque muchos asocian la palabra “derivados” con alto riesgo, la realidad es que estos pueden ser utilizados como herramienta de cobertura, especulación y arbitraje, por lo que se puede decir que estos, en especial los derivados estandarizados, juegan un papel importante dentro de la gestión de riesgos de los portafolios de inversión -- De ahí la importancia de brindarles a los agentes una herramienta por medio de la cual conozcan sus ventajas y utilidad en especial para el mercado de TES tasa fija en Colombia, el cual ha venido funcionando desde el año 2008 con un crecimiento lento, baja liquidez y profundidad, lo que ha generado poco interés por parte de los agentes debido a varios factores en los cuales no se ha trabajado a profundidad -- A partir de esta problemática, se presenta el desarrollo de los futuros de TES tasa fija en el mercado de capitales colombiano y se plantean las soluciones encaminadas al desarrollo del mismo observando la experiencia en el mercado mexicano, que ha servido de modelo para su implementación en Colombia, y la utilidad que tienen como herramienta de cobertura para la gestión de riesgos de portafolios de inversión

Volatility Spillover and Multivariate Volatility Impulse Response Analysis of GFC News Events

This paper applies two measures to assess spillovers across markets: the Diebold Yilmaz (2012) Spillover Index and the Hafner and Herwartz (2006) analysis of multivariate GARCH models using volatility impulse response analysis. We use two sets of data, daily realized volatility estimates taken from the Oxford Man RV library, running from the beginning of 2000 to October 2016, for the S&P500 and the FTSE, plus ten years of daily returns series for the New York Stock Exchange Index and the FTSE 100 index, from 3 January 2005 to 31 January 2015. Both data sets capture both the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the subsequent European Sovereign Debt Crisis (ESDC). The spillover index captures the transmission of volatility to and from markets, plus net spillovers. The key difference between the measures is that the spillover index captures an average of spillovers over a period, whilst volatility impulse responses (VIRF) have to be calibrated to conditional volatility estimated at a particular point in time. The VIRF provide information about the impact of independent shocks on volatility. In the latter analysis, we explore the impact of three different shocks, the onset of the GFC, which we date as 9 August 2007 (GFC1). It took a year for the financial crisis to come to a head, but it did so on 15 September 2008, (GFC2). The third shock is 9 May 2010. Our modelling includes leverage and asymmetric effects undertaken in the context of a multivariate GARCH model, which are then analysed using both BEKK and diagonal BEKK (DBEKK) models. A key result is that the impact of negative shocks is larger, in terms of the effects on variances and covariances, but shorter in duration, in this case a difference between three and six months.

El valor de mercado: una mirada desde la perspectiva de la inversión en políticas de sostenibilidad

Este documento examina la relación entre la inversión en desarrollo sostenible de firmas en mercados bursátiles en el mundo y su valor accionario con el propósito de mostrar si invertir en sostenibilidad genera valor de mercado para las compañías -- Para lograrlo se utilizaron una base de datos con el precio de cierre de las acciones y algunos indicadores financieros y bursátiles -- La selección de compañías que invierten en desarrollo sostenible se hizo con base en el índice global de sostenibilidad de Dow Jones para el año 2014 -- Durante el desarrollo se utilizaron técnicas no paramétricas y paramétricas para examinar el efecto de la sostenibilidad sobre el precio de las acciones -- Se encontró un efecto positivo, lo que indica que la inversión en políticas de sostenibilidad sí genera valor de mercado para las empresas que invierten en ellas

The introduction of a financial transaction tax in Italy

Mestrado em Finanças

Anomalias da hipótese de eficiência de mercado: estudo do efeito dia da semana na Bolsa de Valores de Cabo Verde

A eficiência dos mercados tem sido uma questão que tem despertado muito interesse no campo dos investimentos e da investigação financeira durante as últimas décadas, mas nos últimos anos com a intensificação dos estudos e surgimento de evidências da existência de comportamentos anómalos nas rentabilidades dos ativos financeiro, esta teoria passou a ser questionada no meio académico. A discussão do tema é ainda muito polémico, pois existem de um lado os defensores da hipótese de eficiência que defendem que as anomalias identificadas não podem ser generalizadas e não são consistentes ao longo do tempo, e de outro lado os defensores da corrente das finanças comportamentais, segundo os quais as anomalias são provocadas por padrões documentados de comportamento irracional dos investidores, sendo que estes comportamentos são inconsistentes com a teoria de eficiência dos mercados. Entre as anomalias detetadas, destacam-se as anomalias de Calendário, tais como o efeito Janeiro, efeito dia da semana, efeito feriado, entre outros; anomalias na valorização de ativos, tais como o efeito tamanho e outras anomalias de sobre reação. O efeito dia da semana é dos mais persistentes detetados em vários mercados internacionais e tendo em conta este cenário, o objetivo desta dissertação é a verificação da existência das anomalias de calendário, mais precisamente o efeito dia da semana onde se irá analisar o efeito segunda-feira, efeito sexta-feira, o efeito fim-de­ semana. Para esta verificação foram utilizadas as cotações diárias médias do Índice da Bolsa de Valores de Cabo Verde, no período de finais de 2005 a finais de 2008. A análise estatística dos resultados diários indicou que não existem evidências da existência do efeito dia da semana. ABSTRACT: The markets efficiency has been an issue of particular interest in the field of financial investigation in recent decades. However, due to the intensification of the studies and the arise of evidences about the existence of abnormal behaviours on financial assets returns, over the last years, this theory begun to be discussed in academic circles. The debate of this theme is still very controversial, because on one hand there are the defenders of the efficiency hypothesis, who defend that identified anomalies cannot be generalized and are not consistent in the long-term; on the other hand, there are the defenders of behavioral finance tendency, to whom the anomalies are caused by documented patterns about the irrational behaviour of investors. These behaviours are inconsistent with the markets efficient theory. Among the detected anomalies, we highlight the calendar anomalies, such as: the January effect, the day of week effect and holiday effect among others; anomalies over the valuation of assets, such as: the size effect and other anomalies on the reaction. The day of week effect is one of the most persistent effect detected in several international markets, and due to this scenario, the objective of this essay is the finding of calendar abnormalities, namely the day of week effect, where the Monday, the Friday and the weekend effects will be analyzed. For this checking, we used the average daily exchange rates from the prices of the Cape Verde Stock Exchange, for the period from late 2005 to late 2008. The statistical analysis of daily results indicated that there is no evidence of the existence of the day of the week effect.

Reporte financiero Burkenroad / Latinoamérica – Colombia / Cartón de Colombia S.A.

La recomendación de esta valoración es de compra de la acción de Cartón de Colombia S.A., con un precio objetivo de $ 12,723, el cual fue calculado con la metodología de flujos de caja descontados y valoración por múltiplos para hallar el valor fundamental de las filiales -- La recomendación se basa en la buena dinámica que han tenido sus tres líneas de negocio: cartones y papeles, madera y plántulas de vivero y servicios, la cual se espera que continúe en los siguientes años creciendo de forma real -- Adicionalmente, se espera que en el 2016 empiece la construcción de una nueva planta de corrugados en Bogotá que funcionará con tecnología de punta y que servirá para poder satisfacer la demanda futura, ya que la empresa se encuentra operando con toda su capacidad instalada

Reporte financiero Burkenroad / Latinoamérica – Colombia Avianca Holdings S.A.

Se recomienda “Comprar”, la acción de Avianca Holdings S.A. puesto que se proyectó un valor de COP2.480,35 o USD6,57 por ADR al 30 de junio de 2016, con un potencial de valorización del 30,54% -- Los factores claves que sustentan la valoración consideran la estrategia comunicada por la compañía que incluye: racionalización del Capex y crecimiento moderado de capacidad (ASK) en el mediano plazo; disminución de yields en el corto plazo afectados por la devaluación del tipo de cambio; eficiencia en el factor de ocupación y costos de operación (CASK), beneficio en corto plazo por los bajos precios del combustible y enfoque en la generación de flujo de caja para disminuir el nivel de apalancamiento -- La acción tiene un Alto Riesgo de inversión, por la fuerte dependencia al tipo de cambio y precio del crudo, los cuales tienen una alta volatilidad