Centralblatt für die Grenzgebiete der Medizin und Chirurgie.

Mode of access: Internet.

Lahey Clinic bulletin.

Mode of access: Internet.

Small firm internationalisation; understanding the practice through an interpretive approach

The unit of analysis in firm internationalisation studies is the firm but this overlooks the importance of the individual in the internationalisation process. An evaluation of the dominant theories of firm internationalisation highlights an implicit dualistic ontology, that is, where research subject and object are considered to be separate and independent. Implications of this assumption are discussed after reviewing the dominant literatures on firm internationalisation. An alternative approach is proposed that focuses on understanding internationalisation of the firm from an individual practitioner’s perspective. It is suggested that contemporary firm internationalisation research has been hindered by its basic assumptions and its inherent researcher orientation. An interpretive phenomenographic approach is proposed as a means of achieving a first-person, practitioner’s perspective of the process of firm internationalisation, specifically in the context of the small firm. Preliminary interpretations of interviews with owners/managers of small Australian wineries are presented.

O PAPEL DA CÂMARA TÉCNICA DE PESCA DO COMITÊ DE BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA LAGOS SÃO JOÃO NA GESTÃO DA PESCA ARTESANAL NA LAGOA DE ARARUAMA

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso sobre o papel da Câmara Técnica de Pesca (CTP) do Consórcio Intermunicipal Lagos São João (CILSJ) na mediação de conflitos de gestão da pesca artesanal na região da Lagoa de Araruama (LA). A CTP é gerida pelas prioridades da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH), preservacionista, em oposição a Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Atividade Pesqueira (PNDSAP), com fins de exploração econômica. Na Bacia Hidrográfica Lagos São João, o CILSJ, prioriza as ações de conservação e manutenção dos corpos de água para o abastecimento, deixando em segundo plano a recuperação dos estuários em que lança o esgoto tratado e o não tratado, justamente os locais onde ocorre a pesca. O sujeito da pesquisa foi a representação dos pescadores, que são os presidentes das colônias. O levantamento de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas, observação direta, observação participante, documentos, filmes, fotografias, depoimentos, considerando também os atores da gestão pública da pesca local, estadual e federal. As entrevistas foram examinadas com base em análise textual. A abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa. A pesca artesanal praticada na localidade é de pequena escala, se utiliza de embarcações miúdas, o trabalho ocorre em regime de companha e/ou familiar. O co-manejo é a metodologia de gestão dos recursos comuns mais utilizadas na atualidade na pesca artesanal. Os dados revelaram que o modelo de co-manejo da CTP não é o mais adequado para mediar os conflitos da pesca na localidade. Este estudo constatou que existe a união das colônias por meio da CTP, mas mesmo assim, o mecanismo CTP, não permite que maiores conquistas sejam alcançadas pelos pescadores, tendo em vista que o modelo de co-manejo é apenas consultivo, em que o poder público consulta, mas toma a decisão de forma autônoma sem compartilhar o poder de gestão, desse modo não há o empoderamento por parte dos pescadores. Assim, se faz urgente a substituição do sistema de co-manejo exercido pela CTP, por outro que possibilite maior participação dos pescadores e não só das suas representações; autonomia de gestão dos pescadores; possibilidade de financiamento além das atividades de preservação, mas também de desenvolvimento econômico da pesca. Outros modelos de co-gestão passíveis de substituir a CTP são a Reserva Extrativista (RESEX), a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável ou Fórum de Pesca tendo em vista serem esses os modelos de co-manejo mais bem sucedidos no país e inclusive em parte da região, a RESEX de Arraial do Cabo. A constatação desta pesquisa do papel exercido pela CTP no que tange o co-manejo na LA é compatível com as deficiências dos modelos de co-manejo da pesca no Brasil, com menor empoderamento dos pescadores diante do poder público e da própria submissão da gestão pública da pesca diante da gestão pública do ambiente. Apesar de haver certa produção acadêmica sobre a pesca, a literatura sobre a gestão da pesca na localidade da LA é escassa, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento da sustentabilidade pesqueira e da aplicação de qualquer plano de manejo e indica a urgência do desenvolvimento de maiores investigações, no que este trabalho procura oferecer alguma contribuição.

A COMUNICAÇÃO MIDIATIZADA NA EAD: UM DISCURSO PEDAGÓGICO DIFERENCIADO

Analisa-se, neste trabalho, como e com quais características ocorre a comunicação pedagógica nos sistemas que atuam na modalidade Educação a Distância (EAD), modalidade esta caracterizada pela mediação de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC). O corpus desta pesquisa é composto pelo recorte da regulamentação específica e dos debates que envolvem o Ministério da Educação (MEC) e a Secretaria de Educação a Distância (SEED), a Associação Brasileira de Educação a Distância (ABED) e os profissionais da área, abordando o período do início da vigência do Decreto n.º 5622/05, que regulamentou a EAD no Brasil, em 2005, até 2009, momento em que ocorrem, pela polifonia dos modelos existentes, a supervisão e consolidação das ofertas desta modalidade no Brasil. O objetivo maior desta investigação foi analisar e avaliar como e com quais características a comunicação pedagógica apresenta o discurso educativo nesta modalidade, enquanto categoria educacional e comunicativa, caracterizada pelo uso de TIC dentro da perspectiva social. Este estudo utilizou a metodologia da pesquisa descritiva e documental, de natureza qualitativa, num percurso em que a pesquisadora procura descobrir, com a maior precisão possível, a frequência com que o fenômeno ocorre, sua relação e conexão com outros, sua natureza e suas características. Como fonte de informação e da pesquisa documental, utilizaram-se as categorias analíticas, o aspecto histórico, legal, versus a realidade da oferta desta modalidade. Buscou-se ainda entender como e com quais características as relações entre a comunicação e a educação se materializam no discurso pedagógico, nos sistemas de Ensino Superior que ofertam a modalidade EAD. Em relação aos envolvidos SEED/MEC e ABED, existem questões ainda implicativas entre as concepções de comunicação, educação e tecnologia. Pautou-se a pesquisa na análise dos caminhos e descaminhos desta modalidade e assim pôdese verificar uma oscilação entre os atores envolvidos e a consistência teórica que dá suporte de investigação ao MEC e à SEED para a realização do acompanhamento e supervisão, na perspectiva de garantir as bases conceituais que determinam e (ou) determinarão a oferta da modalidade EAD no Ensino Superior. Em relação à Comunicação Pedagógica, percebeu-se uma fragilidade nos debates, cuja ênfase ainda é de cunho quantitativo e não qualitativo. Pela análise feita, considera-se que, em razão da polifonia dos modelos, existem muitas iniciativas, mas o discurso predominante ainda é o da democratização da expansão, o que prejudica sensivelmente o avanço da valorização humana em detrimento do uso da tecnologia, e isso impede avanços na construção dos espaços possíveis e essenciais na modalidade EAD.(AU)

Team working in intensive care:current evidence and future endeavors

Purpose of review: It has recently been argued that the future of intensive care medicine will rely on high quality management and teamwork. Therefore, this review takes an organizational psychology perspective to examine the most recent research on the relationship between teamwork, care processes, and patient outcomes in intensive care. Recent findings: Interdisciplinary communication within a team is crucial for the development of negotiated shared treatment goals and short-team patient outcomes. Interventions for maximizing team communication have received substantial interest in recent literature. Intensive care coordination is not a linear process, and intensive care teams often fail to discuss how to implement goals, trigger and align activities, or reflect on their performance. Despite a move toward interdisciplinary team working, clinical decision-making is still problematic and continues to be perceived as a top-down and authoritative process. The topic of team leadership in intensive care is underexplored and requires further research. Summary: Based on findings from the most recent research evidence in medicine and management, four principles are identified for improving the effectiveness of team working in intensive care: engender professional efficacy, create stable teams and leaders, develop trust and participative safety, and enable frequent team reflexivity.

Generalized Discernibility Function Based Attribute Reduction in Incomplete Decision Systems

A rough set approach for attribute reduction is an important research subject in data mining and machine learning. However, most attribute reduction methods are performed on a complete decision system table. In this paper, we propose methods for attribute reduction in static incomplete decision systems and dynamic incomplete decision systems with dynamically-increasing and decreasing conditional attributes. Our methods use generalized discernibility matrix and function in tolerance-based rough sets.

Fourth generation evaluation revisited: Testing a revised pause model

This research provides data which investigates the feasibility of using fourth generation evaluation during the process of instruction. A semester length course entitled "Multicultural Communications", (PUR 5406/4934) was designed and used in this study, in response to the need for the communications profession to produce well-trained culturally sensitive practitioners for the work force and the market place. A revised pause model consisting of three one-on-one indepth interviews conducted outside of the class, three reflections periods during the class and a self-reflective essay prepared one week before the end of the course was analyzed. Narrative and graphic summaries of participant responses produced significant results. The revised pause model was found to be an effective evaluation method for use in multicultural education under certain conditions as perceived by the participants in the study. participant self-perceived behavior change and knowledge acquisition was identified through use of the revised pause model. Study results suggest that by using the revised pause model of evaluation, instructors teaching multicultural education in schools of journalism and mass communication is yet another way of enhancing their ability to become both the researcher and the research subject. In addition, the introduction of a qualitative model has been found to be a more useful way of generating participant involvement and introspection. Finally, the instructional design of the course used in the study provides communication educators with a practical way of preparing their students be effective communicators in a multicultural world.

Does Obesity Affect Outcomes In Children Admitted From Trauma Centers?

Introduction and Research Objectives: Pediatric obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. In the critical care setting, obesity has yet to be fully studied. We sought to evaluate the effects of obesity in children who are admitted to a hospital from trauma centers using Kid's Inpatient Database (KID) during 2009. Methods: The study examined inpatient admissions from pediatric trauma patients in 2009 using the Kids´ Inpatient Database (KID). Patients (n=27599) were selected from the KID based on Age (AGE>1) and Admission Type (ATYPE=5) and assessed on Race, Sex, Length of Stay (LOS), Number of Diagnoses and Procedures, Severity of Illness (SOI), Risk of Mortality (ROM), Co-morbidities, and Intubation by comparing obese and non-obese cohorts. Chi-square test and student t-test were used to analyze the data. All variables were weighted to get national estimates. Results:The overall prevalence of obesity (those coded as having obesity as co-morbidity) was 1.6% with significantly higher prevalence among Blacks (1.8%), Hispanics (2.3%), and Native Americans (4.1%; p Conclusion: Our study using KID national database found that obese children who are admitted from trauma centers have a higher morbidity and LOS but lower mortality. Racial and gender inequalities of obesity prevalence is consistent with previous reports.

The Immunomodulatory Role of Alcohol on HIV-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Alcohol is known to induce inflammation in the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In our previous studies, we revealed that alcohol induces cannabinoid receptors which play a role in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine production in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). However, the ability of alcohol to alter MDDC function during HIV infection has not been clearly elucidated yet. To study the potential impact of alcohol on HIV-infected MDDC (confirmed by p24 ELISA), monocytes were isolated from commercially available buffy coats and cultured for 7 days with GM-CSF and IL-4. MDDC were infected with HIV- 1Ba-L and treated with different concentrations of alcohol (0.1% band 0.2%) for 4-7 days. MDDC phenotype, endocytosis, cytokine production, and ability to transmit HIV to T cells were analyzed. Uninfected CD4+ T cells were co-cultured for 7 days with either infected/treated MDDC or the supernatants from infected/treated MDDC. Inflammatory cytokine arrays were performed using supernatants from HIV-infected MDDC treated with alcohol. Results showed that HIV positive MDDC treated with alcohol had higher levels of infection compared to untreated HIV positive controls. CD4+ T cells exposed to HIV-infected MDDC acquired 100-fold higher levels of p24 compared to CD4+ T cells exposed to only supernatants. CD4+ T cells exposed to HIV-infected and alcohol-treated MDDC had higher levels of infection compared to controls. Cytokine array data show dysregulation of cytokine production by alcohol. In addition, MDDC phenotype and endocytic capacity were altered in the alcohol treated MDDC. Our results indicate a crucial role of MDDC in HIV transmission to T cells and provide insights into the inflammatory role alcohol exerts on dendritic cell function in the context of HIV infection. Supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism award R00AA021264, the National Institute on Drug Abuse award R01DA034547, and the Institute on NeuroImmune Pharmacology at FIU.

A educação popular para todos de uma cidade educadora (Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 1957-1964)

This work has as a research subject of popular education policies of the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, in the years 1957 to 1964. It aims to identify and analyze popular education policies developed and implemented by the Municipality of Natal in these years. To get the historical data, we establish as a guiding reserch question the following: Which elaborated educational policies were implemented by the Municipality of Natal in the years 1957-1964? and took over as the method Evidential Paradigm as proposition in Pinheiro (2009). This is anchored in documentary sources of Educational Legislation at National, State and Municipal levels as well as in the newspapers Folha de Tarde and Jornal de Natal; in existing documents from the archives of the Historical and Geographical Institute of Rio Grande do Norte (IHGRN), the Municipal Public Archives of Natal; iconographic sources; interviews and academic publications. In addition to these sources, we were inspired by the works of Aristotles (2011), Hobbes (2009), Freire (2011), Góes (1980), Germano (1989), Cortez (2005) and Galvão (2004). This research allowed us to understand that policies of popular education of Natal (RN) were based on a democratic educational practice, supported on three pillars, namely: participation and involvement of Natal population; construction and reconstruction of teaching practices in prioritizing their action programs to mass literacy and the training of lay teachers; and the democratization of culture. This historical process made Natal on educating city.

DESENVOLVIMENTO E JUSTIÇA NA MISSÃO INTEGRAL: UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DA PRESENÇA DA TEOLOGIA E PRÁXIS DA MISSÃO INTEGRAL NO SOLO PAULISTANO - Estudo da PIBSP.

No presente estudo sobre o tema: “Desenvolvimento e Justiça na Missão Integral: Uma análise crítica da presença da Teologia e Práxis da Missão Integral no Solo Paulistano” procura-se analisar a presença do conceito de desenvolvimento e justiça da Missão Integral no solo paulistano. Para tal análise tomou-se como sujeito de pesquisa a Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida no Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Religião, e pertence à linha de pesquisa “Religião, Sociedade e Cultura”. A metodologia adotada na coleta de dados foi de uma revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo por meio de um roteiro de entrevista. Os questionamentos que nortearam a pesquisa foram: O que é desenvolvimento e Justiça na Missão Integral? É possível notar a presença desses conceitos na práxis e na teologia da Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo? Após uma análise da Missão Integral e da Igreja pesquisada, foi possível verificar as aproximações e distanciamentos, assim como hipóteses que justificassem esses fatos. No primeiro capítulo foi apresentada a Missão Integral, sua história, teologia e método. No segundo capítulo os conceitos de desenvolvimento e justiça foram trabalhados. O último capítulo apresentou a Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo; buscou estabelecer diálogo entre o conceito de Desenvolvimento e Justiça da Missão Integral e a teologia e práxis da Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo.

O ensino de arte pós-moderno na arte de Daniel Francisco de Souza

This thesis presents a research that links cultural history and visual culture in a sociobiographical approach. It gives a “political treatment” to the educational experience in the transition of art teaching from the modern to the postmodern. By taking into account my experiences as an educator and the poetic practice in Daniel Francisco de Souza’s visual art, I propose a dialogue with his art and a series of visual narratives this artist/student produced at the time of his education and recently. Such visual narratives were taken as research source and research subject. They were created in a rural setting in dialogue with formal art teaching in two phases: 1992–6, when Daniel Fran cisco attended elementary school in the rural area of Uberlândia, MG; and 2008–10, when he attended Visual Arts graduation at Federal University of Uberlândia city. I analyze historical processes related to art and teaching, from the early sixteenth century to the present times, to realize residues in students’ poetic experiences. I relate Brazilian educational public policies with experi- ences in that rural school. I try to show the extent to which our educational practices triggered experiences — from ones common to intense ones — and promoted forms of “emancipation-knowledge” or “regulation-knowledge” and how the “selective tradition” was and how art predetermined history images gave way to everyday visual references, pointing to the “broad field” of visual culture. I make an effort to show Daniel Francisco’s work as an adult by tak- ing it according to different approaches. In a poetic reading, first, I emphasixe the material and the symbolic in his art. In a second look, I approach his work through the intertwining experiences of three characters from different times and places that participated in the making of his art: the artist farmer, the artist teacher and the teacher researcher. I assume the existence of a mutual cultural incompleteness in these three characters; which means that parts of their “structures of feeling” built on the interrelationship among them are part of the artist’ work as a historical content decanted. Thirdly, I demonstrate how the artist sees his place as a key re ference to his poetic creation. His work does not reflect the rural bucolic as something untouched. In showing the difficulty in distinguishing the archaic residual, I identify emerging issues in his work. I conclude that the artist — Daniel Francisco — and the researcher — myself — present maverick features: both are scavengers; their productions approach the working with scraps in art and in the academy; even momentarily, they live in exile in the warmth of the borders or the edges, from where one sees the center clearly. In these spaces, when certain structures and normative codes enter into coalition, they fragment pre-established strategies and stimulate the creation of survival tactics.

Point of view filming and the elicitation interview

Face-to-face interviews are a fundamental research tool in qualitative research. Whilst this form of data collection can provide many valuable insights, it can often fall short of providing a complete picture of a research subject's experiences. Point of view (PoV) interviewing is an elicitation technique used in the social sciences as a means of enriching data obtained from research interviews. Recording research subjects' first person perspectives, for example by wearing digital video glasses, can afford deeper insights into their experiences. PoV interviewing can promote making visible the unverbalizable and does not rely as much on memory as the traditional interview. The use of such relatively inexpensive technology is gaining interest in health profession educational research and pedagogy, such as dynamic simulation-based learning and research activities. In this interview, Dr Gerry Gormley (a medical education researcher) talks to Dr Jonathan Skinner (an anthropologist with an interest in PoV interviewing), exploring some of the many crossover implications with PoV interviewing for medical education research and practice.

An elevated systolic blood pressure response at 8 minutes in full contact exercise may identify hypertensive subjects

The aim of this study was to identify hypertension (HT) in karate competitors (KCs) in high intensity exercise. Values were compared with an exercise control group (EC). The 84 subjects were randomly divided into two groups: KC and EC. Resting blood pressure (BP) was measured the day before and immediately precompetition. A further three measurements were taken postexercise for all subjects at 1-, 2-, and 8- minute intervals. At rest, day one, mean BP of KC was 134/84 ± 3/2 mmHg vs. EC, 124/72 ± 1/2 mmHg and on day 2, was 141/79 ± 3/2 mmHg vs. EC, 125/72 ± 1/2 mmHg, respectively. Eight minutes postcompetition, BP of KCs was 140/77 ± 2/1 mmHg vs. EC 135/75 ± 2/1 mmHg. High blood pressure (HBP) was recorded in 60.5% of KCs on day 2, and essential HT that required medical therapy was subsequently diagnosed in 5% of KCs. Five percent of EC also had HBP, but subsequent medical examination reported normal values.