Above bandgap induced photoexpansion and photobleaching in Ga-Ge-S based glasses

Photoexpansion and photobleaching effects have been examined in glass compositions Ga10Ge25S65 and Ga5Ge25As5S65. Such compositions are promising for optical storage and planar waveguide applications. To evaluate the photoinduced effect, samples were exposed to 351 nm light, varying power density (3-10 W/cm(2)) and exposure time (0-120 min). The exposed areas have been analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and an expansion of 800 nm is observed for composition Ga10Ge25S65 exposed during 120 min and 5 W/cm(2) power density. The optical absorption edge measured by a spectrophotometer indicates a blue shift (80 nm) after illumination in the composition Ga10Ge25S65. The morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical compositions measured using a energy dispersive analyzer (EDX) indicate an increase of the number of sulfur atoms in the irradiated area. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Photoinduced effect in Ga-Ge-S based thin films

Glassy films of Ga10Ge25S65 with 4 mu m thickness were deposited on quartz substrates by electron beam evaporation. Photoexpansion (PE) (photoinduced increase in volume) and photobleaching (PB) (blue shift of the bandgap) effects have been examined. The exposed areas have been analyzed using perfilometer and an expansion of 1.7 mu m (Delta V/V approximate to 30%) is observed for composition Ga10Ge25S65 exposed during 180 min and 3 mW/cm(2) power density. The optical absorption edge measured for the film Ge25Ga10S65 above and below the bandgap show that the blue shift of the gap by below bandgap photon illumination is considerable higher (Delta E-g = 440 meV) than Delta E-g induced by above bandgap illumination (Delta E-g = 190 meV). The distribution of the refraction index profile showed a negative change of the refraction index in the irradiated samples (Delta n = -0.6). The morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical compositions measured using an energy dispersive analyzer (EDX) indicate an increase of the oxygen atoms into the irradiated area. Using a Lloyd's mirror setup for continuous wave holography it was possible to record holographic gratings using the photoinduced effects that occur in them. Diffraction efficiency up to 25% was achieved for the recorded gratings and atomic force microscopy images are presented. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effects of ZnGa2O4 formation on structural and optical properties of ZnO : Ga powders

Gallium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga 1, 2 3, 4 and 5 at%) samples were prepared in powder form by modifying the Pechini method. The formation of zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4) With the spinel crystal structure was observed even in ZnO:Ga 1 at% by X-ray diffraction. The presence of ZnGa2O4 in ZnO:Ga samples was also evidenced by luminescence spectroscopy through its blue emission at 430 nm, assigned to charge transfer between Ga3+ at regular octahedral symmetry and its surrounding O2- ions. The amount of ZnGa2O4 increases as the dopant concentration increases, as observed by the quantitative phase analysis by the Rietveld method. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ga-Modified Nanostructured ZnO: Characterization and Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

ZnO has received great attention in many applications due to its electronic and optical properties. We report on the preparation of ZnO and gallium-containing ZnO (ZnO:Ga) nanoparticles by the precipitation method. The nanoparticles have the wurtzite structure and a high crystallinity. Gallium ions are present as Ga(3+), as evidenced by the binding energies through XPS. Porosity and surface area of the powder increased under increasing gallium level, explained by the smaller particle size of ZnO:Ga samples compared with ZnO. The estimated optical band gap of ZnO was 3.2 eV, comparable to ZnO:Ga.

Influence of Ga incorporation on photoinduced phenomena in Ge-S based glasses

To study the influence of Ga addition on photoinduced effect, GaGeS glasses with constant atomic ratio S/Ge = 2.6 have been prepared. Using Raman spectroscopy, we have reported the effect of Ga on the structural behavior of these glasses. An increase of the glass transition temperature T(g), the linear refractive index and the density have been observed with increasing gallium content. The photoinduced phenomena have been examined through the influence of time exposure and power density, when exposed to above light bandgap (3.53 eV). The correlation between photoinduced phenomena and Ga content in such glasses are shown hereby. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stepped light-induced transient measurements of photocurrent and voltage in dye-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO and ZnO:Ga

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effect of Mg-Ga powder addition on the superconducting properties of MgB2 samples

MgB2 bulk samples containing different proportions of Mg-Ga powder were prepared by an in situ reaction technique. The Mg-Ga powder was obtained via high energy ball milling of a Mg-10 at.% Ga composite, which was fabricated by melting of pure magnesium and gallium metals inside encapsulated stainless steel tube at 655 °C in a controlled atmosphere. The MgB2 samples containing 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt.% of MgGa addition were sintered at 650 °C for 30 min in argon atmosphere. Magnetic measurements performed at 5 K and 20 K showed improved critical current density, Jc, in the low magnetic field range for samples with MgGa addition. The critical temperature, Tc, for all samples with gallium additions is consistently higher when compared to the pure MgB2. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evidence for 2.35 to 2.30 Ga juvenile crustal growth in the northwest Borborema Province, NE Brazil

The c. 600 Ma Brasiliano Borborema Province of NE Brazil comprises a complex collage of Precambrian crustal blocks cut by a series of continental-scale shear zones. The predominant basement rocks in the province are 2.1-2.0 Ga Transamazonian gneisses of both juvenile and reworked nature. U-Pb zircon and Sm-Nd whole-rock studies of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite basement gneisses in the NW Ceará or Médio Coreaú domain in the northwestern part of the Borborema Province indicate that this represents a continental fragment formed by 2.35-2.30 Ga juvenile crust. This block has no apparent genetic affinity with any other basement gneisses in the Borborema Province, and it does not represent the tectonized margin of the c. 2.1-2.0 Ga São Luis Craton to the NW. The petrological and geochemical characteristics, as well as the Nd-isotopic signatures of these gneisses, are consistent with their genesis in an island arc setting. This finding documents a period of crustal growth during a period of the Earth's history which is known for its tectonic quiescence and paucity of crust formation. © Geological Society of London 2009.

Rhizoctonia solani GA-3PT es el principal patógeno asociado con el chancro del tallo y la sarna negra de la papa en Colombia

Stem canker and black scurf diseases of potatoes are caused by the basidiomycetous fungus Tanatephorus cucumeris (ana-morphic species complex Rhizoctonia solani). Tese diseases have worldwide distribution wherever potato is grown but their etiology varies depending on the predominance of distinct R. solani anastomosis groups (AGs) in a particular area. Within the species complex, several AGs have been associated with stem canker or black scurf diseases, including AG-1, AG-2-1, AG-2-2, AG-3, AG-4, AG-5 and AG-9. Tis article reports on the most comprehensive population-based study, providing evidence on the distribution of R. solani AGs in Colombian potato fields. A total of 433 isolates were sampled from the main potato cropping areas in Colombia from 2005 to 2009. Isolates were assigned to AGs by conventional PCR assays using specific primers for AG-3, sequencing of the ITS-rDNA and hyphal interactions. Most of the isolates evaluated were assigned to AG-3PT (88.45%), and a few to AG-2-1 (2.54%). Te remaining isolates were binucleate Rhizoctonia (AG-A, E, and I). Pathogenicity tests on the stems and roots of different plant species, including the potato, showed that AG-3PT affects the stems of solanaceous plants. In other plant species, damage was severe in the roots, but not the stems. AG-2-1 caused stem canker of Solanum tuberosum cv. Capiro and in R. raphanistrum and B. campestris subsp. Rapa plantlets and root rot in other plants. Te results of our study indicated that R. solani AG-3PT was the principal pathogen associated with potato stem canker and black scurf diseases of potatoes in Colombia.

Efeitos estruturais e ópticos da incorporação de Mn em filmes nanocristalinos de 'Ga IND. 1-x Mn IND. xAs' preparados por sputtering

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos estruturais e ópticos da incorporação de Mn em filmes nanocristalinos de 'GA IND.1-x'MN IND.XN' preparados por sputtering reativo

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Fertirrigação nitrogenada por gotejamento e época de aplicação foliar de ácido giberélico 'GA IND.3' em alface americana (Lactuca sativa L.)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

Efeito da solarização do solo sobre a população de Pseudomonas spp. fluorescente antagonista a Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn GA 4 HGI

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Simultaneous spectrometric determination of Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ in polivitaminic/polimineral drug using SPA and GA algorithms for variable selection

Este artigo apresenta uma aplicação do método para determinação espectrofotométrica simultânea dos íons divalentes de cobre, manganês e zinco à análise de medicamento polivitamínico/polimineral. O método usa 4-(2-piridilazo) resorcinol (PAR), calibração multivariada e técnicas de seleção de variáveis e foi otimizado o empregando-se o algoritmo das projeções sucessivas (APS) e o algoritmo genético (AG), para escolha dos comprimentos de onda mais informativos para a análise. Com essas técnicas, foi possível construir modelos de calibração por regressão linear múltipla (RLM-APS e RLM-AG). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com modelos de regressão em componentes principais (PCR) e nos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS). Demonstra-se a partir do erro médio quadrático de previsão (RMSEP) que os modelos apresentam desempenhos semelhantes ao prever as concentrações dos três analitos no medicamento. Todavia os modelos RLM são mais simples pois requerem um número muito menor de comprimentos de onda e são mais fáceis de interpretar que os baseados em variáveis latentes.

Field and petrographic data of 1.90 to 1.88 Ga I- and A-type granitoids from the central region of the Amazonian Craton, NE Amazonas State, Brazil

O SW do município de Presidente Figueiredo, localizado no Estado do Amazonas, Nordeste do Cráton Amazônico Central, Brasil, hospeda granitoides do tipo I de idade entre 1890 a 1898 Ma (Terra Preta Granito, Suíte Água Branca), hornblenda-sienogranitos do tipo A (Sienogranito Canoas da Suíte Mapuera), rochas vulcânicas ácidas à intermediárias (Grupo Iricoumé) e granitos rapakivi de idades entre 1883 a 1889 Ma (Granito São Gabriel da Suíte Mapuera), e rochas afins (quartzo-gabro-anortosito e diorito), além de quartzo-monzonito Castanhal, milonitos e hornfels. A fácies quartzo-diorito do granito Terra Preta foi formada por processos de mistura entre um dique quartzo-gabro sinplutônico e um granodiorito hornblenda. Glóbulos parcialmente assimilados de sienogranitos hornblenda Canoas e seus contatos com o granodiorito hornblenda Terra Preta sugerem que o sienogranito Canoas é um pouco mais jovem do que o Granito Terra Preta. Xenólitos do sienogranito Canoas no interior do Granito São Gabriel mostram que o granito é mais jovem do que o sienogranito Canoas. Novas evidências geológicas e petrográficas avançam na compreensão petrológica destas rochas e sugerem que, além de cristalização fracionada, assimilação e mistura de magma, desempenharam um papel importante, pelo menos em escala local, na evolução e variação composicionais dos plutons. Tal evidência é encontrada no Granito Terra Preta misturado com materiais quartzo-diorito, félsico associado ao sienogranito Canoas e nos enclaves microgranulares intermediários, que apresentam biotita e hornblenda primárias, além de dissolução plagioclásio, corrosão de feldspatos, mantos feldspatos alcalinos, segunda geração de apatita, e elevados teores xenocristais em enclaves intermediários formados a partir da fragmentação de intrusões máficas. Análises petrográficas mostram que um evento deformacional registrado na parte Ocidental da área de estudo (com deformação progressiva de E para W) é estimado entre o magmatismo pós-colisional de 1,90 Ga e as invasões do Granito São Gabriel e rochas afins máficas/intermediárias (intraplaca). No entanto, torna-se extremamente necessário obter idades absolutas para este evento metamórfico.