FGFR1 and PROKR2 rare variants found in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiencies.

The genetic aetiology of congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is not entirely elucidated. FGFR1 and PROKR2 loss-of-function mutations are classically involved in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH), however, due to the clinical and genetic overlap of HH and CH; these genes may also be involved in the pathogenesis of CH. Using a candidate gene approach, we screened 156 Brazilian patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiencies (CPHD) for loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 and PROKR2. We identified three FGFR1 variants (p.Arg448Trp, p.Ser107Leu and p.Pro772Ser) in four unrelated patients (two males) and two PROKR2 variants (p.Arg85Cys and p.Arg248Glu) in two unrelated female patients. Five of the six patients harbouring the variants had a first-degree relative that was an unaffected carrier of it. Results of functional studies indicated that the new FGFR1 variant p.Arg448Trp is a loss-of-function variant, while p.Ser107Leu and p.Pro772Ser present signalling activity similar to the wild-type form. Regarding PROKR2 variants, results from previous functional studies indicated that p.Arg85Cys moderately compromises receptor signalling through both MAPK and Ca(2) (+) pathways while p.Arg248Glu decreases calcium mobilization but has normal MAPK activity. The presence of loss-of-function variants of FGFR1 and PROKR2 in our patients with CPHD is indicative of an adjuvant and/or modifier effect of these rare variants on the phenotype. The presence of the same variants in unaffected relatives implies that they cannot solely cause the phenotype. Other associated genetic and/or environmental modifiers may play a role in the aetiology of this condition.

Sorcin links pancreatic β cell lipotoxicity to ER Ca2+ stores.

NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Preserving β cell function during the development of obesity and insulin resistance would limit the worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca(2+)) depletion induced by saturated free fatty acids and cytokines causes β cell ER stress and apoptosis, but the molecular mechanisms behind these phenomena are still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that palmitate-induced sorcin (SRI) down-regulation, and subsequent increases in glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-2 (G6PC2) levels contribute to lipotoxicity. SRI is a calcium sensor protein involved in maintaining ER Ca(2+) by inhibiting ryanodine receptor activity and playing a role in terminating Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release. G6PC2, a GWAS gene associated with fasting blood glucose, is a negative regulator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). High fat feeding in mice and chronic exposure of human islets to palmitate decreases endogenous SRI expression while levels of G6PC2 mRNA increase. Sorcin null mice are glucose intolerant, with markedly impaired GSIS and increased expression of G6pc2. Under high fat diet, mice overexpressing SRI in the β cell display improved glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose and GSIS, whereas G6PC2 levels are decreased and cytosolic and ER Ca(2+) are increased in transgenic islets. SRI may thus provide a target for intervention in T2DM.

CD8 engineered cytotoxic T cells reprogram melanoma tumor environment.

NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from CD8β-deficient mice have powerful FasL-mediated cytotoxicity and IFNγ responses, but ablated Ca(2+) and NFAT signaling, which can be restored by transduction with CD8β. Upon infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), these cells yielded GP33-specific CTL (CD8βR) that exhibited high FasL/Fas-mediated cytotoxicity, IFNγ CXCL9 and 10 chemokine responses. Transfer of these cells in B16-GP33 tumor bearing mice resulted in (i) massive T cell tumor infiltration, (ii) strong reduction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Treg) and IL-17-expressing T helper cells, (iii) maturation of tumor-associated antigen-presenting cells and (iv) production of endogenous, B16 melanoma-specific CTL that eradicated the tumor long after the transferred CD8βR CTL perished. Our study demonstrates that the synergistic combination of strong Fas/FasL mediated cytotoxicity, IFNγ and CXCL9 and 10 responses endows adoptively transferred CTL to reprogram the tumor environment and to thus enable the generation of endogenous, tumoricidal immunity.

Aplicação de zeólitas sintéticas como coadjuvante em formulação detergente

The study consists is the application of zeolites NaX, NaY and A as builder in detergent formulations to eliminate the hardness of water. Therefore, the adsorption of ions Ca+2 and Mg+2 were evaluated, and the effect of the cleaning action of the surfactant sodium dodecil sulfate (SDS) through tests of detergency. The experiments were conducted in bath system (with shaking) and quantification of metals was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Zeolite A showed the best results for adsorption of Ca++ and Mg++ with retention rates of around 90 and 70% respectively and acted positively on the action of cleaning the surfactant SDS.

Biochemical properties of Bacillus sp. ITP-001 lipase immobilized with a sol gel process

This work presents biochemical characterization of a lipase from a new strain of Bacillus sp. ITP-001, immobilized using a sol gel process (IB). The results from the biochemical characterization of IB showed increased activity for hydrolysis, with 526.63 U g-1 at pH 5.0 and 80 ºC, and thermal stability at 37 ºC. Enzymatic activity was stimulated by ions such as EDTA, Fe+3, Mn+2, Zn+2, and Ca+2, and in various organic solvents. Kinetic parameters obtained for the IB were Km = 14.62 mM, and Vmax = 0.102 mM min-1 g-1. The results of biochemical characterization revealed the improved catalytic properties of IB.

Incidência e severidade da cercosporiose do cafeeiro em função do suprimento de potássio e cálcio em solução nutritiva

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a incidência e a severidade da cercosporiose causada por Cercospora coffeicola em mudas de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica) cultivar Mundo Novo IAC 379-19, em função do suprimento de K e Ca em solução nutritiva. Instalou-se o experimento em DIC, com 16 tratamentos, três repetições e duas plantas por repetição. Utilizou-se esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro doses de K (1, 3, 5 e 7 mmol/l) e quatro níveis de Ca (2, 4, 6 e 8 mmol/l). As mudas foram inoculadas semanalmente, durante 12 semanas, com suspensão de esporos de C. coffeicola na concentração de 15.000 conídios/ml. Foram realizadas sete avaliações quinzenais para a obtenção da área foliar total, número total de folhas e número total de lesões de cada planta. Após as avaliações determinou-se a porcentagem de área foliar lesionada e o peso da matéria seca total. A interação K x Ca influenciou a área abaixo da curva de progresso do total de lesões, do número total de folhas e a porcentagem de área foliar lesionada. As doses de K, isoladamente, influenciaram a matéria seca total, a área foliar total e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da incidência. As doses de Ca, isoladamente, influenciaram apenas a área foliar total e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da incidência.

Efeito do manejo da entrelinha da seringueira sobre as propriedades químicas do solo, o estado nutricional e o crescimento

O trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a influência do manejo do solo da entrelinha da cultura da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis) sobre as propriedades químicas do solo, o teor de nutrientes e o crescimento da seringueira. Para isso, implantou-se a seringueira (clones PB 235 e RRIM 701) em Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, em 1992, no Município de Jaboticabal, SP. Os tratamentos consistiram do manejo da entrelinha com: grade, roçadeira e cultura de cobertura utilizando uma leguminosa kudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides). Após oito anos, foram analisadas algumas propriedades químicas do solo (pH, M.O., H+Al, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+ e P) na entrelinha da cultura, bem como o teor de macro e micronutrientes e o crescimento da cultura em circunferência à altura do peito. Os diferentes manejos da entrelinha da cultura da seringueira afetaram todos os atributos químicos do solo da camada superficial (0-20 cm de profundidade) analisados. O manejo da entrelinha da seringueira com roçadeira mostrou-se importante no sistema solo-planta. A influência do manejo da entrelinha da seringueira na sua nutrição depende do clone utilizado no sistema de produção.

Avaliação da fertilidade dos solos de sistemas agroflorestais com cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) em Lavras-MG

Com o objetivo de avaliar a fertilidade dos solos em um sistema agroflorestal composto por cafeeiros (Coffea arábica L. - Mundo Novo), ingazeiros (Inga vera Willd) e grevíleas (Grevilea robusta A. Cunn), situado em Lavras, Minas Gerais, foi instalado o presente experimento. Usou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e sete repetições. Os tratamentos foram: a) cafeeiros a pleno sol, b) cafeeiros consorciados com ingazeiros e c) cafeeiros consociados com grevílea. Os espaçamentos dos cafeeiros nos três sistemas foi 4 x 1 m, para o ingazeiro 8 m x 15 m e para a grevílea 12 m x 10 m. Aos 15 anos de idade do cafeeiro e do ingazeiro e aos 9 anos da grevílea foram avaliadas as seguintes características dos solos, pH, acidez potencial (H+Al), alumínio trocável (Al+3), bases trocáveis (Ca+2 e Mg+2), potássio disponível (K+), fósforo disponível(P), enxofre (S), CTC efetiva (T), soma de bases (SB), saturação de bases (V) e matéria orgânica (MO). Os resultados foram submetidos à analise de variância e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. Após a análise dos dados, concluiu-se que, embora tenha havido diferenças entre alguns elementos estudados, as características químicas dos solos nos três sistemas não foram severamente afetadas.

Evaluation of the throughfall and stemflow nutrient contents in mixed and pure plantations of Acacia mangium, Pseudosamenea guachapele and Eucalyptus grandis

The interception of the rainfall by the forest canopy has great relevance to the nutrient geochemistry cycle in low fertility tropical soils under native or cultivated forests. However, little is known about the modification of the rainfall water quality and hydrological balance after interception by the canopies of eucalyptus under pure and mixed plantations with leguminous species, in Brazil. Samples of rainfall (RF), throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF) were collected and analyzed in pure plantations of mangium (nitrogen fixing tree -NFT), guachapele (NFT) and eucalyptus (non-nitrogen fixing tree -NNFT) and in a mixed stand of guachapele and eucalyptus in Seropédica, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nine stemflow collectors (in selected trees) and nine pluviometers were randomly disposed under each stand and three pluviometers were used to measure the incident rainfall during 5.5 months. Mangium conveyed 33.4% of the total rainfall for its stem. An estimative based on corrections for the average annual precipitation (1213 mm) indicated that the rainfall's contribution to the nutrient input (kg ha-1) was about 8.42; 0.95; 19.04; 6.74; 4.72 and 8.71 kg ha-1 of N-NH4+, P, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 and Na+, respectively. Throughfall provided the largest contributions compared to the stemflow nutrient input. The largest inputs of N-NH4+ (15.03 kg ha-1) and K+ (179.43 kg ha-1) were observed under the guachapele crown. Large amounts of Na+ denote a high influence of the sea. Mangium was the most adapted species to water competitiveness. Comparatively to pure stand of eucalyptus, the mixed plantation intensifies the N, Ca and Mg leaching by the canopy, while the inputs of K and P were lower under these plantations.

Produtividade do feijão-de-corda e acúmulo de sais no solo em função da fração de lixiviação e da salinidade da água de irrigação

Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se o acúmulo de sais no solo e a produtividade do feijão-de-corda, em função da fração de lixiviação (FL) e da salinidade da água de irrigação. Utilizou-se de delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram estudados os seguintes tratamentos: 1 - água do poço com condutividade elétrica (CEa) de 0,8 dS m-1 (sem FL); 2 - água salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1 sem FL; 3 - água salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1 com FL de 0,14; 4 - água salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1 com FL de 0,28. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: acúmulo de sais no solo, crescimento vegetativo, produtividade, trocas gasosas e teores de Na+, Ca+2, K+ e Cl- nas folhas. A aplicação de água salina provocou acúmulo de sais no solo, porém esses efeitos foram parcialmente revertidos pelo aumento da FL; a salinidade reduziu a produtividade de grãos, porém não afetou sua qualidade; a redução na produtividade ocasionada pela salinidade deveu-se, em parte, à redução na assimilação líquida de carbono durante as fases de floração e frutificação, associada aos efeitos osmóticos e ao acúmulo de Na+ e Cl- nas folhas; as frações de lixiviação não tiveram muita influência na superação dos danos provocados pela salinidade sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas.

Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma

Suunnitelmassa on kuvattu Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen toiminta-alueen liikenneturvallisuustyön ja liikenneonnettomuuksien nykytilanne. Myös liikenneturvallisuuden toimintaympäristöä ja sen muutostekijöitä on kuvattu tiiviisti. Valtakunnallisten tavoitteiden ja nykytilan analyysien pohjalta asetettiin liikenneturvallisuustyön tavoitteet ja onnettomuuksien vähenemätavoite vuoteen 2020. Tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi laadittiin monipuolinen toimenpideohjelma ja muodostettiin mittarit tavoitteiden toteutumisen seuraamiseksi. Vuonna 2012 alueen kunnista noin puolessa liikenneturvallisuustyötä koordinoi poikkihallinnollinen työryhmä. Kunnissa tehokasta liikenneturvallisuustyötä rajoittavat eniten ajan ja rahoituksen puute, osittain myös arvostuksen puute. Seudullista liikenneturvallisuusyhteistyötä pidetään myös tarpeellisena. Liikennekuolemien määrä on puolittunut ELY-keskuksen alueella kymmenessä vuodessa. Henkilövahinko-onnettomuudet ovat vähentyneet valta- ja kantateillä, mutta lisääntyneet yhdysteillä. Nuorten onnettomuudet ovat kuitenkin lisääntyneet, ja neljännes kaikista henkilövahinko-onnettomuuksista tapahtuu 15–22-vuotiaille kuljettajille. Mopo-onnettomuuksissa kuolleiden ja loukkaantuneiden määrä on viimeisen vuosikymmenen aikana moninkertaistunut. Kuolonkolareista 30 prosentissa taustalla on sairaskohtaus, tajunnan menetys tai itsemurha. Kuolemaan johtaneet onnettomuudet maanteillä ovat useimmiten yksittäis- ja kohtaamisonnettomuuksia. Vuonna 2010 ELY-keskuksen alueen liikenneonnettomuuksissa menehtyi yhteensä 51 henkilöä ja loukkaantui noin 2 430 henkilöä. Tavoitteena on, että vuoteen 2020 mennessä liikennekuolemien määrä saadaan puolitettua ja loukkaantumiset saadaan vähenemään neljänneksellä. Toimenpideohjelma keskittyy Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen vastuulla oleviin toimiin. Liikennekäyttäytymisen kehittämisen painopiste on kuntien KVT-työn tukemisessa. Liikenneympäristön turvallisuuden parantamisessa korostuvat taajamien turvallisuus, ajonopeuksien hillintä sekä pienet ja kustannustehokkaat turvallisuustoimet. ELY-keskuksen liikenneturvallisuustyöhön liittyvät toimenpide-ehdotukset sisältävät toimintatapojen, suunnittelujärjestelmän, tiedottamisen ja yhteistyön kehittämistä. Tärkeimmät toimenpiteet on nostettu kärkitehtäviksi. Myös ELY-keskuksen toiminta-alueen liikenneturvallisuustyön toimintamalli on kuvattu.

Maantien 170 parantaminen rakentamalla kevyen liikenteen väylä välille Hangelby–Box : Toimenpideselvitys, Sipoo

Maantie 170 (Uusi Porvoontie) toimii seudullisena yhteytenä ja valtatien 7 (E18 moottoritien) rinnakkaistienä Helsingistä Söderkullan kautta Porvooseen ja paikallisena yhteytenä Hangelbyn ja Boxin välillä. Selvitysalueen länsiosassa maantien 170 ja maantien 1533 liittymästä alkaa nykyinen kevyen liikenteen väylä, joka kulkee maantien 170 rinnalla länteen Söderkullan taajamaan. Maantien 1534 rinnalla kulkee kevyen liikenteen väylä, joka ulottuu selvitysalueen itäosassa maantien 170 ja maantien 1534 liittymään. Toimenpideselvityksessä esitetyt ratkaisut ovat yleispiirteisiä ja kuvaavat maastokäytävää, johon toimenpiteet voidaan toteuttaa. Maantien 170 yhteyteen tien pohjoispuolelle ehdotetaan rakennettavaksi kevyen liikenteen väylä maantien 1533 liittymästä maantien 1534 ja maantien 11694 liittymään. Kevyen liikenteen väylän pituudeksi tulee noin 2,5 kilometriä. Suunnitelman mukaisiksi rakentamiskustannuksiksi on arvioitu noin 0,93 M€. Rakentamalla uusi kevyen liikenteen väylä, parannetaan jalankulkijoiden ja pyöräilijöiden liikkumisolosuhteita sekä turvallisuutta alueella. Myös edellytykset koululaisten itsenäiselle liikkumiselle alueella parantuvat. Tämä lisää kevyen liikenteen matkoja alueella. Kevyen liikenteen väylän rakentaminen täydentää alueen nykyistä kevyen liikenteen verkkoa ja poistaa verkollisen yhteyden puutteen Söderkullan taajaman ja Boxin kylän välillä. Uusi kevyen liikenteen väylä parantaa myös seudullisia yhteyksiä pääkaupunkiseudulta Porvoon suuntaan. Selvityksen ja siitä saatujen lausuntojen perusteella Uudenmaan ELY-keskus tekee hankkeesta jatkosuunnittelupäätöksen. Hanke ei sisälly Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen tienpidon ja liikenteen suunnitelmaan 2012–2015. Hankkeen toteuttamisajankohtaa voidaan arvioida vasta siinä vaiheessa, kun hanke päätetään toteuttaa ja se viedään tienpidon ja liikenteen suunnitelmaan. Ennen toteutusta hankkeesta laaditaan tiesuunnitelma ja asiakirjat rakentamista varten.

Interaction between the mineral content and the occurrence number of aquatic fungi in leaves submerged in a stream in the Atlantic rainforest, São Paulo, Brazil

Leaves of Ficus microcarpa L. f., Quercus robur L., and Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg., submerged in a stream of the Atlantic rainforest in the "Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba", State of São Paulo, Brazil, were collected monthly, from April to November 1990, in order to determine the number of fungal occurrences (zoosporic fungi and aquatic Hyphomycetes), and the content of total N (%), total P (%), K+ (%), Ca+2 (%), Mg+2 (%), S+3 (%), Fe+3 (ppm), Cu+3 (ppm), Mn+2 (ppm), Zn+2 (ppm), Bo (ppm), Na+2 (ppm) and Al+3 (ppm). According to the tests of Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon, the means of the mineral content of the three types of leaves were significantly different, except for Mg+2 (%), Mn+2 (ppm), Zn+2 (ppm) and Na+2 (ppm). On comparing the mineral content with the number of fungal occurrence, an independence test showed a positive correlation between the presence of zoosporic fungi on the leaves of A. triplinervia and the total nitrogen, phosphorus and S+3 content, whereas the aquatic Hyphomycetes depended on the amount of Ca+2 available. Regarding leaves of F. microcarpa, the occurrence of zoosporic fungi was linked to the S+3 level, and the presence of aquatic Hyphomycetes, to the content of K+, Ca+2, S+3 and Bo. On Q. robur leaves, zoosporic fungi showed a positive correlation with the Ca+2 content, but a negative one with Fe+3 and Al+3 levels, while the occurrence of aquatic Hyphomycetes was influenced by the content of Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Al+3, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Na+2. The correlation between the occurrence number of aquatic Hyphomycetes and a high mineral content indicates that their nutritional requirements may be more complex than those of zoosporic fungi. Further studies are still required to understand the implications of this tendency on the diversity of aquatic native mycota.

The mechanism of gentisic acid-induced relaxation of the guinea pig isolated trachea: the role of potassium channels and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors

We examined some of the mechanisms by which the aspirin metabolite and the naturally occurring metabolite gentisic acid induced relaxation of the guinea pig trachea in vitro. In preparations with or without epithelium and contracted by histamine, gentisic acid caused concentration-dependent and reproducible relaxation, with mean EC50 values of 18 µM and Emax of 100% (N = 10) or 20 µM and Emax of 92% (N = 10), respectively. The relaxation caused by gentisic acid was of slow onset in comparison to that caused by norepinephrine, theophylline or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The relative rank order of potency was: salbutamol 7.9 > VIP 7.0 > gentisic acid 4.7 > theophylline 3.7. Gentisic acid-induced relaxation was markedly reduced (24 ± 7.0, 43 ± 3.9 and 78 ± 5.6%) in preparations with elevated potassium concentration in the medium (20, 40 or 80 mM, respectively). Tetraethylammonium (100 µM), a nonselective blocker of the potassium channels, partially inhibited the relaxation response to gentisic acid, while 4-AP (10 µM), a blocker of the voltage potassium channel, inhibited gentisic acid-induced relaxation by 41 ± 12%. Glibenclamide (1 or 3 µM), at a concentration which markedly inhibited the relaxation induced by the opener of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, levcromakalim, had no effect on the relaxation induced by gentisic acid. Charybdotoxin (0.1 or 0.3 µM), a selective blocker of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, caused rightward shifts (6- and 7-fold) of the gentisic acid concentration-relaxation curve. L-N G-nitroarginine (100 µM), a NO synthase inhibitor, had no effect on the relaxant effect of gentisic acid, and caused a slight displacement to the right in the relaxant effect of the gentisic acid curve at 300 µM, while methylene blue (10 or 30 µM) or ODQ (1 µM), the inhibitors of soluble guanylate cyclase, all failed to affect gentisic acid-induced relaxation. D-P-Cl-Phe6,Leu17[VIP] (0.1 µM), a VIP receptor antagonist, significantly inhibited (37 ± 7%) relaxation induced by gentisic acid, whereas CGRP (8-37) (0.1 µM), a CGRP antagonist, only slightly enhanced the action of gentisic acid. Taken together, these results provide functional evidence for the direct activation of voltage and large-conductance Ca+2-activated K+ channels, or indirect modulation of potassium channels induced by VIP receptors and accounts for the predominant relaxation response caused by gentisic acid in the guinea pig trachea.

Cytotoxic activity of the dichloromethane fraction from Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers. (Asteraceae) against Ehrlich's tumor cells in mice

Vernonia scorpioides has been widely used in Brazil to treat skin problems and chronic wounds, such as ulcers of the lower limbs and diabetic lesions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of V. scorpioides leaf extract on Ehrlich ascitic and solid tumor-bearing mice. The animals were treated once a day with the DCM fraction at a concentration of 5 mg/kg, administered ip during and after the development of the tumor. The lifespan, weight, number and type of leukocytes, number of tumor cells, volume of solid and ascitic tumors were measured. The development of the tumor with pre-treated tumor cells in vitro with the DCM fraction (5 mg/kg) was analyzed and the animals were sacrificed after 7 days. The DCM fraction (5 mg/kg) totally inhibited tumor development when in direct contact with tumor cells, and also ascitic tumor development with in vitro treatment or when administered ip, in loco (after 7 days). Animals treated with the DCM fraction increased their lifespan ca. 2 weeks and maintained their body weight for 30 days. When applied immediately after the inoculation of the tumor cells in vivo, it totally abolished tumor development, with tumor development only decreasing when treatment was started 3 days after the tumor challenge. These data suggest an antineoplastic activity of the fraction. Oral or ip administration of DCM fraction (5 mg/kg) for 7 days did not reduce the solid tumor volume. The cytotoxic activity described here differs from the conventional immune suppressing profile of standard chemotherapy because it increases neutrophil influx to the peritoneal cavity. These results show that, besides exhibiting a tumoricidal activity, the DCM fraction also exhibits inflammatory activity.