Diferentes caras, un solo dolor : crónica de mujeres víctimas de la violencia de género

Tres testimonios, de una dura realidad que muchas mujeres colombianas afrontan a diario, pero que permanecen invisibilizados tras las paredes de sus hogares, o de lo que pareciere serlo. Historias de vida, así como de la superación de las diferentes formas de violencia que sufrieron.

El imaginario de la crisis: caricatura económica en Colombia en época de la gran depresión

ABSTRACT In this paper we use economic cartoons that were published in the leading Colombian newspaper -El Tiempo-between 1928 and 1937,as a valid primary source for analysis of the tensionsand economic situations lived in Colombia during a tough worldwide economic period. Through economic cartoon it is possible to observe the perception of public opinion on economic policies and the fear and uncertainty that these were having on ordinary people. This document is part of a larger analysis that used economic cartoons as a source for examining Colombian economic history.

Los obstáculos de la gobernabilidad en la región del Catatumbo: una aproximación desde la política de seguridad democrática 2002 – 2010

El propósito de esta investigación es verificar si la implementación de la política de seguridad democrática en la región del Catatumbo permitió recuperar la gobernabilidad en la zona de estudio. Por esa razón se describen y analizan las características de la región, las lógicas operativas de los actores armados, así como, los efectos de la implementación de la política pública de seguridad democrática y la incidencia de lo anterior en la construcción de la gobernabilidad. A la luz de los autores Joan Oriol Prats, Federmán Rodríguez y Rubén Sánchez se estudian los componentes esenciales de los conceptos de gobernabilidad y seguridad democrática respectivamente.

“La construcción de la opinión pública digital en Colombia: Twitter y Juan Manuel Santos: un estudio de caso”

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo explicar el papel de las redes sociales en el proceso de conformación de la opinión pública en Colombia en el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Lo que se quiere comprobar es que las redes sociales han ejercido un papel de herramienta configuradora de agendas en el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Las antiguas formas de comunicación como las tertulias en los cafés y las discusiones cara a cara se han reemplazado por las conversaciones “online”, modificando así los procesos comunicativos entre los individuos y la forma de producir opinión pública. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación es pertinente desarrollar los conceptos de opinión pública, esfera pública y redes sociales; además de hacer uso de un método de recolección y análisis de información cualitativo con herramientas cuantitativas como las encuestas, estadísticas y gráficas.

El uso de las redes sociales en la campaña presidencial de Clara López Obregón en 2014

El presente estudio de caso plantea la descripción detallada del uso de las redes sociales en la campaña presidencial de Clara López. En este documento se analiza la labor desempeñada en las redes sociales como un papel de interacción y comunicación directa con el electorado y su alcance en función de la estrategia comunicativa y publicitaria. Para ello se describe el contexto en el que se desarrolló la campaña, sus fases, la organización de la oficina de comunicación digital y el trabajo desarrollado en cada uno de los campos digitales y así generar unos elementos de conclusión sobre el resultado del uso de estas herramientas, lo que puede ser útil para comprender el papel de las redes sociales en los procesos políticos, especialmente en las campañas electorales.

La securitización de la migración internacional: percepción de la UE sobre el flujo de rumanos hacia el Reino Unido 2007-2014

Actualmente, el concepto de seguridad ha logrado expandirse hacia la inclusión de amenazas no tradicionales. En este contexto, el fenómeno de la migración internacional empieza a hacer parte de la agenda de algunos gobiernos, entendiéndose como un asunto que amenaza la seguridad del Estado. El interés de esta monografía gira en torno a examinar el discurso securitizador del Reino Unido sobre la inmigración rumana entre 2007-2014, con el fin de determinar la incidencia que este ha tenido en la percepción de la migración internacional como un asunto de seguridad en la UE. Al entender el discurso del Reino Unido a la luz de la teoría de securitización e incluir el análisis de la opinión pública europea, se observa que, si bien el discurso ha influido en el contexto doméstico, éste ha tenido una baja incidencia en la percepción de la migración internacional como un asunto de seguridad en la UE.

Ruptura familiar.

La rápida modernización de la sociedad española y el gran cambio en la condición social de la mujer han modificado la vida familiar que ya no se corresponde con el de la familia tradicional. Ha crecido el número de rupturas familiares: separaciones y divorcios ¿Implica eso una verdadera crisis de la familia? Esta, sin embargo goza de buena prensa al haber adquirido en la imaginación colectiva las dimensiones de una utopía privada de felicidad. Pero se ha demostrado que el matrimonio es una institución frágil. La familia al ser un hecho social y producirse la ruptura traerá consecuencias sociales. Primero, para los hijos. Es el momento de dedicar más investigación a esta consecuencia de la crisis inicial de los niños ante la separación de los padres. Lo más factible no es evitar la ruptura, sino intentar minimizar los costes de dicha ruptura familiar en sus repercusiones sobre los hijos. Actualmente, las instituciones educativas y la familia, han de construir valores. Con esfuerzo hay que ir construyendo ámbitos donde la confianza mutua, la tolerancia ante el fracaso vayan apoyando la formación de identidades socialmente constructivas, en unas circunstancias diferentes. Y éstas pueden ser las de la ruptura familiar; socialmente inevitable, pero suponiendo el mínimo de costes para sus participantes.

Riobamba y el ferrocarril. Nuevas dinámicas de intercambio regional en el primer cuarto del siglo XX (Estudios)

Este artículo analiza los conflictos que produjo el paso del ferrocarril por Riobamba. Describe la lucha por la rectificación de la vía férrea, que enlazaba las ciudades de Guayaquil y Quito, y subraya las pugnas y aspiraciones locales relacionadas con el nuevo medio de transporte. Señala las reacciones de la opinión pública riobambeña, expuestas en su prensa local, y las posturas tanto de los gobiernos como de la empresa que construyó la obra. Además, estudia las consecuencias que se derivaron del paso del ferrocarril: la ampliación del mercado interno como consecuencia del incremento del comercio interregional, el desarrollo de los poblados situados a lo largo del trazado ferroviario y la aceleración del intercambio de personas y bienes.

Ecuador y la integración: una revisión a la posición oficial

El estudio que aquí se pone a consideración del lector pretende de una manera crítica y objetiva dar cuenta, en primer término, de las estructuras institucionales que operan, a nivel del estado (ejecutivo, ministerios, etc.) y los otros actores políticos (Asamblea Constituyente, Asamblea Nacional, partidos políticos), para procesar lo concerniente a la integración política regional, y en segundo término, de las orientaciones que tienen los actores políticos más relevantes de Ecuador: ejecutivo, constituyentes, partidos políticos, formadores de opinión ciudadana, respecto de las estructuras, mecanismos y procesos de la integración política en la región sudamericana y en la Comunidad Andina. Todo ello ilustrado con datos de la práctica reciente del estado en materia de relaciones internacionales de integración.

An agenda for the European Council: feasible steps to bring the eurozone back from the precipice. CEPS Policy Brief No. 274, 20 June 2012

In the run-up to the emergency European Council meeting at the end of June, Stefano Micossi outlines in this Policy Brief the main elements of a realistic and yet incisive policy package, capable of reassuring financial markets and a bewildered public opinion. It is more than Germany has been willing to accept so far but much less than many of the demands it will confront at the Council meeting. More importantly, it only requires a minimum of additional disbursements by the member states, while strengthening risk-sharing for sovereign and banking risks.

Understanding the seriousness of corporate crime: Some lessons for the new 'corporate manslaughter' offence

The measurement of public attitudes towards the criminal law has become an important area of research in recent years because of the perceived desirability of ensuring that the legal system reflects broader societal values. In particular, studies into public perceptions of crime seriousness have attempted to measure the degree of concordance that exists between law and public opinion in the organization and enforcement of criminal offences. These understandings of perceived crime seriousness are particularly important in relation to high-profile issues where public confidence in the law is central to the legal agenda, such as the enforcement of work-related fatality cases. A need to respond to public concern over this issue was cited as a primary justification for the introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007. This article will suggest that, although literature looking at the perceived seriousness of corporate crime and, particularly, health and safety offences is limited in volume and generalist in scope, important lessons can be gleaned from existing literature, and pressing questions are raised that demand further empirical investigation.

Orde Wingate and the Special Night Squads: A Feasible Policy for Counter-Terrorism?

This article analyses the counter-terrorist operations carried out by Captain (later Major General) Orde Wingate in Palestine in 1938, and considers whether these might inform current operations. Wingate's Special Night Squads were formed from British soldiers and Jewish police specifically to counter terrorist and sabotage attacks. Their approach escalated from interdicting terrorist gangs to pre-emptive attacks on suspected terrorist sanctuaries to reprisal attacks after terrorist atrocities. They continued the British practice of using irregular units in counter-insurgency, which was sustained into the postwar era and contributed to the evolution of British Special Forces. Wingate's methods proved effective in pacifying terrorist-infested areas and could be applied again, but only in the face of 'friction' arising from changes in cultural attitudes since the 1930s, and from the political-strategic context of post-2001 counter-insurgent and counter-terrorist operations. In some cases, however, public opinion might not preclude the use of some of Wingate's techniques.

Technologies for biological containment of GM and Non-GM crops

International Perspective The development of GM technology continues to expand into increasing numbers of crops and conferred traits. Inevitably, the focus remains on the major field crops of soybean, maize, cotton, oilseed rape and potato with introduced genes conferring herbicide tolerance and/or pest resistance. Although there are comparatively few GM crops that have been commercialised to date, GM versions of 172 plant species have been grown in field trials in 31 countries. European Crops with Containment Issues Of the 20 main crops in the EU there are four for which GM varieties are commercially available (cotton, maize for animal feed and forage, and oilseed rape). Fourteen have GM varieties in field trials (bread wheat, barley, durum wheat, sunflower, oats, potatoes, sugar beet, grapes, alfalfa, olives, field peas, clover, apples, rice) and two have GM varieties still in development (rye, triticale). Many of these crops have hybridisation potential with wild and weedy relatives in the European flora (bread wheat, barley, oilseed rape, durum wheat, oats, sugar beet and grapes), with escapes (sunflower); and all have potential to cross-pollinate fields non-GM crops. Several fodder crops, forestry trees, grasses and ornamentals have varieties in field trials and these too may hybridise with wild relatives in the European flora (alfalfa, clover, lupin, silver birch, sweet chestnut, Norway spruce, Scots pine, poplar, elm, Agrostis canina, A. stolonifera, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, L. multiflorum, statice and rose). All these crops will require containment strategies to be in place if it is deemed necessary to prevent transgene movement to wild relatives and non-GM crops. Current Containment Strategies A wide variety of GM containment strategies are currently under development, with a particular focus on crops expressing pharmaceutical products. Physical containment in greenhouses and growth rooms is suitable for some crops (tomatoes, lettuce) and for research purposes. Aquatic bioreactors of some non-crop species (algae, moss, and duckweed) expressing pharmaceutical products have been adopted by some biotechnology companies. There are obvious limitations of the scale of physical containment strategies, addressed in part by the development of large underground facilities in the US and Canada. The additional resources required to grow plants underground incurs high costs that in the long term may negate any advantage of GM for commercial productioNatural genetic containment has been adopted by some companies through the selection of either non-food/feed crops (algae, moss, duckweed) as bio-pharming platforms or organisms with no wild relatives present in the local flora (safflower in the Americas). The expression of pharmaceutical products in leafy crops (tobacco, alfalfa, lettuce, spinach) enables growth and harvesting prior to and in the absence of flowering. Transgenically controlled containment strategies range in their approach and degree of development. Plastid transformation is relatively well developed but is not suited to all traits or crops and does not offer complete containment. Male sterility is well developed across a range of plants but has limitations in its application for fruit/seed bearing crops. It has been adopted in some commercial lines of oilseed rape despite not preventing escape via seed. Conditional lethality can be used to prevent flowering or seed development following the application of a chemical inducer, but requires 100% induction of the trait and sufficient application of the inducer to all plants. Equally, inducible expression of the GM trait requires equally stringent application conditions. Such a method will contain the trait but will allow the escape of a non-functioning transgene. Seed lethality (‘terminator’ technology) is the only strategy at present that prevents transgene movement via seed, but due to public opinion against the concept it has never been trialled in the field and is no longer under commercial development. Methods to control flowering and fruit development such as apomixis and cleistogamy will prevent crop-to-wild and wild-to-crop pollination, but in nature both of these strategies are complex and leaky. None of the genes controlling these traits have as yet been identified or characterised and therefore have not been transgenically introduced into crop species. Neither of these strategies will prevent transgene escape via seed and any feral apomicts that form are arguably more likely to become invasives. Transgene mitigation reduces the fitness of initial hybrids and so prevents stable introgression of transgenes into wild populations. However, it does not prevent initial formation of hybrids or spread to non-GM crops. Such strategies could be detrimental to wild populations and have not yet been demonstrated in the field. Similarly, auxotrophy prevents persistence of escapes and hybrids containing the transgene in an uncontrolled environment, but does not prevent transgene movement from the crop. Recoverable block of function, intein trans-splicing and transgene excision all use recombinases to modify the transgene in planta either to induce expression or to prevent it. All require optimal conditions and 100% accuracy to function and none have been tested under field conditions as yet. All will contain the GM trait but all will allow some non-native DNA to escape to wild populations or to non-GM crops. There are particular issues with GM trees and grasses as both are largely undomesticated, wind pollinated and perennial, thus providing many opportunities for hybridisation. Some species of both trees and grass are also capable of vegetative propagation without sexual reproduction. There are additional concerns regarding the weedy nature of many grass species and the long-term stability of GM traits across the life span of trees. Transgene stability and conferred sterility are difficult to trial in trees as most field trials are only conducted during the juvenile phase of tree growth. Bio-pharming of pharmaceutical and industrial compounds in plants Bio-pharming of pharmaceutical and industrial compounds in plants offers an attractive alternative to mammalian-based pharmaceutical and vaccine production. Several plantbased products are already on the market (Prodigene’s avidin, β-glucuronidase, trypsin generated in GM maize; Ventria’s lactoferrin generated in GM rice). Numerous products are in clinical trials (collagen, antibodies against tooth decay and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma from tobacco; human gastric lipase, therapeutic enzymes, dietary supplements from maize; Hepatitis B and Norwalk virus vaccines from potato; rabies vaccines from spinach; dietary supplements from Arabidopsis). The initial production platforms for plant-based pharmaceuticals were selected from conventional crops, largely because an established knowledge base already existed. Tobacco and other leafy crops such as alfalfa, lettuce and spinach are widely used as leaves can be harvested and no flowering is required. Many of these crops can be grown in contained greenhouses. Potato is also widely used and can also be grown in contained conditions. The introduction of morphological markers may aid in the recognition and traceability of crops expressing pharmaceutical products. Plant cells or plant parts may be transformed and maintained in culture to produce recombinant products in a contained environment. Plant cells in suspension or in vitro, roots, root cells and guttation fluid from leaves may be engineered to secrete proteins that may be harvested in a continuous, non-destructive manner. Most strategies in this category remain developmental and have not been commercially adopted at present. Transient expression produces GM compounds from non-GM plants via the utilisation of bacterial or viral vectors. These vectors introduce the trait into specific tissues of whole plants or plant parts, but do not insert them into the heritable genome. There are some limitations of scale and the field release of such crops will require the regulation of the vector. However, several companies have several transiently expressed products in clinical and pre-clinical trials from crops raised in physical containment.

Advanced skills teachers: professional identity and status

The teaching profession continues to struggle with defining itself in relation to other professions. Even though public opinion positions teachers second only to doctors and nurses in terms of their professional status and prestige research in the UK suggests that teachers still believe that they have much lower status than other professions. With teacher job satisfaction considerably lower today than the past and on-going issues with teacher recruitment and retention, new government policies have set out to enhance the status of teachers both within and outside of the profession. The Advanced Skill Teacher (AST) grade was introduced in 1998 as a means to recognise and reward teaching expertise and was framed as a way of also raising the status of the teaching profession. As to what a teaching professional should look like, the AST was in many ways positioned as the embodiment. Using survey data from 849 ASTs and in depth interviews with 31, this paper seeks to explores the ways that the AST designation impacts or not on teachers’ perceptions of their professional identity. In particular, the paper considers whether such awards contribute in positive ways to a teacher’s sense of professional identity and status. The results from the research suggest that teaching grades that recognise and reward teaching excellence do contribute in important ways to a teachers’ professional identity via an increased sense of recognition, reward and job satisfaction. The results from this research also suggest that recognising the skills and expertise of teachers is clearly important in supporting teacher retention. This is because as it allows highly accomplished teachers to remain where they want to be and that is the classroom.

The UK's Electoral Reform Referendum of May 2011

The UK’s second nationwide referendum, held in May 2011, offers rich opportunities for analysing the dynamics of a referendum campaign. The articles gathered together in this symposium address three themes. The first concerns the determinants and dynamics of public opinion during a referendum campaign, the second relates to the potential for interaction between the referendum and simultaneous elections, and the third focuses on coverage of the referendum in the media. Following a brief outline of the background to the referendum, this paper introduces the contribution that each article makes to these themes.