Helsinki 5.7.1924

Kirje

Fate of TLR-1/TLR-2 agonist functionalised pDNA nanoparticles upon deposition at the human bronchial epithelium in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Plasmid DNA vaccination is a promising approach, but studies in non-human primates and humans failed to achieve protective immunity. To optimise this technology further with focus on pulmonary administration, we developed and evaluated an adjuvant-equipped DNA carrier system based on the biopolymer chitosan. In more detail, the uptake and accompanying immune response of adjuvant Pam3Cys (Toll-like receptor-1/2 agonist) decorated chitosan DNA nanoparticles (NP) were explored by using a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model of the human epithelial barrier. Pam3Cys functionalised and non-functionalised chitosan DNA NP were sprayed by a microsprayer onto the surface of 3D cell cultures and uptake of NP by epithelial and immune cells (blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) and macrophages (MDM)) was visualised by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, immune activation by TLR pathway was monitored by analysis of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α secretions (ELISA). RESULTS: At first, a high uptake rate into antigen-presenting cells (MDDC: 16-17%; MDM: 68-75%) was obtained. Although no significant difference in uptake patterns was observed for Pam3Cys adjuvant functionalised and non-functionalised DNA NP, ELISA of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α demonstrated clearly that Pam3Cys functionalisation elicited an overall higher immune response with the ranking of Pam3Cys chitosan DNA NPâeuro0/00>âeuro0/00chitosan DNA NPâeuro0/00=âeuro0/00DNA unloaded chitosan NPâeuro0/00>âeuro0/00control (culture medium). CONCLUSIONS: Chitosan-based DNA delivery enables uptake into abluminal MDDC, which are the most immune competent cells in the human lung for the induction of antigen-specific immunity. In addition, Pam3Cys adjuvant functionalisation of chitosan DNA NP enhances significantly an environment favoring recruitment of immune cells together with a Th1 associated (cellular) immune response due to elevated IL-8 and TNF-α levels. The latter renders this DNA delivery approach attractive for potential DNA vaccination against intracellular pathogens in the lung (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis or influenza virus).

"Oli onneton juttu, että asia joutui SUL:n vuosikokouksen käsiteltäväksi"

Urho Kekkosen haastattelu. - "Oli onneton juttu, että asia joutui SUL:n vuosikokouksen käsiteltäväksi", lausuu hallitussihteeri Urho Kekkonen Ruotsi- Suomi yleisurheilusuhteista. Torinoon lähetetään 16-17 miestä ja Saksan maaottelusta tulee kireä

Opetusministeri Johannes Virolainen 15/5 1968

Kirje 15.5.1968

Distribución, concentración y biomasa de los principales recursos pelágicos durante el verano de 1996. Crucero BIC SNP-1 9602-04

El Crucero 9602-04 se realizó a bordo del BIC SNP-1, del 07 de febrero al 05 de abril de 1996 comprendiendo toda el área de litoral peruano desde la frontera sur (18°17 'S) hasta la frontera norte (03°36 'S) y hasta las 120 mn, con el propósito de evaluar los recursos pelágicos. Se presentan los estimados de biomasa y distribución de los principales recursos pelágicos: anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), sardina (Sardinops sagax sagax), jurel (Trachurus picturatus murphyi) y caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus). Los estimados de biomasa fueron los siguientes: anchoveta 6,69 x 106 t (16,17%),sardina 2,41 x 106 t (22,62%), jurel 3,08 x 106 t (31,23%) y caballa 2,91 x 106 t (21,4%)

Condiciones ambientales y biológico-pesqueras en la Bahía de Huarmey, diciembre 2000

Presenta los resultados obtenidos durante la prospección del 16-17 de diciembre de 2000 (primavera), a fin de comparar los resultados del monitoreo en la Bahía de Huarmey que se ejecutó en los días 13-14 de mayo de 2000. Para ello, se amplía el área de estudio y el número de estaciones con respecto a la evaluación anterior e incluye la prospección biológico-pesquera a través del rastreo hidroacústico y faenas de pesca en la Bahía de Huarmey y Puerto Grande para determinar los niveles de abundancia, distribución y concentración de los recursos.

Producción primaria de las aguas costeras del Perú en el año 1964

Los más altos valores de producción durante el año 1964 se hallaron en las regiones de divergencia, de mezcla vertical y capa de mezcla poco profunda, o donde el agua superficial era enriquecida a través de los afloramientos favorecidos por la acción de los vientos. La distribución de producción primaria en superficie fue muy similar a la producción total. La producción diaria entre las latitudes 4-6° S tuvo un promedio de 0.27 gr C/m2 (0.04-1.51 gr C/m2), y entre las latitudes 6°-18°30 'S de 0.45 gr C/m2 (0.03-2.42 gr C/m2 ), o sea una producción anual de 97 y 162 gr C/m2 , respectivamente. La máxima producción hallada en la Corriente Costera Peruana correspondió al Verano, y la mínima al Invierno, con una producción promedio anual de 190 gr C/m2. Hubo una variación geográfica de la producción total en la faja costera de 60 millas de ancho. A lo largo del litoral peruano los mayores valores de producción se presentaron entre las latitudes 8-9° S y 16-17° S con valores promedio de 1.00 y 1.30 gr C/m2, respectivamente.

Respiration, metabolic balance, and attention in affective picture processing

The jointly voluntary and involuntary control of respiration, unique among essential physiological processes, the interconnection of breathing with and its influence on the autonomic nervous system, and disease states associated with the interface between psychology and respiration (e.g., anxiety disorders, hyperventilation syndrome, asthma) make the study of the relationship between respiration and emotion both theoretically and clinically of great relevance. However, the respiratory behavior during affective states is not yet completely understood. We studied breathing pattern responses to 13 picture series varying widely in their affective tone in 37 adults (18 men, 19 women, mean age 26). Time and volume parameters were recorded with the LifeShirt system (VivoMetrics Inc., Ventura, California, USA, see image). We also measured end-tidal pCO2 (EtCO2) with a Microcap Handheld Capnograph (Oridion Medical 1987 Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel) to determine if ventilation is in balance with metabolic demands and spontaneous eye-blinking to investigate the link between respiration and attention. At the end of each picture series, the participants reported their subjective feeling in the affective dimensions of pleasantness and arousal. Increasing self-rated arousal was associated with increasing minute ventilation but not with decreases in EtCO2, suggesting that ventilatory changes during picture viewing paralleled variations in metabolic activity. EtCO2 correlated with pleasantness, and eye-blink rate decreased with increasing unpleasantness in line with a negativity bias in attention. Like MV, inspiratory drive (i.e., mean inspiratory flow) increased with arousal. This relationship reflected increases in inspiratory volume rather than shortening of the time parameters. This study confirms that respiratory responses to affective stimuli are organized to a certain degree along the dimensions of pleasantness and arousal. It shows, for the first time, that during picture viewing, ventilatory increases with increasing arousal are in balance with metabolic activity and that inspiratory volume is modulated by arousal. MV emerges as the most reliable respiratory index of self-perceived arousal. Finally, end-tidal pCO2 is slightly lower during processing of negative as compared to positive picture contents, which is proposed to enhance sensory perception and reflect a negativity bias in attention.