Contexte de genre, autonomie des femmes et utilisation des services de santé maternelle en milieu rural africain : analyse par modèles d’équations structurelles

La vie des femmes du continent africain et de leurs enfants continue d’être mise en danger lors de chaque accouchement car les risques de décès maternels et infantiles sont encore très élevés. Il est estimé chaque année à environ le quart du million le nombre de décès maternel et de près de quatre millions celui des enfants de moins de cinq ans. La comparaison de la situation sanitaire avec d’autres contextes permet de mieux cerner l’ampleur du problème : en Afrique sub-Saharienne, le risque de décès lié à la grossesse est de l’ordre de 1 pour 31, alors qu’il n’est que de 1 pour 4300 dans les pays industrialisés. Cette situation est évitable et, le plus souvent, résulte de la sous ou non-utilisation des services de santé maternelle, du manque de structures adéquates de soins ou de personnel de santé qualifié. Notre thèse cherche à comprendre la manière dont les inégalités de genre au sein du ménage et dans la communauté renforcent les inégalités quant à l’utilisation des services de santé maternelle, ainsi qu’aux relations empiriques qui lient les différents recours aux soins. Concrètement, elle vise à 1) proposer une mesure des normes de genre favorables à la violence contre les femmes et à analyser son influence sur leur prise de décision au sein du ménage, 2) analyser simultanément l’influence de ces normes et de l’autonomie des femmes sur le recours aux soins prénatals et à l’accouchement assisté et finalement, 3) cerner l’influence des soins prénatals sur le recours à l’accouchement assisté. Chacun de ces objectifs se heurte à un problème méthodologique substantiel, soit de mesure ou de biais de sélection, auxquels l’approche par modèles d’équations structurelles que nous avons adoptée permet de remédier. Les résultats de nos analyses, présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques, s’appuient sur les données issues des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS) du Ghana, du Kenya, de l’Ouganda et de la Tanzanie et concernent les femmes vivant en milieu rural. Notre premier article propose une mesure des normes de genre et, plus exactement, celles liées à la violence contre les femmes en recourant à l’approche des variables latentes. Les cinq questions des EDS relatives à l’attitude des femmes sur la légitimation de la violence ont permis de saisir cette mesure au niveau contextuel. Les résultats suggèrent d’une part que cette mesure a de bons critères de validité puisque l’Alpha de Cronbach varie de 0.85 pour le Kenya à 0.94 pour le Ghana; les chi-deux sont non significatifs partout; le RMSEA est en dessous de 0.05; le CFI supérieur à 0.96 et les saturations sont pour la plupart supérieures à 0.7 dans tous les pays. D’autre part, à l’aide du modèle d’équations structurelles multiniveaux, nous avons trouvé qu’au-delà de leur propre attitude envers la violence contre les femmes, celles qui vivent dans un milieu où les normes de genres sont plus favorables à la violence ont plus de chances d’être de faible autonomie ou sans autonomie (comparativement à forte autonomie) dans l’ensemble des pays étudiés. Le second article documente l’influence des inégalités de genre, cernées au niveau contextuel par les normes favorables à la violence contre les femmes et au niveau individuel par l’autonomie de prise de décision au sein du ménage, sur la survenue des soins prénatals au cours du premier trimestre et sur les recours à au moins 4 consultations prénatales et à l’accouchement assisté. En utilisant également les modèles d’équations structurelles multiniveaux sur les mêmes données du premier article, nous constatons que chacune de ces variables dépendantes est fortement influencée par la grappe dans laquelle la femme vit. En d’autres mots, son lieu de résidence détermine le comportement de santé maternelle que l’on adopte. De même, en contrôlant pour les autres variables explicatives, nos résultats montrent que les femmes qui vivent dans un milieu où les normes de genre liées à la violence contre les femmes sont élevées ont, en moyenne, une plus grande chance de ne pas accoucher auprès d’un personnel qualifié au Ghana et en Ouganda, de ne pas débuter leurs soins prénatals dans le premier trimestre dans les mêmes pays, et de ne pas recourir à au moins quatre consultations prénatales en Tanzanie. Par contre, cette variable contextuelle n’influence pas significativement le recours aux soins de santé maternelle au Kenya. Enfin, les résultats montrent que les normes de genre favorables à la violence contre les femmes sont plus déterminantes pour comprendre le recours aux soins de santé maternelle dans les pays étudiés que l’autonomie de prise de décision de la femme. Dans le cadre du troisième et dernier article empirique de la thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’importance des soins prénatals dans le processus de recours à l’accouchement assisté et à la place du contenu des soins reçus avant l’accouchement dans cette relation. Cet article met en exergue l’existence de biais d’endogénéité au Kenya et en Tanzanie, où sans sa prise en compte, l’effet des soins prénatals sur le recours à l’accouchement auprès d’un personnel qualifié serait fortement biaisé. De plus, il ressort qu’à l’exception du Ghana et dans une moindre mesure de la Tanzanie, cet effet est totalement médiatisé par le contenu des soins prénatals que les femmes reçoivent. L’article met ainsi en relief le rôle des prestataires de soins qui pour atteindre plus efficacement les populations doivent agir en tant que leaders au sein de leur communauté.

Improving automation in model-driven engineering using examples

Cette thèse a pour but d’améliorer l’automatisation dans l’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles (MDE pour Model Driven Engineering). MDE est un paradigme qui promet de réduire la complexité du logiciel par l’utilisation intensive de modèles et des transformations automatiques entre modèles (TM). D’une façon simplifiée, dans la vision du MDE, les spécialistes utilisent plusieurs modèles pour représenter un logiciel, et ils produisent le code source en transformant automatiquement ces modèles. Conséquemment, l’automatisation est un facteur clé et un principe fondateur de MDE. En plus des TM, d’autres activités ont besoin d’automatisation, e.g. la définition des langages de modélisation et la migration de logiciels. Dans ce contexte, la contribution principale de cette thèse est de proposer une approche générale pour améliorer l’automatisation du MDE. Notre approche est basée sur la recherche méta-heuristique guidée par les exemples. Nous appliquons cette approche sur deux problèmes importants de MDE, (1) la transformation des modèles et (2) la définition précise de langages de modélisation. Pour le premier problème, nous distinguons entre la transformation dans le contexte de la migration et les transformations générales entre modèles. Dans le cas de la migration, nous proposons une méthode de regroupement logiciel (Software Clustering) basée sur une méta-heuristique guidée par des exemples de regroupement. De la même façon, pour les transformations générales, nous apprenons des transformations entre modèles en utilisant un algorithme de programmation génétique qui s’inspire des exemples des transformations passées. Pour la définition précise de langages de modélisation, nous proposons une méthode basée sur une recherche méta-heuristique, qui dérive des règles de bonne formation pour les méta-modèles, avec l’objectif de bien discriminer entre modèles valides et invalides. Les études empiriques que nous avons menées, montrent que les approches proposées obtiennent des bons résultats tant quantitatifs que qualitatifs. Ceux-ci nous permettent de conclure que l’amélioration de l’automatisation du MDE en utilisant des méthodes de recherche méta-heuristique et des exemples peut contribuer à l’adoption plus large de MDE dans l’industrie à là venir.

Pro-inflammatory and angiogenic activities of VEGF and angiopoietins in murine sponge/Matrigel model

La dérégulation de la formation et l'intégrité des vaisseaux sanguins peut conduire à un état pathologique tel qu’observé dans de nombreuses maladies ischémiques telles que: la croissance de tumeur solide, l’arthrite rhumatoïde, le psoriasis, les rétinopathies et l'athérosclérose. Par conséquent, la possibilité de moduler l'angiogenèse régionale chez les patients souffrant d'ischémie est cliniquement pertinente. Un élément clé dans l'induction de l'angiogenèse pathologique est une inflammation qui précède et accompagne la formation des nouveaux vaisseaux. Ce phénomène est démontré par l'augmentation de la perméabilité vasculaire et le recrutement de monocytes/ macrophages et cellules polynucléaires (neutrophiles). En collaboration avec d'autres groupes, nous avons montré que différents facteurs de croissance tels que le facteur de croissance endothélial vasculaire et les angiopoïétines peuvent non seulement promouvoir l'angiogenèse mais aussi induire diverses étapes connexes au processus de la réaction inflammatoire, y compris la synthèse et la libération des médiateurs inflammatoires et la migration des neutrophiles. Les objectifs de notre étude étaient d'adresser si le vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) et les angiopoïétines (Ang1 et Ang2) sont capables de promouvoir la formation des nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins au fil du temps et d'identifier la présence de différentes cellules inflammatoires dans ce processus. Des éponges d'alcool polyvinylique stérilisées et imbibées de Matrigel appauvri en facteur de croissance (contenant PBS, VEGF, Ang1 ou Ang2 (200 ng/200 μl)) ont été insérées sous la peau de souris C57/Bl6 anesthésiées. Les éponges ont ensuite été retirées aux jours 4, 7, 14 ou 21 après la procédure pour des analyses histologiques, immunohistologiques et cytométriques. La formation des nouveaux vaisseaux a été validée par la coloration au Trichrome de Masson et des analyses histologiques et immunohistologiques contre les cellules endothéliales (anti-CD31). De plus, la maturation des vaisseaux a été démontrée par la coloration séquentielle contre les cellules endothéliales (anti-CD31) et musculaires lisses (anti-alpha-actine). Nous avons effectué la même procédure pour caractériser le recrutement de neutrophiles (anti-MPO), et de macrophages (anti-F4/80). Afin de mieux délimiter la présence de différents sous-ensembles de leucocytes recrutés dans les éponges, nous avons utilisé une technique de cytométrie en flux sur des préparations de cellules isolées à partir de ces éponges. Nous avons observé que le VEGF et les angiopoïétines favorisent le recrutement de cellules endothéliales et la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux plus rapidement qu’en présence de PBS. Une fois formé au jour 7, ces nouveaux vaisseaux restent stables en nombre, et ne subissent pas une réorganisation importante de leur surface. Ces vaisseaux maturent grâce au recrutement et au recouvrement par les cellules musculaires lisses des néovaisseaux. En outre, le microenvironnement angiogénique est composé de cellules inflammatoires, principalement de neutrophiles, macrophages et quelques cellules de type B et T. Donc, le VEGF, l’Ang1 et l’Ang2 induisent séparément la formation et la stabilisation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins, ainsi que le recrutement de cellules inflammatoires avec des puissances différentes et une action temps-dépendante dans un modèle d’éponge/Matrigel.

Energy-Efficient Cluster based Routing Schemes for Static and Mobile Sensor Networks

The theme of the thesis is centred around one important aspect of wireless sensor networks; the energy-efficiency.The limited energy source of the sensor nodes calls for design of energy-efficient routing protocols. The schemes for protocol design should try to minimize the number of communications among the nodes to save energy. Cluster based techniques were found energy-efficient. In this method clusters are formed and data from different nodes are collected under a cluster head belonging to each clusters and then forwarded it to the base station.Appropriate cluster head selection process and generation of desirable distribution of the clusters can reduce energy consumption of the network and prolong the network lifetime. In this work two such schemes were developed for static wireless sensor networks.In the first scheme, the energy wastage due to cluster rebuilding incorporating all the nodes were addressed. A tree based scheme is presented to alleviate this problem by rebuilding only sub clusters of the network. An analytical model of energy consumption of proposed scheme is developed and the scheme is compared with existing cluster based scheme. The simulation study proved the energy savings observed.The second scheme concentrated to build load-balanced energy efficient clusters to prolong the lifetime of the network. A voting based approach to utilise the neighbor node information in the cluster head selection process is proposed. The number of nodes joining a cluster is restricted to have equal sized optimum clusters. Multi-hop communication among the cluster heads is also introduced to reduce the energy consumption. The simulation study has shown that the scheme results in balanced clusters and the network achieves reduction in energy consumption.The main conclusion from the study was the routing scheme should pay attention on successful data delivery from node to base station in addition to the energy-efficiency. The cluster based protocols are extended from static scenario to mobile scenario by various authors. None of the proposals addresses cluster head election appropriately in view of mobility. An elegant scheme for electing cluster heads is presented to meet the challenge of handling cluster durability when all the nodes in the network are moving. The scheme has been simulated and compared with a similar approach.The proliferation of sensor networks enables users with large set of sensor information to utilise them in various applications. The sensor network programming is inherently difficult due to various reasons. There must be an elegant way to collect the data gathered by sensor networks with out worrying about the underlying structure of the network. The final work presented addresses a way to collect data from a sensor network and present it to the users in a flexible way.A service oriented architecture based application is built and data collection task is presented as a web service. This will enable composition of sensor data from different sensor networks to build interesting applications. The main objective of the thesis was to design energy-efficient routing schemes for both static as well as mobile sensor networks. A progressive approach was followed to achieve this goal.

Deformed-jellium model for the fission of multiply charged metal clusters

A deformed-jellium model is used to calculate the fission barrier height of positive doubly charged sodium clusters within an extended Thomas-Fermi approximation. The fissioning cluster is continuously deformed from the parent configuration until it splits into two fragments. Although the shape of the fission barrier obviously depends on the parametrization of the fission path, we have found that remarkably, the maximum of the barrier corresponds to a configuration in which the emerging fragments are already formed and rather well apart. The implication of this finding in the calculation of critical numbers for fission is illustrated in the case of multiply charged Na clusters.

Transfer of knowledge of the structural components of the model Q400 and Global Express: the case of Aerospace Bombardier, Querétaro

The aim of this paper is to analyze the knowledge transfer in the production of structural components of two aircraft:Q400 and Global Express of Bombardier Aerospace Company, Querétaro. Bombardier Aerospace is a pioneer company in the aviation sector in Mexico, and the third largest civil aircraft manufacturer. In 2005, Bombardier decided to invest in Mexico, creating Bombardier Aerospace de Mexico S. A. C. V. and transferring production lines from Japan and Toronto to Queretaro. The relocation strategy of both plants aims to reduce modular and general production costs facing other competitors. The relocation has been supported by the State Government funds, through a trust and the creation of Queretaro aerospace cluster. Among various benefits, the State of Queretaro donated seventy-eight acres of land where the Queretaro International Airport (QIA) and a training centre will be built to promote the development of this sector. The interest in this research is to analyze and describe the transfer of knowledge to the production of structural components of both aircraft models, thanks to the results of productivity and internal and external factors which have contributed along with this transfer

Construcción y validación de un instrumento diagnóstico para la representación cognitiva de la Orientación Psicopedagógica en Galicia. 'Construction and validation of a diagnostic instrument for the cognitive representation of the Guidance in Galicia'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Con el apoyo económico del departamento MIDE de la UNED

Running Climate Models On The NERC Cluster Grid Using G-Rex

Compute grids are used widely in many areas of environmental science, but there has been limited uptake of grid computing by the climate modelling community, partly because the characteristics of many climate models make them difficult to use with popular grid middleware systems. In particular, climate models usually produce large volumes of output data, and running them usually involves complicated workflows implemented as shell scripts. For example, NEMO (Smith et al. 2008) is a state-of-the-art ocean model that is used currently for operational ocean forecasting in France, and will soon be used in the UK for both ocean forecasting and climate modelling. On a typical modern cluster, a particular one year global ocean simulation at 1-degree resolution takes about three hours when running on 40 processors, and produces roughly 20 GB of output as 50000 separate files. 50-year simulations are common, during which the model is resubmitted as a new job after each year. Running NEMO relies on a set of complicated shell scripts and command utilities for data pre-processing and post-processing prior to job resubmission. Grid Remote Execution (G-Rex) is a pure Java grid middleware system that allows scientific applications to be deployed as Web services on remote computer systems, and then launched and controlled as if they are running on the user's own computer. Although G-Rex is general purpose middleware it has two key features that make it particularly suitable for remote execution of climate models: (1) Output from the model is transferred back to the user while the run is in progress to prevent it from accumulating on the remote system and to allow the user to monitor the model; (2) The client component is a command-line program that can easily be incorporated into existing model work-flow scripts. G-Rex has a REST (Fielding, 2000) architectural style, which allows client programs to be very simple and lightweight and allows users to interact with model runs using only a basic HTTP client (such as a Web browser or the curl utility) if they wish. This design also allows for new client interfaces to be developed in other programming languages with relatively little effort. The G-Rex server is a standard Web application that runs inside a servlet container such as Apache Tomcat and is therefore easy to install and maintain by system administrators. G-Rex is employed as the middleware for the NERC1 Cluster Grid, a small grid of HPC2 clusters belonging to collaborating NERC research institutes. Currently the NEMO (Smith et al. 2008) and POLCOMS (Holt et al, 2008) ocean models are installed, and there are plans to install the Hadley Centre’s HadCM3 model for use in the decadal climate prediction project GCEP (Haines et al., 2008). The science projects involving NEMO on the Grid have a particular focus on data assimilation (Smith et al. 2008), a technique that involves constraining model simulations with observations. The POLCOMS model will play an important part in the GCOMS project (Holt et al, 2008), which aims to simulate the world’s coastal oceans. A typical use of G-Rex by a scientist to run a climate model on the NERC Cluster Grid proceeds as follows :(1) The scientist prepares input files on his or her local machine. (2) Using information provided by the Grid’s Ganglia3 monitoring system, the scientist selects an appropriate compute resource. (3) The scientist runs the relevant workflow script on his or her local machine. This is unmodified except that calls to run the model (e.g. with “mpirun”) are simply replaced with calls to "GRexRun" (4) The G-Rex middleware automatically handles the uploading of input files to the remote resource, and the downloading of output files back to the user, including their deletion from the remote system, during the run. (5) The scientist monitors the output files, using familiar analysis and visualization tools on his or her own local machine. G-Rex is well suited to climate modelling because it addresses many of the middleware usability issues that have led to limited uptake of grid computing by climate scientists. It is a lightweight, low-impact and easy-to-install solution that is currently designed for use in relatively small grids such as the NERC Cluster Grid. A current topic of research is the use of G-Rex as an easy-to-use front-end to larger-scale Grid resources such as the UK National Grid service.

Modeling based on the structure of vicilins predicts a histidine cluster in the active site of oxalate oxidase

It is known that germin, which is a marker of the onset of growth in germinating wheat, is an oxalate oxidase, and also that germins possess sequence similarity with legumin and vicilin seed storage proteins. These two pieces of information have been combined in order to generate a 3D model of germin based on the structure of vicilin and to examine the model with regard to a potential oxalate oxidase active site. A cluster of three histidine residues has been located within the conserved beta-barrel structure. While there is a relatively low level of overall sequence similarity between the model and the vicilin structures, the conservation of amino acids important in maintaining the scaffold of the beta-barrel lends confidence to the juxtaposition of the histidine residues. The cluster is similar structurally to those found in copper amine oxidase and other proteins, leading to the suggestion that it defines a metal-binding location within the oxalate oxidase active site. It is also proposed that the structural elements involved in intermolecular interactions in vicilins may play a role in oligomer formation in germin/oxalate oxidase.

Molecule modeling of human pentameric alpha(7) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and its interaction with its agonist and competitive antagonist

The nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) is the major class of neurotransmitter receptors that is involved in many neurodegenerative conditions such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The N-terminal region or Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) of nAChR is located at pre- and post-synaptic nervous system, which mediates synaptic transmission. nAChR acts as the drug target for agonist and competitive antagonist molecules that modulate signal transmission at the nerve terminals. Based on Acetylcholine Binding Protein (AChBP) from Lymnea stagnalis as the structural template, the homology modeling approach was carried out to build three dimensional model of the N-terminal region of human alpha(7)nAChR. This theoretical model is an assembly of five alpha(7) subunits with 5 fold axis symmetry, constituting a channel, with the binding picket present at the interface region of the subunits. alpha-netlrotoxin is a potent nAChR competitive antagonist that readily blocks the channel resulting in paralysis. The molecular interaction of alpha-Bungarotoxin, a long chain alpha-neurotoxin from (Bungarus multicinctus) and human alpha(7)nAChR seas studied. Agonists such as acetylcholine, nicotine, which are used in it diverse array of biological activities, such as enhancements of cognitive performances, were also docked with the theoretical model of human alpha(7)nAChR. These docked complexes were analyzed further for identifying the crucial residues involved in interaction. These results provide the details of interaction of agonists and competitive antagonists with three dimensional model of the N-terminal region of human alpha(7)nAChR and thereby point to the design of novel lead compounds.

A dual role for integrin-linked kinase in platelets: regulating integrin function and alpha-granule secretion

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) has been implicated in the regulation of a range of fundamental biological processes such as cell survival, growth, differentiation, and adhesion. In platelets ILK associates with beta 1- and beta 3-containing integrins, which are of paramount importance for the function of platelets. Upon stimulation of platelets this association with the integrins is increased and ILK kinase activity is up-regulated, suggesting that ILK may be important for the coordination of platelet responses. In this study a conditional knockout mouse model was developed to examine the role of ILK in platelets. The ILK-deficient mice showed an increased bleeding time and volume, and despite normal ultrastructure the function of ILK-deficient platelets was decreased significantly. This included reduced aggregation, fibrinogen binding, and thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions. Furthermore, although early collagen stimulated signaling such as PLC gamma 2 phosphorylation and calcium mobilization were unaffected in ILK-deficient platelets, a selective defect in alpha-granule, but not dense-granule, secretion was observed. These results indicate that as well as involvement in the control of integrin affinity, ILK is required for alpha-granule secretion and therefore may play a central role in the regulation of platelet function. (Blood. 2008; 112: 4523-4531)

Pharmacological analysis of a dopamine D-2Short: G(alpha o) fusion protein expressed in Sf9 cells

A dopamine D-2Short receptor:G(alphao) fusion protein was expressed in Sf9 cells using the baculovirus expression system. [H-3]Spiperone bound to D-2Short:G(alphao) with a pK(d) approximate to 10. Dopamine stimulated the binding of [S-35]guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (GTPgammaS) to D-2Short:G(alphao) expressed with Gbeta(1)gamma(2) (E-max > 460%; pEC(50) 5.43 +/- 0.06). Most of the putative D-2 antagonists behaved as inverse agonists (suppressing basal [S-35]GTPgammaS binding) at D-2Short:G(alphao)/Gbeta(1)gamma(2) although (-)-suipiride and ziprasidone were neutral antagonists. Competition of [H-3]spiperone binding by dopamine and 10,11-dihydroxy-N-n-propylnorapo-morphine revealed two, binding sites of different affinities, even in the presence of GTP (100 muM). The D-2Short:G(alphao) fusion protein is therefore a good model for characterising D-2 receptors. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

Noncompetitive plasma biokinetics of deuterium-labeled natural and synthetic alpha-tocopherol in healthy men with an apoE4 genotype

Previous studies comparing the biokinetics of deuterated natural (RRR) and synthetic (all-rac) α-tocopherol (vitamin E) used a simultaneous ingestion or competitive uptake approach and reported relative bioavailability ratios close to 2:1, higher than the accepted biopotency ratio of 1.36:1. The aim of the current study was to compare the biokinetics of deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E using a noncompetitive uptake model both before and after vitamin E supplementation in a distinct population. Healthy men (n = 10) carrying the apolipoprotein (apo)E4 genotype completed a randomized crossover study, comprised of two 4-wk treatments with 400 mg/d (RRR-α-tocopheryl and all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate) with a 12-wk washout period between treatments. Before and after each treatment period, the subjects consumed a capsule containing 150 mg deuterated α-tocopheryl acetate in either the PRR or all-rac form depending on their treatment regimen. Blood was obtained up to 48 h after ingestion, and tocopherols analyzed by LC/MS. After deuterated all-rac administration, plasma deuterated tocopherol maximum concentrations and area under the concentration vs. time curves (AUC) were lower than those following RRR administration. The RRR:all-rac ratios determined from the deuterated biokinetic profiles (maximum concentration; C-max) and AUCs were 1.35:1 &PLUSMN; 0.17 and 1.33:1 &PLUSMN; 0.18, respectively. The 4-wk supplementation with either PRR or all-rac significantly increased plasma a-tocopherol concentrations (P < 0.001), but decreased the plasma response to newly absorbed deuterated RRR or all-rac α-tocopherol. Using a noncompetitive uptake approach, the relative bioavailability of natural to synthetic vitamin E in apoE4 males was close to the currently accepted biopotency ratio of 1.36:1.

Investigations on the effect of amino acids on acrylamide, pyrazines, and Michael addition products in model systems

Acrylamide and pyrazine formation, as influenced by the incorporation of different amino acids, was investigated in sealed low-moisture asparagine-glucose model systems. Added amino acids, with the exception of glycine and cysteine and at an equimolar concentration to asparagine, increased the rate of acrylamide formation. The strong correlation between the unsubstituted pyrazine and acrylamide suggests the promotion of the formation of Maillard reaction intermediates, and in particular glyoxal, as the determining mode of-action. At increased amino acid concentrations, diverse effects were observed. The initial rates of acrylamide formation remained high for valine, alanine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, glutamine, and Ieucine, while a significant mitigating effect, as evident from the acrylamide yields after 60 min of heating at 160 degrees C, was observed for proline, tryptophan, glycine, and cysteine. The secondary amine containing amino acids, proline and tryptophan, had the most profound mitigating effect on acrylamide after 60 min of heating. The relative importance of the competing effect of added amino acids for alpha-dicarbonyls and acrylamide-amino, acid alkylation reactions is discussed and accompanied by data on the relative formation rates of selected amino acid-AA adducts.

A two-stage continuous culture system to study the effect of supplemental alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on mixed cultures of human gut bacteria challenged with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium

Aims: Certain milk factors may promote the growth of a gastrointestinal microflora predominated by bifidobacteria and may aid in overcoming enteric infections. This may explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula-fed counterparts. The effect of formula supplementation with two such factors was investigated in this study. Methods and Results: Infant faecal specimens were used to ferment formulae supplemented with glycomacropeptide (GMP) and alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) in a two-stage compound continuous culture model. At steady state, all fermenter vessels were inoculated with 5 ml of 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) containing 10(8) CFU ml(-1) of either enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 2348/69 (O127:H6) or Salmonella serotype Typhimurium (DSMZ 5569). Bacteriology was determined by independent fluorescence in situ hybridization. Vessels that contained breast milk (BM), as well as alpha-la and GMP supplemented formula had stable total counts of bifidobacteria while lactobacilli increased significantly only in vessels with breast milk. Bacteroides, clostridia and E. coli decreased significantly in all three groups prior to pathogen addition. Escherichia coli counts decreased in vessels containing BM and alpha-la while Salmonella decreased significantly in all vessels containing BM, alpha-la and GMP. Acetate was the predominant acid. Significance and Impact of the Study: Supplementation of infant formulae with appropriate milk proteins may be useful in mimicking the beneficial bacteriological effects of breast milk.