El campesinado de la Amazonia colombiana: una historia de menosprecio institucional, constitución identitaria y lucha por el reconocimiento.

Para comprender los procesos de construcción identitarios y organizacionales de los campesinos que habitan actualmente en la Amazonia occidental colombiana es necesario conocer las particularidades históricas que defi nieron la ocupación social de este espacio geográfico. Al igual que en otros procesos de colonización ocurridos en la Amazonia peruana, boliviana o ecuatoriana, en Colombia los campesinos que ocuparon el espacio amazónico en los años cincuenta y sesenta llegaron después de ser expulsados por las dinámicas de reproducción y ampliación del capital. Ahora bien, a diferencia de estos países, en Colombia el Estado emprendió durante esos años, de manera concomitante, una dura persecución militar contra los campesinos que se habían resistido a la expropiación de sus territorios. En este sentido y para acercarnos a una comprensión de los procesos de constitución de las identidades de estos campesinos, en este artículo se presentará una breve reconstrucción histórica de sus primeros esfuerzos organizativos y la manera como emprendieron sus procesos de identificación como grupo. Finalmente, analizaremos los mecanismos de resistencia que los campesinos han ido creando y consolidando en sus luchas por el reconocimiento y contra la injusticia y el menosprecio institucional de que han sido objeto a lo largo de su historia.

O canto do povo de um lugar: uma leitura das canções de João do Vale

Pós-graduação em Letras - IBILCE

Memória do município de Cametá: o contar e recontar dos “notáveis” Alberto Moia Mocbel e Victor Tamer

Este trabalho é fruto da pesquisa de Mestrado intitulada Memória do município de Cametá: o contar e recontar dos “notáveis” Alberto Moia Mocbel e Victor Tamer, que tem como objetivo analisar narrativas que tematizam a memória histórica e temporal do município de Cametá, mediante a fatos contados e recontados pelos autores cametaenses Victor Tamer e Alberto Moia Mocbel. A análise das narrativas Visagens e Assombrações da infância I e O homem estrela foram escolhidas por se considerar que estas se encaixam no perfil do tema escolhido. A seleção também se justifica pelo fato das narrativas se relacionarem ao universo cotidiano que matiza os acontecimentos históricos da Cametá de outrora. Nesse sentido, o texto contempla referenciais teóricos voltados para as produções literárias de escritores locais, pesquisadores e estudiosos do cânone literário em geral. Desse modo, apresentaremos no texto alguns levantamentos históricos sob a secular cidade, objetivando contemplar também a memória testemunhal. Para tal fundamentação, se destaca alguns autores locais como Ignácio Moura (1910), Salomão Lâredo (2013), Danúzio Pompeu (2013), Doriedson Rodrigues (2003); relatos da entrevista concedida pelo escritor Alberto Mocbel no mês de setembro do ano de 2013 em Cametá e outras pesquisas documentais realizadas no Museu Histórico de Cametá e na Academia Paraense de Letras, onde também coletamos informações referentes ao antigo Sistema de Iluminação Pública. Disponibiliza-se fotografias com o intuito de elucidar e comprovar a veracidade de fatos apresentados e descritos nas obras de Mocbel (2009) e Tamer (2012). Frente aos estudos relacionados à categoria memória, recorremos às teorias de autores como Pierre Nora (1993), Jacques Le Goff (2003), Ecléa Bosi (1994), Jerusa Pires (2003), Aleida Assmann (2011), Walter Benjamin (1994) e Maurice Halbwachs (2006). Autores como Homi Bhabha (1998) e outros que trabalham com as categorias da identidade cultural, conceito este que também subsidiou o aporte teórico deste trabalho e, portanto, não menos importantes para as discussões que serão suscitadas.

Injustiça e poder segundo Noam Chomsky

Injustice and power according to Noam Chomsky. In the beginning of the Politics, Aristotle establishes the two lesser forms of sociability: the relationships between man and woman and between master and the slave. In this context, he observes that “Hellenes are natural masters of barbarians” and the reason is that Greeks know philosophy and barbarians still resort to violence (ARISTOTLE, Politics, 1252a.). Shortly after defines “just war” as a war that has a fair cause, that is, which is well justified by philosophy or a fair speech (ARISTOTLE, Politics, 1255a.). This scene briefly expresses the manner in which the USA understands their role in the contemporary world. Chomsky points out the political use of massive military force of his country and denounces how it articulates internally and externally. He affirms that politics is excessively submitted to “ideology”, to doxa, as opposed to natural sciences. His militancy, thus, only advocates freedom and unrestricted right to information. In Camelot, the Kennedy years (1993), for example, the MIT’s professor collects information from congressmen’s speeches and government officials and from secret documents made public and he explicits the methods and actions of the US government. Thereby he can conclude that the US has, for historical reasons, an internal posture that is advocate or contrary to what they imposes to other countries. Power and justice on the one hand, force and injustice on the other –according to their own political discourse.

Critical discourses on resilience: exploring alternatives strategies used by young people at-risk

The concept of resilience is often situated in a dominant discourse that reflects medical and developmentalist epistemology, in Western models, with the ideology of white people, and middle class hegemonic norms. Behavior that falls outside of the normal, or what is socially acceptable, is associated with riskiness and tacitly if not explicitly labeled as pathological, and then, not resilient. However, the context of social injustice of many young people at-risk can have drastic effects on them. When we offer institutions such as schools that do not understand their needs, they may refuse our services and some of them may engage in antisocial activities, since they are looking for personal validation, pathways to recognize themselves, and places and organizations that contribute to the building of their social identity. This paper analyses how the denial of support and resources for the wellbeing of young people can lead them to situations that are socially unacceptable, such as sexual exploitation and drug trafficking. The main argument is that these activities, in the absence of conventional mechanisms, may bring some benefit to the subjects. Benefits may be in material conditions, though strongly marked by issues of social inequality; or subjective, in gaining relationships with people outside the normative places and institutions for young people. Unconventional circumstances produce unconventional attitudes that are expressed in alternative forms of resilience.

Geografia dos movimentos socioterritoriais no Brasil de 2000 à 2012

The struggle for land is not a recent theme in Brazilian history. Since colonization, people have fought and resisted against oppression and injustice in the countryside, as can be evidenced by the highwaymen, peasant leagues and the war of Canudos. More recently, the struggle for land and agrarian reform can be evidenced by the struggles of the MST, CONTAG, CPT and other movements. For these movements, denominated as socioterritorial movements, land/territory is an essential condition for their existence and for the maintenance of their territoriality. The present paper examines the geography of socioterritorial moviments: the construction of the concept of socioterritorial movements and their forms of action and scales of actuation in the period 2000 to 2012, focusing on the movements that have been most active. These movements are studied through as analysis of data of the Land Struggle Data Base (Banco de Dados da Luta pela Terra –DATALUTA), print and digital media reports and a bibliographic survey of the literature. The action of socioterritorial movements can be studied through the forms of land occupations and demonstrations in the countryside which are the principal means of the struggle against large landholders, agribusiness and the State. These actions question the model of development which privileges agribusiness and, as such, are viewed by some as a hindrance to the development of the country. Over the years, the number of socioterritorial moviments, and their actions have oscillated due to a series of factors, such as repression (criminalization of members and violence against them), policies adopted by Brazilian governments and the contradictions inherent in very process of the spacialization of the struggle for land. These actions can be analyzed according to the scale of the struggle of the movements – municipal, micro-regional, state, macro-regional, and national

Ética, educação e experiência formativa na temporalidade do presente

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O caso Fujimori: exemplo de superação da impunidade em América Latina

The present study focuses the impunity for human rights violations in Latin America. In this tradition of impunity, there is one exception, the emblematic case Fujimori, in which the conviction was for murder and serious injury, crimes against humanity according to the International Criminal Law. This sentence is an example in the context of this traditional trend of impunity. The research also analyzes the use of international law as a barrier state against injustice, both in substantive, imposing binding or mandatory standards with a universal character, but also in procedural terms, by providing supranational mechanisms to protect victims.

Arremessadas da turma de caminhão: literatura e experiência traumática entre as trabalhadoras boias-frias na obra de Murilo Carvalho

This article investigates the universe of women seasonal farm workers, more precisely those women laborers who take the so-called truck, in the newspaper chronicle “Th e Seasonal Farm Workers’ Express” (1976) and the short story “Th e funny face of fear”(1978), both by the journalist and creative writer Murilo Carvalho. Th e hypothesis is that these two narratives, in which the theme is the truck accident, can be classifi ed as testimonial literature.

Vozes de trabalhadores na ditadura civil-militar: ensaios sobre literatura, memória e testemunho

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Memória e testemunho em Maquis

The objective of this work is to analyze the novel Maquis, of the Spanish novelist Alfons Cervera, detaching the present hibridism of sorts in the work: historical novel, memories, testimonial story, besides the ethical dimension present in the collective memory claims of the maquis.

Composição fotojornalística e história: função testemunhal como ato performativo e interação de linguagens

Assuming that testimony in photojournalism must be understood as a historical and performative act, the aim of this article is to discuss how the testimonial function of journalistic photography was constantly re-signified in Brazilian news magazines during the twentieth century. This redefinition has a relation with the different ways in which testimonial function was hinged to news report (in its broadest elements) and how this imperative appeared on its discursive form in writing narrative. As trustee of a narrative intended to be realistic, photojournalism articulates, from techniques and codes of narration, a series of referential and informational strategies. These strategies, however, have changed over time, based on different modes of narration by image and its accreditation in reality.

O lado escuro da capital social: implicações sociais e políticas

O artigo questiona a associação direta entre a interação em redes sociais e a produção de um tipo de capital social que traz ganhos benéficos à comunidade. O capital social pode adquirir formas e resultar em efeitos negativos sobre as relações sociais. Argumentase assim que relações fundadas em tais princípios, dependendo do tipo de vínculos entre os atores, do contexto sócio-econômico e da fragilidade das ações das instituições e do Estado, podem favorecer a emergência do lado escuro do capital social, conduzindo ao aumento do crime organizado, à perpetuação do clientelismo e da corrupção.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) in patients with fibromyalgia

Background Mindful-based interventions improve functioning and quality of life in fibromyalgia (FM) patients. The aim of the study is to perform a psychometric analysis of the Spanish version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in a sample of patients diagnosed with FM. Methods The following measures were administered to 251 Spanish patients with FM: the Spanish version of MAAS, the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophising Scale, the Injustice Experience Questionnaire, the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and the Euroqol. Factorial structure was analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA). Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to examine internal consistency, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the test-retest reliability of the measures. Pearson’s correlation tests were run to evaluate univariate relationships between scores on the MAAS and criterion variables. Results The MAAS scores in our sample were low (M = 56.7; SD = 17.5). CFA confirmed a two-factor structure, with the following fit indices [sbX2 = 172.34 (p < 0.001), CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.90, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.06. MAAS was found to have high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.90) and adequate test-retest reliability at a 1–2 week interval (ICC = 0.90). It showed significant and expected correlations with the criterion measures with the exception of the Euroqol (Pearson = 0.15). Conclusion Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MAAS in patients with FM are adequate. The dimensionality of the MAAS found in this sample and directions for future research are discussed.

Traduzir Ariosto: um depoimento

Traduzir o Orlando Furioso requer não só redescobrir a "loucura" do poema, mas respeitar sua expressão clássica. Essas ideias levam o autor a comentar alguns aspectos de sua tradução.