Cálculo de constantes ópticas de películas delgadas de Cu3BiS3 a través del método de Wolfe

Se calculó la obtención de las constantes ópticas usando el método de Wolfe. Dichas contantes: coeficiente de absorción (α), índice de refracción (n) y espesor de una película delgada (d ), son de importancia en el proceso de caracterización óptica del material. Se realizó una comparación del método del Wolfe con el método empleado por R. Swanepoel. Se desarrolló un modelo de programación no lineal con restricciones, de manera que fue posible estimar las constantes ópticas de películas delgadas semiconductoras, a partir únicamente, de datos de transmisión conocidos. Se presentó una solución al modelo de programación no lineal para programación cuadrática. Se demostró la confiabilidad del método propuesto, obteniendo valores de α = 10378.34 cm−1, n = 2.4595, d =989.71 nm y Eg = 1.39 Ev, a través de experimentos numéricos con datos de medidas de transmitancia espectral en películas delgadas de Cu3BiS3.

Método LNEC para avaliação e classificação da qualidade acústica de edifícios habitacionais: ferramenta de estimação de custos médios de transição entre classes acústicas

O conforto acústico na habitação é essencial para permitir um repouso tranquilo e regenerativo. Este conforto é obtido principalmente pela redução do ruído e aumento do isolamento sonoro dos elementos de compartimentação. Para a qualificação deste conforto é necessário efetuar uma análise global do edifício, onde são considerados os fatores internos e externos à habitação, ou seja, considerando a acústica da envolvente (Vizinhança), do edifício (Edifício) e da fração (Habitação). Para este efeito foi produzido o “Método LNEC para avaliação e classificação da qualidade acústica de edifícios habitacionais”, o qual permite fazer uma avaliação global do conforto acústico na habitação. Este método inovador em Portugal origina uma Classe Acústica LNEC que permite representar com razoável fiabilidade o conforto acústico realmente sentido e a qualidade acústica da habitação. Este método pode ser aplicado a edifícios novos e a edifícios a reabilitar. De modo a permitir uma estimação dos custos médios necessários para transitar entre determinadas classes (e alcançar respetivo conforto acústico) é necessário possuir uma ferramenta de cálculo apropriada. Deste modo apresenta-se nesta comunicação uma ferramenta para estimar os custos de transição entre classes acústicas. Esta metodologia permite fazer escolhas mais fundamentadas nos processos de obtenção de determinado conforto acústico. Abstract The acoustic comfort in dwellings is essential to a peaceful and regenerative sleep. The achievement of this comfort is primarily obtained by reducing noise and increasing sound insulation of separating elements. To classify this comfort is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the habitation. This global analysis assesses the internal and external factors of the habitation, evaluating the acoustics of the environment (Vicinity), of the building (Building) and of the dwelling place (Lodging). Recently in Portugal was developed the “LNEC method for evaluation and acoustic quality classification of residential buildings” that allows an overall evaluation of the acoustic comfort in dwellings, resulting also in a “LNEC Acoustic Class” that portrays the real acoustic comfort sensed. Since this method can be applied to evaluate the acoustic comfort of new and of restored buildings, it is necessary a tool that gives an estimation of the needed investment to upgrade to a specific “LNEC Acoustic Class” (and achieve the respective acoustic comfort). In this communication is presented a tool that allows the estimation of that upgrade costs.

Estimación de la radiación solar global de Costa Rica utilizando horas de sol y otros datos metereológicos

Se evalúa la eficacia en varios lugares de Costa Rica de las formulas empíricas más utilizadas en la estimación de la radiación global, según la literatura obtenida, en donde se compara el valor estimado para la estimación meteorológica en estudio. Se obtiene el mejor método – de los tratados en este estudio –para estimar la radiación global en Costa Rica.

ESTIMACIÓN DE LA RADIACIÓN SOLAR GLOBAL EN COSTA RICA UTILIZANDO EL PARÁMETRO METEOROLÓGICO DEL NÚMERO DE DÍAS CON PRECIPITACIÓN

Este trabajo intenta relacionar la radiación solar y el número de días con precipitación, con el fin de hallar una técnica que permita la estimación de la radiación solar global cuando no se encuentra con mediciones directas.  Se obtiene como mejor método una relación no lineal entre los valores diarios medios mensuales de la radiación global y el número de días con precipitación, con resultados satisfactorios en todas las estaciones actinométricas analizadas en este estudio.  Se recomienda para futuros estudios, probar la aplicabilidad de este modelo estadístico en otras estaciones actinométricas de Costa Rica, esto permitiría la estimación de la radiación solar global cuando no se cuenta con mediciones directas; con la ventaja de que se puede aplicar a las numerosas estaciones que disponen de datos de precipitación en el país.

UN METODO EMPIRICO PARA LA PREDICCION DE LA RADIACION SOLAR GLOBAL DIARIA MEDIA MENSUAL,SOBRE UNA SUPERFICIEHORIZONTAL, EN COSTA RICA

Lo que se pretende con este trabajo es probar el método de Swartman y Ogunlade (1966), en las aéreas geográficas de Limón, Buenos Aires, Fabio Baudrit (Alajuela), Nicoya y Puntarenas, donde existen datos de brillo solar, humedad relativa y radiación solar global diaria media mensual. Se prueba la validez de este método para estas estaciones en estudio, con un valor aceptable de ± 10% de error en la mayoría de los casos. En ausencia de aparatos que miden directamente la radiación solar global, se recomienda utilizar este método, pues únicamente requiere datos de humedad relativa y brillo solar, que se miden directamente en casi todas las estaciones meteorológicas del país.   SUMMARY This article attempts to verify the method used by Swartman and Ogunlade (1966) in the areas of Limón, Buenos Aires, Fabio Baudrit (Alajuela), Nicoya and Puntarenas, where data exist concerning solar brilliance, relative humidity and daily global solar radiation based on monthly averages. The validity of this method is proved in reference to the above mentioned study sites, with an acceptable error factor of ± 10% in the majority of the cases. The usage of this method is recommended in the absence of apparatus that measure directly the global solar radiation, because you only need data concerning relative humidity and solar brilliance; data that is directly collected in all of the meteorogical stations located in Costa Rica.   RESUME Le but de ce travail est la probation de la méthode de Swartman et Ogunlade (1966), en l’appliquant dans des aires géographiques tant diverses comme Limón, Buenos Aires, Fabio Baudrit (Alajuela), Nicoya et Puntarenas ; c'est-à-dire là où existe des mesures de la durée de l’ensoleillement, de l’humidité relative et de la moyenne mensuelle de la radiation solaire globale quotidienne. Le test de cette méthode, para ces stations donne une erreur relative de 10% dans la plupart de cas. Quand on manque d’appareils pour la mesure de la radiation solaire globale, on recommande l’usage de cette méthode, puisqu’elle se base Our les registres d’humidité relative et d’heures d’ensoleillement mesurées que toutes les stations météoritiques du pays.  

Convergence Of Soil Nitrogen Isotopes Across Global Climate Gradients.

Quantifying global patterns of terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycling is central to predicting future patterns of primary productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient fluxes to aquatic systems, and climate forcing. With limited direct measures of soil N cycling at the global scale, syntheses of the (15)N:(14)N ratio of soil organic matter across climate gradients provide key insights into understanding global patterns of N cycling. In synthesizing data from over 6000 soil samples, we show strong global relationships among soil N isotopes, mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and the concentrations of organic carbon and clay in soil. In both hot ecosystems and dry ecosystems, soil organic matter was more enriched in (15)N than in corresponding cold ecosystems or wet ecosystems. Below a MAT of 9.8°C, soil δ(15)N was invariant with MAT. At the global scale, soil organic C concentrations also declined with increasing MAT and decreasing MAP. After standardizing for variation among mineral soils in soil C and clay concentrations, soil δ(15)N showed no consistent trends across global climate and latitudinal gradients. Our analyses could place new constraints on interpretations of patterns of ecosystem N cycling and global budgets of gaseous N loss.

Aspectos técnicos da monitorização da pressão intracraniana pelo método subaracnóideo no traumatismo craniencefálico grave

Two hundred and six patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 points or less after nonsurgical resuscitation on admission), managed at Intensive Care Unit-Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas were prospectively analysed. All patients were assessed by CT scan and 72 required neurosurgical intervention. All patients were continuously monitored to evaluate intracranial pressure (ICP) levels by a subarachnoid device (11 with subarachnoid metallic bolts and 195 with subarachnoid polyvinyl catheters). The ICP levels were continuously observed in the bedside pressure monitor display and their end-hour values were recorded in a standard chart. The patients were managed according to a standard protocol guided by the ICP levels. There were no intracranial haemorrhagic complications or hematomas due the monitoring method. Sixty six patients were punctured by lateral C1-C2 technique to assess infectious complications and 2 had positive cerebrospinal fluid samples for Acinetobacter sp. The final results measured at hospital discharge showed 75 deaths (36,40%) and 131 (63,60%) survivors. ICP levels had significantly influenced the final results (p<0,001). The subarachnoid method to continuously assess the ICP levels was considered aplicable, safe, simple, low cost and useful to advise the management of the patients. The ICP record methodology was practical and useful. Despite the current technical advances the subarachnoid method was considered viable to assess the ICP levels in severe head injury.

Método para avaliação da conduta visual de lactentes

The purpose of this study is to introduce a method to evaluate visual functions in infants in the first three months of life. An adaptation of the Guide for the Assessment of Visual Ability in Infants (Gagliardo, 1997) was used. The instrument was a ring with string. It was implemented a pilot study with 33 infants, selected according to the following criteria: neonates well enough to go home within two days of birth; 1 to 3 months of chronological age; monthly evaluation with no absence; subjects living in Campinas/SP metropolitan area. In the first month we observed: visual fixation (93,9%); eye contact (90,9%); horizontal tracking (72,7%); inspects surroundings (97,0%). In the third month, we observed: inspects own hands (42,4%) and increased movements of arms (36,4%). This method allowed the evaluation of visual functions in infants, according to the chronological age. Alterations in this function will facilitate immediate referral to medical services for diagnoses.

Cálculos teóricos de afinidades por próton de n-alquilaminas usando o método ONIOM

The ONIOM method was used to calculate the proton affinities (PA) of n-alkylamines (CnH2n+1NH2, n = 3 to 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18). The calculations were carried out at several levels (HF, MP2, B3LYP, QCISD(T), ...) using Pople basis sets and at the QCISD(T) level using basis sets developed by the generator coordinate method (GCM) and adapted to effective core potentials. PAs were also obtained through the GCM and high level methods, like ONIOM[QCISD(T)/6-31+G(2df,p):MP2/6-31G+G(d,p))//ONIOM[MP2/6-31+G(d,p):HF/6-31G]. The average error using the GCM, with respect to experimental data, was 3.4 kJ mol-1.

Um novo método para quantificar mercúrio orgânico (Hg orgânico) empregando a espectrometria de fluorescência atômica do vapor frio

In this work a simple and sensitive procedure to extract organic mercury from water and sediment samples, using methylene chloride in acidic media followed by CVAFS quantification has been developed. The method was evaluated for possible interferents, using different inorganic mercury species and humic acid, no effects being observed. The detection limit for organic mercury was 160 pg and 396 pg for water and sediment samples respectively. The accuracy of the method was evaluated using a certified reference material of methylmercury (BCR-580, estuarine sediment). Recovery tests using methylmercury as surrogate spiked with 1.0 up to 30.0 ng L-1 ranged from 90 up to 109% for water samples, whereas for sediments, recoveries ranged from 57 up to 97%.

Produção de micropartículas de alginato contendo Flavobacterium columnare inativada pelo método de emulsão para vacinação de peixes por via oral

Alginate microparticles were prepared by an emulsion method aiming oral controlled release of antigens to fish. The effects of emulsification temperature and impeller type on particle morphology, average diameter, and size distribution were evaluated. Microparticles contaning formalin-killed Flavobacterium columnare cells (a model antigen) were prepared and characterized regarding bacterial release and particle stability when exposed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) typical gastrointestinal conditions. This methodology allowed the production of microparticles containing up to 14.3 g/L of bacterin, stable at a pH range from 2.0 to 9.0 for 12 h and smaller than 35 μm.

Uso de perfis cromatográficos de voláteis de cafés arábicas torrados para a diferenciação das amostras segundo o sabor, o aroma e a qualidade global da bebida

In this work, the volatile chromatographic profiles of roasted Arabica coffees, previously analyzed for their sensorial attributes, were explored by principal component analysis. The volatile extraction technique used was the solid phase microextraction. The correlation optimized warping algorithm was used to align the gas chromatographic profiles. Fifty four compounds were found to be related to the sensorial attributes investigated. The volatiles pyrrole, 1-methyl-pyrrole, cyclopentanone, dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone, furfural, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, 2-etenyl-n-methyl-pyrazine, 5-methyl-2-propionyl-furan compounds were important for the differentiation of coffee beverage according to the flavour, cleanliness and overall quality. Two figures of merit, sensitivity and specificity (or selectivity), were used to interpret the sensory attributes studied.

Validação e estimativa da incerteza de método para análise de licopeno e β-caroteno em polpa de tomate por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

A method to quantify lycopene and β-carotene in freeze dried tomato pulp by high performance liquid chromatography (HLPC) was validated according to the criteria of selectivity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, and uncertainty estimation of measurement was determined with data obtained in the validation. The validated method presented is selective in terms of analysis, and it had a good precision and accuracy. Detection limit for lycopene and β-carotene was 4.2 and 0.23 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The estimation of expanded uncertainty (K = 2) for lycopene was 104 ± 21 mg 100 g-1 and for β-carotene was 6.4 ± 1.5 mg 100 g-1.

Preparação de nanopartículas de prata e ouro: um método simples para a introdução da nanociência em laboratório de ensino

A new practical experiment involving silver and gold nanoparticle syntheses was introduced in an inorganic chemistry laboratory course for undergraduate students at the Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP. The nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of silver nitrate and tetrachloroauric acid with sodium borohydride and sodium citrate in an aqueous medium. Stabilities of the suspensions were tested using several different reactants including sodium chloride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol and cistamine. Changes in optical properties were observed by electronic spectra and also by transmission electronic microscopy, which also yielded data for estimating particle size.

Desenvolvimento e validação de método espectrofotométrico para determinação de corante à base de luteína adicionado em iogurte desnatado

A simple analytical method for extraction and quantification of lutein colorant added to yogurt was developed and validated. The method allowed complete extraction of carotenoids using tetrahydrofuran in vortex, followed by centrifugation, partition to diethyl ether/petroleum ether, and drying. The carotenoids dissolved in ethanol were quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This method showed linearity in the range tested (1.41-13.42 µg g-1), limits of detection and quantification of 0.42 and 1.28 µg g-1, respectively, low relative standard deviation (3.4%) and recovery ranging from 95 to 103%. The method proved reliable for quantification of lutein added to yogurt.