Word level speech perception under four levels of simulated profound hearing loss

This paper discusses a study to determine average performance on word discrimination tests using the CID Early Speech Perception Test (ESP).

The applicability of The Test of Word Knowledge to hearing-impaired children

This paper evaluates a receptive and expressive vocabulary test, The Test of Word Knowledge, to determine its applicability to deaf students and to compare its results with other vocabulary tests.

The effects of earmuffs and hearing impairment on word discrimination in noise

This paper discusses a study to determine selection of hearing protective devices to ensure optimum speech discrimination.

Activities development for 2 word combinations on pre-sentence level TAGS

This paper presents activities to assist teachers of hearing impaired students to develop 2-word combinations for use in instruction in conjunction with the Teacher Assessment of Grammatical Structures Pre-Sentence Level (TAGS-P). The paper presents activity procedures and materials to guide teachers in teaching 2-word combinations.

The construction and administration of a word hearing test

This paper describes a new word hearing test in order to test the hearing of school age children.

A word study unit on Latin and Greek prefixes, roots and derivations

This paper contains an outline of study for hearing impaired children to learn language through the study of Latin and Greek roots, derivatives and prefixes.

Word study: synonyms and antonyms

This paper contains an outline of study in langauge development of synonyms and antonyms for hearing impaired children

Using triangulation to identify word senses

Word sense disambiguation is the task of determining which sense of a word is intended from its context. Previous methods have found the lack of training data and the restrictiveness of dictionaries' choices of senses to be major stumbling blocks. A robust novel algorithm is presented that uses multiple dictionaries, the Internet, clustering and triangulation to attempt to discern the most useful senses of a given word and learn how they can be disambiguated. The algorithm is explained, and some promising sample results are given.

Rapid word learning by 15-month-olds under tightly-controlled conditions

Infants (12 to 17 months) were taught 2 novel words for 2 images of novel objects, by pairing isolated auditory labels with to-be-associated images. Comprehension was tested using a preferential looking task in which the infant was presented with both images together with an isolated auditory label. The auditory label usually, but not always, matched one of the images. Infants looked preferentially at images that matched the auditory stimulus. The experiment controlled within-subjects for both side bias and preference for previously named items. Infants showed learning after 12 presentations of the new words. Evidence is presented that, in certain circumstances, the duration of longest look at a target may be a more robust measure of target preference than overall looking time. The experiment provides support for previous demonstrations of rapid word learning by pre-vocabulary spurt children, and offers some methodological improvements to the preferential looking task.

Frequency of word-use predicts rates of lexical evolution throughout Indo-European history

Greek speakers say "ovpa", Germans "schwanz'' and the French "queue'' to describe what English speakers call a 'tail', but all of these languages use a related form of 'two' to describe the number after one. Among more than 100 Indo-European languages and dialects, the words for some meanings (such as 'tail') evolve rapidly, being expressed across languages by dozens of unrelated words, while others evolve much more slowly-such as the number 'two', for which all Indo-European language speakers use the same related word-form(1). No general linguistic mechanism has been advanced to explain this striking variation in rates of lexical replacement among meanings. Here we use four large and divergent language corpora (English(2), Spanish(3), Russian(4) and Greek(5)) and a comparative database of 200 fundamental vocabulary meanings in 87 Indo-European languages(6) to show that the frequency with which these words are used in modern language predicts their rate of replacement over thousands of years of Indo-European language evolution. Across all 200 meanings, frequently used words evolve at slower rates and infrequently used words evolve more rapidly. This relationship holds separately and identically across parts of speech for each of the four language corpora, and accounts for approximately 50% of the variation in historical rates of lexical replacement. We propose that the frequency with which specific words are used in everyday language exerts a general and law-like influence on their rates of evolution. Our findings are consistent with social models of word change that emphasize the role of selection, and suggest that owing to the ways that humans use language, some words will evolve slowly and others rapidly across all languages.