Impactos do estresse salino e da cobertura morta nas caracter��sticas qu��micas do solo e no desenvolvimento do amaranto

Availability of good quality water has been reduced vertiginously, over the last decade, in the world. In some regions, the water resources have high concentration of the dissolved salts, these characteristics of the water make it s use impossible. Water quality can be a limitation for irrigated agriculture, principally in regions of arid or semiarid climate where the water resources are generally saline and are exposed at high evaporation ratio. For that reason, precipitation of the salts occurs near the soil surface and those salts themselves cumulate in the vegetal tissue, reducing the soil fertility and crop production. The adoption of tolerant crop to the water salinity and soil salinity, adaptable to the climatic conditions is other emergent necessity. This work had the goal of studying the effects of four salinity levels of the irrigation water salinity and use of mulch, dried leaves of Forest mangrove (Acacia mangiumWilld), in cultivated soil with amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus, BRS Alegria variety), in greenhouse. It was utilized the transplant of plants to PVC columns, containing 30 kg of silty loam soil, 10 days after emerging, with space of 50 x 50 cm between lines. Treatments were composed by combination of four levels of salinity (0.147; 1.500; 3.000 e 4.500 dS m-1), obtained by addition NaCl (commercial) to irrigation water and soil with and without protection, by mulch. A factorial system 4 x 2 was used with four repetitions, totalizing 32 parcels. The concentrations of nutrients in soil solution have been evaluated, in the dry matter of the vegetal tissue (roots, stem, leaves and raceme residue), at the end of the vegetative cycle. The use of soil protection reduced time for the beginning inflorescence of plants, at the same time, the increase of the salinity delayed this phase of amaranth development. The use of the mulch effectively increased the height, stem diameter, area of the larger leaf, humidity and dry matter content and amaranth grain production. The vegetal species showed salinity tolerance to experimented levels. The adopted treatments did not affect the pH values, exchangeable cation contents, electrical conductivity of soil solution (EC1:5) and saturated extract (ECSE), and Ca+2, Mg+, Fe+2 and Mn+2 contents, in the soil solution. The increase of the salinity concentration in the irrigation water inhibited the mineralization process of the organic matter (OM) and, consequently, the efficiency in the it��s utilization by plants, at the same time, produced increase in the values of the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and potassium adsorption ratio (PAR), in the soil solution. Therefore, the use of the mulch did not affect the first three parameters. The protein and nutrient contents: K+, Ca+2, P, Mg+2 e Cu+2, in amaranth grains, were improved by tillage condition. The raceme residues showed chemical/nutritional composition that makes advantageous its application in animal ration. In this context, it follows that amaranth tolerate the saline stress, of the irrigation water, until 4.500 dS m-1, temperature and relative humidity of the air predominant in the experimental environment

Avalia����o do potencial fitorremediador da mamona (Ricinus communis L.) e girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) quanto �� remo����o de chumbo e tolueno em efluentes sint��ticos.

The development of research that aim to reduce or even eliminate the environmental impacts provided by anthropogenic actions. One of these main action is the discard of industrial waste in the biotic compartments such as soil, water and air, gained more space in academic settings and in private. A technique of phytoremediation involving the use of plants (trees, shrubs, creepers and aquatic) and their associated microorganisms in order to remove, degrade or isolate toxic substances to the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for phytoremediation of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), wild crops suitable region of Rio Grande do Norte, to reduce concentrations of lead and toluene present in synthetic wastewater that simulate the characteristics of treated water production originated in the petrochemical Guamar��. The experiment was accomplished in randomized blocks in four replicates. Seeds of BRS Energy for the development of seedlings of castor beans and sunflower for Catissol 01, both provided by EMPARN (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu��ria do Rio Grande do Norte) were used. Lead concentrations tested were 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L called T2, T3 and T4, respectively, for toluene the concentrations used were 125, 256 and 501 μg/L, called T5, T6 and T7, respectively. The data for removal of lead in relation to sewage systems applied in castor bean and sunflower were 43.89 and 51.85% (T2), 73.60 and 73.74% (T3) and 85.66 and 87.80 % (T4), respectively, and toluene were approximately 52.12 and 25.54% (T5), 55.10 and 58.05% (T6) and 79.77 and 74.76% (T7) for castor and sunflower seeds, respectively. From the data obtained, it can be deduce that mechanisms involved in reducing the contaminants were of phytoextraction, in relation to lead and phytodegradation for toluene. However, it can be concluded that the castor bean and sunflower crops can be used in exhaust after-treatment of industrial effluents that have this type of contaminant

S��ntese de Fischer-Tropsch sobre perovskitas LayCu0,4Fe0,6O3

The current natural gas production of 52 Mm3d-1 and the large projects for its expansion has been setting new boundaries for the Brazilian industry of oil and gas. So far, one of the biggest challenges regards to the logistics for gas transportation from offshore fields. Therefore, the transformation of natural gas into gasoline, diesel and/or olefins via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis would be an alternative to this matter. In this work, the production of hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a slurry reactor was investigated and a perovskite-type catalyst (LayCu0,4Fe0,6O3 �� d) was used with y varying from 0 to 1 on a molar basis. In addition, Nb2O5 support was also applied in order to observe the selectivity of the produced hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch process. It is shown that the hydrogen conversion was influenced by the support as well as the different phases of the samples. The kinetic results for the CO2 production suffered great influence with the introduction of the Nb2O5 support throughout the series of samples studied. The catalysts allowed obtaining welldefined cuts of hydrocarbons in the range of C1-C6 and C17-C28, and these results were clearly influenced by the support and the lanthanum content. The higher olefin/paraffin ratio obtained was 1.8 when using a non-supported perovskite with y equal to 0.8. This would indicate the suitability of using this material for the production of olefins

Normas jur��dicas para a restaura����o ecol��gica: uma barreira a mais a dificultar o ��xito das iniciativas?

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Tecnologia mais limpa para produ����o de mel seco de cana e sua inclus��o em ra����es de frangos de corte

This study analyzed the effects of adding dry sugar cane molasses (MSC) to the feed of broiler chickens, and determining the economic feasibility of use of this type of diet; 240 male Ross race broiler chickens, one day in age, were utilized in this study. The experimental desing was a completely randomized whit 6 treatments and 4 replications, in 24 portions of 10 birds per parcel. The treatments corresponded to 6 rations (T1-T6) in phase initial (1-21 days) and 6 rations (T1-T6) in phasem finish (22-42 days) characterized by substitution of corn meal in levels increase 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% by the molasse dried sugar-cane. The birds received water and free ration during the whole creation phase, being the iso-proteins and iso-calories rations. The variance analysis showed the 1 a 21 days significant differences for average gain weight (P<0,05), average consumption of ration (P<0,05) and average alimentary conversion (P<0,05) and the 22 a 42 days, the analysis of variance showed significant differences for gain in weight (P<0,01) and average alimentary conversion (P<0,05). There no difference significant on average consumption of ration (P>0,05) the 22 a 42 days of age. Results showed out that is possible to use molasse dried sugar-cane up to 8,3 % in broilers ration. It was concluded the level of 8,3 % of addition gave the best economical returns in the experimental conditions

A doen��a de criar passarinhos: a l��rica humanizadora de Jo��o Cabral de Melo Neto

Jo��o Cabral de Melo Neto n a jamais aim�� les vers sentimentaux et prolixes venus de la tradition romantique. C est pour ��a que son uvre a un discours objectif, rigoureusement elabor�� e elle comporte certaines influences concretistes ��a explique pourquoi l auteur est connu comme l ing��nieur de la langage. En verit��, le po��te m��me dissait qu il ��tait un homme froid et rationnel. La critique a assidument analys�� la mati��re logique et le rigeuer formel de l uvre de Cabral de Melo. Pourtant, dans ce travail nous analysons les po��mes dont le sentiments humaines sont la mti��re principal de l ��laboration de l experi��nce esth��tique. La po��sie de Jo��o Cabral n est pas simple verbalisme formel, ni un uvre sens vie, car les objects concr��tes et la langage objectif n emp��chent pas qui le sujet d��crit avec ��motion les sc��nes presents dans les po��mes. Nous travaillons avec la hypoth��se de que le po��te a une attitude trop humaine quand il parle de l experience culturel et de l experience de la vie dans le Nord-est br��silien. Les unit��s t��mathiques de ce travail, pourtant, montrent la repr��sentation du Nord-est dans la po��sie de Jo��o Cabral et examinent aussi le sentiment qu il sent par la memoire culturel de sa r��gion. Parmi les aspects qui composent sa lyrique humaine nous citons la personification constant de les paysages du Nord-est le po��te ne veux pas faire une d��crition tophographique de la r��gion parce que les places ont un valeuer sentimentel pour lui; au moyen d un discours erotique, Cabral represente les desirs et les intints humaines de sa terre; ensuite, il semble que le po��te est enchant�� et envelopp�� avec certains elemets culturels de sa r��gion, come l hamac, la litt��rature oral et la musique r��gional; la preoccupation avec la population explor��e et la denonciation de la condition miserable dans le Nord-est br��silien confirment aussi la humanit�� pr��sent dans son uvre; finalment, la r��cordation de l enfance et la nostalgie du temps pass�� sont, pour le po��te, un possibilit�� qui peut aider dans la formation humaine de la population

O auto da morte e da vida : a escrita barroca de Jo��o Cabral de Melo Neto

This dissertation, entitled O Auto da Morte e da Vida: A escrita barroca de Jo��o Cabral de Melo Neto, has the aim of analising, interpreting, in a baroque perspective, Cabral s writing in the poem/play Morte e vida severina Auto de Natal Pernambucano, taking as basis the theories of Eug��nio D��Ors, Severo Sarduy, Omar Calabrase, Lezama Lima, Afonso ��vila, Affonso Romano de Sant��Anna and others cited in the body of this work. During the analisys we feature confluences, relations, similarities, identification between the Baroque of the counter reformation and the modern Baroque or Neobaroque. We seek to comprehend the baroque which is new in the XX century and Cabral s poetry as an element of the contemporaneity, by updating the concept of the Baroque in the 1600s, when it is detected in its purest characteristic in human relation (the life of the Northwestern brazilian) through an intangible reality (the death). The Baroque as a cultural summary of a period of instability and transformation, with the power of dismantling an already established poetry. The fight between words and things, language and reality

Estudo da regenera����o de aditivos para catalisadores de craqueamento aluminofosfatos (ALPO s)e silicoaluminofosfatos (SAPO s)

Heterogeneous catalysts such as aluminophosphate and silicoaluminophosphate, molecular sieves with AEL of ALPO-11 and SAPO-11, were synthesized by the hydrothermal method with the following molar composition: 2.9 Al +3.2 P + 3.5 DIPA +32.5 H20 (ALPO-11); 2.9 Al +3.2 P + 0.5 Si + 3.5 DIPA +32.5 H20 (SAPO-11) starting from silica (only in the SAPO-11), pseudoboehmite, orthophosphoric acid (85%) and water, in the presence of a di-isopropylamine organic template. The crystallization process occurred when the reactive hydrogel was charged into a vessel and autoclaved at 170��C for a period of 48 hours under autogeneous pressure. The obtained materials were washed, dried and calcined to remove the molecular sieves of DIPA. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermo gravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). The acidic properties were determined using adsorption of n-butylamine followed by programmed thermodessorption. This method revealed that ALPO-11 has weaker acid sites due to structural defects, while SAPO-11 shows an acidity that ranges from weak to moderate. However, a small quantity of strong acid sites could be detected there. The deactivation of the catalysts was conducted by the cracking of the n-hexane in a fixed bed continuous flow microrreator coupled on line to a gas chromatograph. The main products obtained were: ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, n-pentane and isopentane. The Vyazovkin (model-free) kinetics method was used to determine the regeneration and removal of the organic template

Hidr��xidos duplos lamelares de magn��sio e alum��nio modificados com carbonato e p123 para adsor����o de di��xido de carbono

Muitos mecanismos provocados pela a����o humana v��m gerando um aumento na queima de combust��veis f��sseis e processos qu��micos (produtos org��nicos, carv��o, madeira, ��leo diesel, gasolina e outros derivados de petr��leo) e, consequentemente, h�� um aumento na emiss��o de CO2 na atmosfera. Uma das alternativas para a captura desse poluente �� o processo de adsor����o, o qual pode ajudar na redu����o do CO2. As hidrotalcitas ou hidr��xidos duplos lamelares (HDL s) est��o dentre esses materiais estudados, j�� que apresentam alta estabilidade e uma boa porosidade, tornando-se assim um promissor adsorvente de gases poluentes. Os HDL s formam um grupo de argilas do tipo ani��nico que consiste em camadas positivamente carregadas de ��xido de metal (ou hidr��xido de metal) com intercamadas de ��nions. Foi constatado que ��nions que possuem duas cargas negativas, estabilizam muito mais que ��nions monovalentes, sendo o carbonato o mais est��vel dos ��nions divalentes. Neste trabalho, foi proposta uma modifica����o na s��ntese direta atrav��s da co-precipita����o a pH constante utilizando sais de c��tions divalentes (Mg2+) e trivalentes (Al3+) reportados na literatura. Durante a s��ntese dos HDL s retirou-se o carbonato, bem como, utilizou-se um copol��mero como um template para o alargamento das lamelas. As amostras foram caracterizadas utilizando as t��cnicas de DRX, TG/DTG, FTIR, MEV/EDX, MET e adsor����o e dessor����o de N2. Os dados obtidos indicam que a estrutura, mesmo ap��s a modifica����o, apresentou resultados condizentes com os encontrados na literatura. Dentre as v��rias aplica����es dos HDL s foi realizado o estudo da adsor����o do CO2. A capacidade de adsor����o do material foi testada de acordo com o tempo de contato entre o adsorvente e o adsorbato, sendo esperado que os materiais tratados com template apresentassem um maior desempenho

Estudo de materiais mesoporosos funcionalizados com diferentes aminas para captura do di��xido de carbono atrav��s do processo de adsor����o

Intensive use of machinery and engines burning fuel dumps into the atmosphere huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), causing the intensification of the greenhouse effect. Climate changes that are occurring in the world are directly related to emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, gases, mainly due to the excessive use of fossil fuels. The search for new technologies to minimize the environmental impacts of this phenomenon has been investigated. Sequestration of CO2 is one of the alternatives that can help minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The CO2 can be captured by the post-combustion technology, by adsorption using adsorbents selective for this purpose. With this objective, were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 100 ��C, the type mesoporous materials MCM - 41 and SBA-15. After the synthesis, the materials were submitted to a calcination step and subsequently functionalized with different amines (APTES, MEA, DEA and PEI) through reflux method. The samples functionalized with amines were tested for adsorption of CO2 in order to evaluate their adsorption capacities as well, were subjected to various analyzes of characterization in order to assess the efficiency of the method used for functionalization with amines. The physic-chemical techniques were used: X- ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption and desorption (BET/BJH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CNH Analysis, Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and photoelectron spectroscopy X-ray (XPS). The CO2 adsorption experiments were carried out under the following conditions: 100 mg of adsorbent, at 25 ��C under a flow of 100 ml/min of CO2, atmospheric pressure and the adsorption variation in time 10-210 min. The X-ray diffraction with the transmission electron micrographs for the samples synthesized and functionalized, MCM-41 and SBA-15 showed characteristic peaks of hexagonal mesoporous structure formation, showing the structure thereof was obtained. The method used was efficient reflux according to XPS and elemental analysis, which showed the presence of amines in the starting materials. The functionalized SBA -15 samples were those that had potential as best adsorbent for CO2 capture when compared with samples of MCM-41, obtaining the maximum adsorption capacity for SBA-15-P sample

O uso do territ��rio pela fruticultura irrigada no Rio Grande do Norte: uma an��lise a partir do circuito espacial produtivo do mel��o (cucumis melo l.)

In recent decades the production of irrigated fruits destined to supply the foreign market reveals itself as an expression of the thriving agricultural modernization, consisting an important and dynamic segment of Brazilian agribusiness, especially in the Northeast. The Rio Grande do Norte contributes to this scenario through the production of several tropical fruit, especially melon production in the municipalities of Bara��na/RN and Mossor��/ RN. Accordingly, the overall goal of the study is to understand the agricultural use of the territory of Rio Grande do Norte by irrigated orcharding from the circuit productive space configuration of melon. The outlook presented in the work on the irrigated agriculture developed in Rio Grande do Norte reveals that it falls within an agricultural division of labor, through productive specialization of places that have natural and technical conditions favorable to the exploitation and reproduction of capitals. The land use caused by circuit productive space melon enables flows of tangible and intangible consolidate a extraverted network of production and consumption in order to meet the requirements of foreign markets

Perfil espacial e temporal de poluentes nas ��guas da represa municipal de S��o José do Rio Preto, S��o Paulo, Brasil

In this manuscript, seasonal and spatial trends of water collected from two sampling places in the Preto River in the Turvo-Grande watershed were evaluated. Water samples were collected during June/07 to July/08 and parameters sulphate, total organic carbon, ammonia, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, dissolved total solids and nitrate were quantified. Seasonal trend indicated sanitary effluents as a point source of contamination in both sampling points. Vertical trends demonstrated that the Municipal Dam was not stratified and received a diffuse source of pollutants from flooding and agriculture runoffs. It was also verified that there is relatively fast ammonia consumption kinetics having a half-life time of 1.43 h which can explain the low ammonia concentrations found in these aquatic bodies.

Ocorr��ncia de fissuras labiopalatais na cidade de S��o José dos Campos-SP

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi descrever os casos de fissuras labiopalatais registrados na AAFLAP (Associa����o de Apoio aos Fissurados Labiopalatais), ocorridos na cidade de S��o José dos Campos - SP, em rela����o ao sexo, classifica����o socioecon��mica, tipo de fissura e concomit��ncia com s��ndromes. M��TODOS: Os dados foram levantados das fichas preenchidas pela AAFLAP, entidade que recebe, orienta e encaminha para a realiza����o dos procedimentos terap��uticos necess��rios, totalizando 200 crian��as acometidas no per��odo de 1992 a 2002. RESULTADOS: da an��lise dos dados pode-se observar que n��o houve diferen��a significativa na ocorr��ncia de fissuras labiopalatais com rela����o ao sexo, sendo 48% do feminino e 52% do masculino, e que 73,70% dos casos acometeram crian��as oriundas de classe socioecon��mica desfavorecida. A fissura do tipo p��s-forame incisivo prevaleceu em 41,33% dos casos, seguida da transforame incisivo com 33,16%, da pr��-forame incisivo com 24,49% e das raras com 1,02%. Dos casos de fissura p��s-forame incisivo, a incompleta totalizou 79%; dos casos de fissura pr��-forame incisivo, o lado esquerdo totalizou 56% dos casos. de todos os casos levantados de fissuras labiopalatais, 9,18% estavam associados a alguma s��ndrome, sendo a S��ndrome de Pierre Robin a mais prevalente e, em 94% das vezes, associada ao tipo de fissura p��s-forame incisivo incompleta. CONCLUS��O: N��o houve diferen��a na ocorr��ncia com rela����o ao sexo da crian��a; a classe socioecon��mica desfavorecida foi a mais acometida; a fissura mais prevalente foi a p��s-forame incompleta, e um d��cimo do total estudado, aproximadamente, apresentava associa����o com alguma s��ndrome.

Avalia����o dos n��veis s��ricos de testosterona em pacientes com s��ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono

Homens com s��ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) podem apresentar diminui����o dos n��veis de testosterona devido �� hip��xia. OBJETIVOS: Relacionar os n��veis s��ricos da testosterona, em pacientes com SAOS, com par��metros cl��nico-laboratoriais. MATERIAL E M��TODOS: Foram revisados 103 prontu��rios de pacientes com SAOS, entre os anos de 2002 e 2009, e coletados os seguintes dados: idade �� ��poca da realiza����o da polissonografia, valores do Hemat��crito e Hemoglobina, n��vel s��rico da testosterona total, IMC, ��ndice de apneia/hipopneia(IAH) e SatO2. FORMA do ESTUDO: Estudo de casos retrospectivo em corte transversal. RESULTADOS: 79 pacientes (77%) n��o apresentaram altera����o hormonal e 24 (23%) apresentaram n��veis s��ricos inferiores. Dos pacientes com testosterona normal 70% estavam com sobrepeso, enquanto que 63% com testosterona alterada apresentaram obesidade grau I (p<0,05). Os pacientes com testosterona alterada apresentaram as dosagens m��dias do Ht e da Hb e dos n��veis m��dios do andr��geno significantemente inferiores aos dos pacientes sem altera����o androg��nica. A m��dia do IMC dos pacientes com altera����o hormonal foi significativamente maior que a m��dia daqueles sem altera����o. CONCLUS��O: A rela����o entre o perfil s��rico da testosterona matinal e a obesidade e, em menor grau, a idade, o IAH e a hip��xia, podem ser respons��veis pela supress��o central da testosterona nesses pacientes. A queda dos valores hematim��tricos pode ser relacionada aos baixos n��veis circulantes da testosterona.