Sociobiology in turmoil again

Altruism is defined as any behaviour that lowers the Darwinian fitness of the actor while increasing that of the recipient. Such altruism (especially in the form of lifetime sterility exhibited by sterile workers in eusocial insects such as ants, bees, wasps and termites) has long been considered a major difficulty for the theory of natural selection. In the 1960s W. D. Hamilton potentially solved this problem by defining a new measure of fitness that he called inclusive fitness, which also included the effect of an individual's action on the fitness of genetic relatives. This has come to be known as inclusive fitness theory, Hamilton's rule or kin selection. E. O. Wilson almost single-handedly popularized this new approach in the 1970s and thus helped create a large body of new empirical research and a large community of behavioural ecologists and kin selectionists. Adding thrill and drama to our otherwise sombre lives, Wilson is now leading a frontal attack on Hamilton's approach, claiming that the inclusive fitness theory is not as mathematically general as the standard natural selection theory, has led to no additional biological insights and should therefore be abandoned. The world cannot but sit up and take notice.

Dokumentation och beskrivning som språkplanering : perspektiv från arbete med tre tecknade minoritetsspråk

Language Documentation and Description as Language Planning Working with Three Signed Minority Languages Sign languages are minority languages that typically have a low status in society. Language planning has traditionally been controlled from outside the sign-language community. Even though signed languages lack a written form, dictionaries have played an important role in language description and as tools in foreign language learning. The background to the present study on sign language documentation and description as language planning is empirical research in three dictionary projects in Finland-Swedish Sign Language, Albanian Sign Language, and Kosovar Sign Language. The study consists of an introductory article and five detailed studies which address language planning from different perspectives. The theoretical basis of the study is sociocultural linguistics. The research methods used were participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. The primary research questions are the following: (1) What is the role of dictionary and lexicographic work in language planning, in research on undocumented signed language, and in relation to the language community as such? (2) What factors are particular challenges in the documentation of a sign language and should therefore be given special attention during lexicographic work? (3) Is a conventional dictionary a valid tool for describing an undocumented sign language? The results indicate that lexicographic work has a central part to play in language documentation, both as part of basic research on undocumented sign languages and for status planning. Existing dictionary work has contributed new knowledge about the languages and the language communities. The lexicographic work adds to the linguistic advocacy work done by the community itself with the aim of vitalizing the language, empowering the community, receiving governmental recognition for the language, and improving the linguistic (human) rights of the language users. The history of signed languages as low status languages has consequences for language planning and lexicography. One challenge that the study discusses is the relationship between the sign-language community and the hearing sign linguist. In order to make it possible for the community itself to take the lead in a language planning process, raising linguistic awareness within the community is crucial. The results give rise to questions of whether lexicographic work is of more importance for status planning than for corpus planning. A conventional dictionary as a tool for describing an undocumented sign language is criticised. The study discusses differences between signed and spoken/written languages that are challenging for lexicographic presentations. Alternative electronic lexicographic approaches including both lexicon and grammar are also discussed. Keywords: sign language, Finland-Swedish Sign Language, Albanian Sign Language, Kosovar Sign Language, language documentation and description, language planning, lexicography

Women, Management and Leadership - Naiset ja johtajuus : NASTA Women's Leadership Project Final Report

Leadership without the full participation of women not only excludes women individually and collectively, but is also a huge waste of talent, knowledge and expertise. And crucially, given the current state of society and the world, this aspect of gender inequality is likely to become even more important in the future. NASTA - Women’s Leadership: A Research and Education Development Project was established in 2005 as a national multi-university project mainly and generously funded by Finnish Ministry of Education. The project aims at producing new knowledge and increasing understanding about women’s leadership, as well as promoting women’s leadership through research, development of teaching, and public outreach. NASTA is a joint effort of three Finnish universities – Hanken School of Economics, University of Jyväskylä School of Business and Economics, and the Helsinki School of Economics (now part of Aalto University) – and has been coordinated by Hanken. This report presents research and activities conducted within and around the project. NASTA activities have been many and various. They have examined the position and experiences of women in relation to leadership, management, organisation and work more generally. They have sought new knowledge about gender and leadership, on women leaders’ values, attitudes and behaviour, as well as about values, attitudes and behaviour in relation to women’s leadership. NASTA activities have included teaching, student supervision, research theses, research projects, publishing, networking, seminars, meetings, an international conference, and knowledge transfer into other sectors of society. The first section of the book introduces NASTA joint projects, including web-based teaching material, a survey of gender staffing and teaching on gender in business schools, critical review of previous research literature, and new empirical research. The next section includes research articles on different aspects of gender, leadership and manage¬¬ment from more individual projects conducted by participating researchers and research groups linked to NASTA across the three universities. The final section includes short presentations of other research in progress. The appendix lists publications by NASTA members – journal articles, research reports, books, chapters, journal special issues, popular journal articles, magazine articles - and masters, licentiate and doctoral theses that have been produced. These matters of women, leadership and management are not simply academic concerns but urgent matters for practice, organisations, management, policy, and society more generally.

'South-South' Remittance - Poverty reduction nexus. The Case of 'Hadiya' immigrants in South Africa, as Agents of 'Constituence development' in Ethiopia, and the policy implications of their 'remittance instrument'

This thesis explores the link between South-South remittance and development. It attempts to establish improved understanding about the role of immigrants as agents of constituency growth and development. By doing so, it illuminates the dark corners of the policy implications that the unconventional development agency of immigrants might have for countries in the Organization ft Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The thesis problematises the existence of state-centric international cooperation as providing the recipe for failed Aid in the face of global poverty menace. In the last half a century, the relative shi' of focus to non-state actors brought about the proliferation of NGOs. That, intrun, helped improve international access to crisis situations; however, their long-term remedial impacts on poverty and development have been contested. Major misgivings for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are, on one hand, low level goal-bound expenditures and lack of independence from influence of the state, on the other. Therefore, the thesis enterprises to empirically verify its fundamental question whether remitting immigrants constitute an alternative development agency to the traditional players: the State and NGOs. Its main arguments are: due to state's failures in bringing sustainable development in many countries of the South, the future of poverty reduction and development also rests in immigrants' remittances. Nonetheless, in the last decade, remittance security-nexus dominated its discourse. Because of that remittance was viewed as something requiring global regime and restrictions. These temptations to tightly regulate remittance flows carry the danger of overlooking its trans-boundary nature and its strong link with livelihood of the poor. Therefore, to avoid unintended consequences of interventions, there need to be clear policy that bases itself on a discursive knowledge on the issues of North-South and South-South remittances The study involved both literature based and empirical research. It employed Discourse Analysis (C as main method for the former and snow-balling as its approach for the latter. For the first part the thesis constructed three conceptual models, these are: metrological model, police model and ecological model on remittance development-nexus. Through this modeling, the thesis achieved better deconstruction on the concepts remittance, immigrants and development agency. The protagonists of each model, the values and interests they represent, and their main arguments along various lines of dichotomies have been discussed. For instance, the main treats of meteorological model include: it sees remittance as transitional economic variable which require constant speculations and global management; it acts as meteorological station for following up or predicting the level, direction, flow and movement of global remittance. It focuses on official lines and considers the state as legitimate recipient of advic and positive consequence of remittance. On the other hand, police model views remittance as beir at best, development neutral or as an illicit activity requiring global regulations and tight control. Both immigrants and remittance viewed as subversive to establishments. It gives primacy to state stable agent of development and a partner for international cooperation. The anti-thesis to the police model is supplied by ecological model, which this thesis is a part. Ecological model on remittance and immigrants argues that, tight global regulations alone cannot be a panacea for possible abuse of informal remittance system. Ecological model, not only links remittance to poverty reduction, the main trust of development, but also considers the development agency of immigrants as critical factor for 21st century north-south development intervention. It sees immigrants as development conscious and their remittance instrument as most stable flow of finance to the developing countries. Besides, it sees remittance as effective poverty solutions than Foreign Direct Investment and international AID. This thesis focuses on the significance of South-South remittance and investigates the South Africa - Ethiopia remittance corridor, as case study; and empirically verifies the role of Ethiopian (Kembata and Hadiya) immigrants in South Africa as agents of local development back home. The study involved techniques of interview, group discussions, observations and investigative study. It also looked into the determinants of their migration to South Africa, and their remittance to Ethiopia. The theoretical models in the first part of the thesis have been operationalised throughout the empirical part to verify if the Kembata and Hadiya immigrants played the crucial role in their household poverty and local development in comparison with the Ethiopian state and the NGOs involved in the system. As evidenced by the research the thesis has made three distinct contributions to the discourse of remittance development-nexus. Fist, it systematized the debate about linkages between remittance, immigrants, development agency and policy of international cooperation by creating three conceptual models (school of thoughts); second, it singled out remitting immigrants as new agents of development in the South; third, it deconstructed concept of remittance and established South¬South remittance as additional sphere of academic investigation. In addition to the above contributions, the thesis finds that Kembata and Hadiya immigrants have engaged in various developmental activities in their locality than usually anticipated. Hence, it concludes that Ethiopian immigrants constitute an alternative development agency to the state and other non-state actors in their country, and the lesson can be applied to poverty reduction strategies in most developing countries.

The Role of Electronic Word of Mouth in Shaping Consumer Attitudes

The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) in shaping consumer attitudes towards various products and services with concentration on the consumer attitude change. eWOM has long been proven to play an important role in influencing consumer attitudes and has been researched from a variety of perspectives. This study attempts to look deeper into the process of consumer attitude change by applying as the central theory of the study the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion by Petty and Cacioppo. In the processes of examining the background academic and empirical research the Internet and Web 2.0 are closely depicted in order to understand how throughout the past centuries technology allowed the rise of various mediums where consumers can not only share their opinions online about products and services but also communicate with other consumers. Manuel Castel’s Internet Galaxy, Gildin’s, Carl and Noland’s, Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh and Gremler’s researches on eWOM are the central works that helped to shape both the theoretical and empirical parts of this study. The mixed method approach was chosen as a research method for this study. An online survey was conducted via the Surveymonkey.com platform and eight qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted. The results of the study show that central route queues as text quality and text argumentativeness are more prominent among the research subjects and the peripheral route queues: source credibility and source expertise did not show considerable significance. Also more experience and participation consumers have with user-rating websites and applications more inclined they are to elaborate on the central route cues and are more likely to search for opinions that they consider rational and credible. Also these respondents are less inclined to search for ratings that confirm their existing beliefs about products or services. Less experience/participation they have about eWOM more likely they are to search for reviews confirmatory to their own.

Comparison of North American universities with and without medical schools and their technology transfer initiatives

Empirical research available on technology transfer initiatives is either North American or European. Literature over the last two decades shows various research objectives such as identifying the variables to be measured and statistical methods to be used in the context of studying university based technology transfer initiatives. AUTM survey data from years 1996 to 2008 provides insightful patterns about the North American technology transfer initiatives, we use this data in our paper. This paper has three sections namely, a comparison of North American Universities with (n=1129) and without Medical Schools (n=786), an analysis of the top 75th percentile of these samples and a DEA analysis of these samples. We use 20 variables. Researchers have attempted to classify university based technology transfer initiative variables into multi-stages, namely, disclosures, patents and license agreements. Using the same approach, however with minor variations, three stages are defined in this paper. The first stage is to do with inputs from R&D expenditure and outputs namely, invention disclosures. The second stage is to do with invention disclosures being the input and patents issued being the output. The third stage is to do with patents issued as an input and technology transfers as outcomes.

Neighborhoods attributes as determinants of children's academic achievement

Resumen: Los estudios sobre los efectos del vecindario sobre los logros educativos han confirmado la existencia de estos efectos particularmente en la adolescencia. Una deficiencia común de la investigación empírica hasta la fecha, la falta de información en múltiples contextos, se aborda en este trabajo mediante el uso de encuestas escolares de datos para obtener una mayor comprensión sobre el efecto de la pobreza en los niños que cursan el nivel primario de enseñanza en los EE.UU. Este trabajo propone la utilización de un modelo jerárquico lineal de clasificación cruzada para tomar en cuenta en forma apropiada la estructura anidada de la información ya que los niños pertenecen simultáneamente a los dos grupos, el barrio y la escuela. Los resultados que se presentan, basados en la encuesta ECLS-K, una muestra de más de 20000 niños en aproximadamente 1.000 vecindarios y 1200 escuelas 1200, pone de manifiesto la asociación entre la composición socioeconómica del vecindario y los resultados académicos de los estudiantes. Este estudio proporciona evidencia a favor de las teorías de la socialización y epidémica. La presencia de adultos con buen nivel educativo en el vecindario así como la mediana de ingresos tienen impacto positivo en el logro del estudiante. De la misma forma, elevados niveles de pobreza tienen una influencia significativa, pero negativa en los resultados académicos. Sin embargo, el impacto se produce cuando se supera el umbral de 30% de hogares pobres en el vecindario. Los resultados agregados son invariantes a distintas especificaciones en términos de variables, esto no sucede cuando se analizan subgrupos clasificados según su origen étnico, género y estatus socio-económico.

La orientación al mercado y el rendimiento empresarial: el caso de la banca comercial española

[ES] En este trabajo se pretende estudiar las consecuencias de la orientación al mercado sobre el rendimiento empresarial. En concreto se propone un modelo donde los efectos de la OM sobre la rentabilidad se manifiestan a través de otras variables mediadoras de resultados. La investigación empírica se realiza en el sector de la banca comercial española y se utiliza los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para la contrastación de las hipótesis propuestas.

Estudio de la relación entre el compromiso organizativo y la intención de abandonar la organización: Modelo de dos componentes de compromiso de continuidad

[ES] El objetivo de este artículo es presentar evidencias empíricas sobre dos cuestiones aún abiertas en la investigación sobre el compromiso organizativo: la existencia de varios tipos de compromiso de continuidad, y la existencia de relaciones no lineales entre el compromiso, ciertos comportamientos organizativos y algunos indicadores clásicos de éstos como la intención de abandonar la organización. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio empírico en el que participaron 241 informantes, que permitió testear las hipótesis mediante el uso de regresión lineal jerárquica.

Pautas de conducta constructiva en psicomotricidad a los dos años

[Es]Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación empírica que aplica la metodología observacional a la incipiente actividad constructiva propia de la psicomotricidad espontánea a los dos años de edad. Es un estudio idiográfico, el diseño observacional utilizado es nomotético, de seguimiento y multidimensional. El instrumento de observación desarrollado ad hoc para el registro de la conducta conscontructiva es el formato de campo “la construcción en psicomotricidad durante el tercer año de vida”. La fiabilidad del instrumento se establece a partir del grado de concordancia entre los observadores. Los resultados, obtenidos mediante el análisis de coocurrencias, informan sobre las condiciones, modalidades, tendencias, evolución y niveles de acción que estas primeras conductas constructivas despliegan. Esta actividad de construcción, de acuerdo con la teoría psicogenética walloniana, puede ser considerada invención de nuevas conductas adecuadas a las nuevas situaciones. Su suspensión da lugar a símbolos enactivos, precursores del juego simbólico infantil.

Bareback: reflexões sobre a normalização das condutas sexuais

Refletindo sobre homossexualidade, Aids e seus desdobramentos sociais e subjetivos nos últimos 30 anos, procuramos nesta dissertação discutir o fenômeno bareback sexo sem camisinha - nomeado nos Estados Unidos na segunda metade da década de 1990. Sua disseminação na mídia tem causado, com frequência, reações que reconectam a homossexualidade a loucura, doença e morte. Devido à restrita produção acadêmica no Brasil, objetivamos contribuir por meio deste trabalho com algumas considerações essenciais ao debate. Percorremos alguns deslocamentos historicamente importantes relativos à homossexualidade, a condução das condutas - práticas de governo, risco, Aids e ao próprio bareback. Neste sentido, o trabalho associa um estudo teórico sobre este objeto a entrevistas realizadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa empírica exploratoria recolheu dados e discursos sobre este fenômeno em nossa realidade e contexto, tendo como terreno a Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de Aids (ABIA) e o Grupo Pela Vidda-RJ, duas organizações não-governamentais que trabalham com a Aids, e no Grupo Arco-íris, ONG integrante do Movimento LGBT. Duas pessoas de cada uma destas ONGs foram entrevistadas. Buscamos entender como essas instituições, locais privilegiados de nossa incursão, vêm abordando o fenômeno, quais suas posições e impressões. Paralelamente, contactamos alguns voluntários adeptos do sexo bareback, por considerarmos seus discursos indispensáveis e capazes de tornar este trabalho mais rico e diverso, no entendimento do bareback, a partir de suas experiências individuais. Para tal, utilizamos dois sites de bareback internacionais (barebackrt.com e bareback.com) que hospedam perfis de brasileiros, alguns residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, onde três praticantes foram integrados à pesquisa. Nossa hipótese é que as tentativas em decifrar o bareback, dar-lhe um sentido, uma verdade, acabam percorrendo trilhas normativas que têm seus limites expostos à medida que percebemos que a diversidade das práticas erótico-sexuais, da singularidade e subjetividade dos sujeitos transcendem qualquer tentativa de normatização / normalização. Assim, acreditamos que o que chamamos de bareback, seja fenômeno, subcultura, prática ou comportamento, não pode ser definido enquanto conjunto coeso de discursos, fantasias e práticas erótico-sexuais, mas pelo contrário, apresenta-se por meio de múltiplas faces ainda mais variadas, restando apenas à alusão que lhe é característica: o sexo sem camisinha, que nem sempre significará sexo sem proteção. Desta forma, tendo como perspectiva a noção de condução das condutas e cuidado de si proposta por Michel Foucault, discutimos o significado das práticas sexuais dissidentes e as questões referentes a normalização, patologização e formas de resistência.

Controle social e participação na gestão da saúde : a experiência do município do Rio de Janeiro

Esta tese pretende analisar os processos e mecanismos da participação do controle social na gestão da política de saúde no Município do Rio de Janeiro ao estudar o Conselho Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram identificar a forma de controle e fiscalização exercida pelo Conselho Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro na gestão César Maia, averiguar se as decisões importantes da Política de Saúde Municipal passam pelo Conselho Municipal, as principais tensões deste espaço institucionalizado de participação sociopolítica que reproduz as lutas sociais. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa e empírica com enfoque no método dialético, um estudo de caso do Conselho Municipal de Saúde Rio de Janeiro no período de gestão de 2005 a 2008. A tese está estruturada em quatro capítulos. Traz as tensões e os processos sociais da participação do controle social na gestão da saúde, no Município do Rio de Janeiro, no terceiro mandato da gestão César Maia. Foi possível observar o potencial do controle social na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, porém, evidenciam-se vários limites, como a não efetivação da agenda proposta nas diretrizes das conferências municipais, bem como a falta de estratégias ao se elaborar, de forma conjunta, o Plano Municipal de Saúde do Município do Rio de Janeiro e indicativo da de uma assessoria técnica e política por meio do exercício profissional do assistente social nos moldes do projeto políticas públicas da saúde da UERJ.

O Divino e o Encantado: um estudo etnográfico sobre a festa açoriana do Espírito Santo no subúrbio do Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a festa do divino espírito santo açoriana, realizada em uma Devoção Particular (Irmandade) localizada no bairro do Encantado, zona norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A Festa do Divino é uma festa popular, católica e originária da Península Ibérica que vem sendo realizada, há alguns séculos, em várias partes do mundo, entre elas o Brasil. O objetivo principal do estudo é apresentar, a partir do relato compartilhado com a própria comunidade açoriana, nossos nativos, as várias dimensões constituintes da festa, especificamente, de como ela vem sendo elaborada de forma original no subúrbio do Rio de Janeiro. Sendo a festa uma forma de reafirmação étnica em contextos transnacionais, como definido através da categoria açorianidade criada na década de 30, seus significados (da tradição) vão sendo extrapolados quando diluídos em contextos culturais transnacionais. No Rio de Janeiro tanto a cultura, como a religiosidade popular (evidenciadas através da festa), tornaram-se acessos importantes para o contato social entre açorianos e brasileiros. A irmandade açoriana do Encantado estabeleceu um diálogo ao longo de oito décadas com os moradores locais através da festa, bem marcada no calendário entre os meses de maio e junho. Constituindo-se como um verdadeiro sistema de prestações totais, um espaço privilegiado e complexo de trocas sociais, possibilitou-nos através dos dados etnográficos da pesquisa empírica uma janela para análise de temas importantes das Ciências Sociais como devoção religiosa, trabalho, cultura, tradição e espaço.

A questão cultural enquanto formação humana: investigando os interesses em disputa nas políticas culturais da cidade de São Gonçalo

A presente dissertação para o Mestrado em Educação da UERJ/FFP intenciona apresentar a questão cultural enquanto formação humana, buscando, assim, compreender a intrínseca relação entre a conjuntura histórico-social universal e a formação cultural gonçalense, e sua implicação na formulação de Políticas Públicas de Cultura no município de São Gonçalo. Na construção da pesquisa foi necessário, primeiramente, investigar e conceituar os sentidos ideológicos das palavras cultura e política, que contribuísse para fundamentar o pressuposto dos interesses em disputa que atravessam a formulação das políticas públicas, tendo como referencial a perspectiva gramsciana. Delimitamos a pesquisa empírica no cenário da IV Conferência Municipal de Cultura em São Gonçalo, por se tratar de um dos mecanismos de controle social que congrega a participação do Estado (no sentido estrito) e da sociedade civil, situando essa relação na perspectiva gramsciana em contraposição a perspectiva neoliberal. Através das falas dos cinco entrevistados, dos documentos e dos bastidores do cenário conferencista, foi possível visualizar as possibilidades e limites inerentes a formação humana gonçalense. Sem ter a pretensão de esgotar uma temática tão complexa e abrangente, a produção dissertativa objetiva avançar no debate da questão cultural enquanto uma das ferramentas na disputa por um projeto societário contra-hegemônico.

Fraudes corporativas: um estudo de casos múltiplos à luz da teoria dos escândalos corporativos

O presente estudo é uma investigação empírica de natureza qualitativa e tem por objetivo comparar as características das fraudes praticadas por meio de manipulação nas demonstrações contábeis das empresas Daslu, Kmart e Avestruz Master. Buscou-se verificar diferenças entre fraudes no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, no que se refere às motivações e finalidades da ação fraudulenta, aos métodos de manipulação contábil utilizados e à governança corporativa adotada pelas empresas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido seguindo a metodologia do estudo de casos múltiplos, utilizando-se um protocolo, que contemplou os procedimentos e as regras gerais obedecidas na pesquisa, com a função de incrementar a confiabilidade do estudo e orientar o trabalho do pesquisador. A seleção dos casos estudados foi feita com base em pesquisas anteriores, que mencionaram fraudes praticadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, na última década. Os resultados indicam que as fraudes apresentaram diferenças na natureza e na autoria dos atos fraudulentos, com evidências da aplicação das teorias do triângulo da fraude (TTF) e dos escândalos corporativos (TEC). Considerando que as corporações brasileiras estudadas possuíam sistema de governança corporativa concentrado, similar ao de empresas europeias, as diferenças observadas nas fraudes investigadas podem ser explicadas pela teoria dos escândalos corporativos, defendida por Coffee Jr. (2005).