Hazardous substances in frequently used professional cleaning products.

A growing number of studies have identified cleaners as a group at risk for adverse health effects of the skin and the respiratory tract. Chemical substances present in cleaning products could be responsible for these effects. Currently, only limited information is available about irritant and health hazardous chemical substances found in cleaning products. We hypothesized that chemical substances present in cleaning products are known health hazardous substances that might be involved in adverse health effects of the skin and the respiratory tract. We performed a systematic review of cleaning products used in the Swiss cleaning sector. We surveyed Swiss professional cleaning companies (n = 1476) to identify the most used products (n = 105) for inclusion. Safety data sheets (SDSs) were reviewed and hazardous substances present in cleaning products were tabulated with current European and global harmonized system hazard labels. Professional cleaning products are mixtures of substances (arithmetic mean 3.5 +/- 2.8), and more than 132 different chemical substances were identified in 105 products. The main groups of chemicals were fragrances, glycol ethers, surfactants, solvents; and to a lesser extent, phosphates, salts, detergents, pH-stabilizers, acids, and bases. Up to 75% of products contained irritant (Xi), 64% harmful (Xn) and 28% corrosive (C) labeled substances. Hazards for eyes (59%) and skin (50%), and hazards by ingestion (60%) were the most reported. Cleaning products potentially give rise to simultaneous exposures to different chemical substances. As professional cleaners represent a large workforce, and cleaning products are widely used, it is a major public health issue to better understand these exposures. The list of substances provided in this study contains important information for future occupational exposure assessment studies.

Aumann-Shapley Pricing : A Reconsideration of the Discrete Case

We reconsider the following cost-sharing problem: agent i = 1,...,n demands a quantity xi of good i; the corresponding total cost C(x1,...,xn) must be shared among the n agents. The Aumann-Shapley prices (p1,...,pn) are given by the Shapley value of the game where each unit of each good is regarded as a distinct player. The Aumann-Shapley cost-sharing method assigns the cost share pixi to agent i. When goods come in indivisible units, we show that this method is characterized by the two standard axioms of Additivity and Dummy, and the property of No Merging or Splitting: agents never find it profitable to split or merge their demands.

Distribution-Free Bounds for Serial Correlation Coefficients in Heteroskedastic Symmetric Time Series

We consider the problem of testing whether the observations X1, ..., Xn of a time series are independent with unspecified (possibly nonidentical) distributions symmetric about a common known median. Various bounds on the distributions of serial correlation coefficients are proposed: exponential bounds, Eaton-type bounds, Chebyshev bounds and Berry-Esséen-Zolotarev bounds. The bounds are exact in finite samples, distribution-free and easy to compute. The performance of the bounds is evaluated and compared with traditional serial dependence tests in a simulation experiment. The procedures proposed are applied to U.S. data on interest rates (commercial paper rate).

Étude de la réponse du détecteur ATLAS-MPX aux neutrons rapides

Les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX sont des détecteurs Medipix2-USB recouverts de convertisseurs de fluorure de lithium et de polyéthylène pour augmenter l’efficacité de détection des neutrons lents et des neutrons rapides respectivement. Un réseau de quinze détecteurs ATLAS-MPX a été mis en opération dans le détecteur ATLAS au LHC du CERN. Deux détecteurs ATLAS-MPX de référence ont été exposés à des sources de neutrons rapides 252 Cf et 241 AmBe ainsi qu’aux neutrons rapides produits par la réaction 7Li(p, xn) pour l’étude de la réponse du détecteur à ces neutrons. Les neutrons rapides sont principalement détectés à partir des protons de recul des collisions élastiques entre les neutrons et l’hydrogène dans le polyéthylène. Des réactions nucléaires entre les neutrons et le silicium produisent des particules-α. Une étude de l’efficacité de reconnaissance des traces des protons et des particules-α dans le détecteur Medipix2-USB a été faite en fonction de l’énergie cinétique incidente et de l’angle d’incidence. L’efficacité de détection des neutrons rapides a été évaluée à deux seuils d’énergie (8 keV et 230 keV) dans les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX. L’efficacité de détection des neutrons rapides dans la région du détecteur couverte avec le polyéthylène augmente en fonction de l’énergie des neutrons : (0.0346 ± 0.0004) %, (0.0862 ± 0.0018) % et (0.1044 ± 0.0026) % pour des neutrons rapides de 2.13 MeV, 4.08 MeV et 27 MeV respectivement. L’étude pour déterminer l’énergie des neutrons permet donc d’estimer le flux des neutrons quand le détecteur ATLAS-MPX est dans un champ de radiation inconnu comme c’est le cas dans le détecteur ATLAS au LHC.

Wave-vector dependence of spin and density multipole excitations in quantum dots

We have employed time-dependent local-spin density-functional theory to analyze the multipole spin and charge density excitations in GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs quantum dots. The on-plane transferred momentum degree of freedom has been taken into account, and the wave-vector dependence of the excitations is discussed. In agreement with previous experiments, we have found that the energies of these modes do not depend on the transferred wave vector, although their intensities do. Comparison with a recent resonant Raman scattering experiment [C. Schüller et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2673 (1998)] is made. This allows us to identify the angular momentum of several of the observed modes as well as to reproduce their energies

High Indium Concentration InGaN/GaN Grown on Sapphire Substrate by MOCVD

The InGaN system provides the opportunity to fabricate light emitting devices over the whole visible and ultraviolet spectrum due to band-gap energies E[subscript g] varying between 3.42 eV for GaN and 1.89 eV for InN. However, high In content in InGaN layers will result in a significant degradation of the crystalline quality of the epitaxial layers. In addition, unlike other III-V compound semiconductors, the ratio of gallium to indium incorporated in InGaN is in general not a simple function of the metal atomic flux ratio, f[subscript Ga]/f[subscript In]. Instead, In incorporation is complicated by the tendency of gallium to incorporate preferentially and excess In to form metallic droplets on the growth surface. This phenomenon can definitely affect the In distribution in the InGaN system. Scanning electron microscopy, room temperature photoluminescence, and X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to characterize InGaN layer grown on InN and InGaN buffers. The growth was done on c-plane sapphire by MOCVD. Results showed that green emission was obtained which indicates a relatively high In incorporation.

Dinámica del anillo mitral en pacientes con insuficiencia mitral isquemica

OBJETIVOS: Describir y comparar los cambios dinámicos de la geometría del anillo mitral durante todo el ciclo cardiaco en pacientes con insuficiencia mitral isquémica y pacientes con válvula mitral normal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Los estudios ecocardiográficos analizados fueron 37, 23 con insuficiencia mitral isquémica y 14 con válvula mitral normal. La reconstrucción del anillo se realizó en la estación de trabajo Xcelera (Philips Medial Systems) mediante la herramienta de análisis mitral (MVQ), en 5 momentos del ciclo cardiaco: Comienzo de Sístole, Mitad de Sístole, Final de Sístole, Mitad de Diástole y Final de Diástole. RESULTADOS: El anillo del grupo control, fue más dinámico, con sus menores dimensiones al final de la diástole, presentando incremento progresivo durante la sístole. Los cambios en el perímetro y el área, fueron significativos entre el comienzo y mitad de la sístole (p:0.087 y p: 0.055). En el grupo con insuficiencia mitral isquémica, el anillo fue más estático. Todas las dimensiones en este grupo, fueron mayores en los cinco momentos del ciclo cardiaco. (p < 0.1). El anillo también fue más plano, con un índice morfológico anular menor al del grupo control (p:0.087). DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes sin insuficiencia mitral, el anillo es una estructura dinámica. Durante la sístole, las menores dimensiones se produjeron al comienzo de este periodo y la conformación en silla de montar se mantuvo, protegiendo contra la insuficiencia mitral. El anillo del grupo con insuficiencia mitral fue más estático y plano, perdiendo los mecanismos protectores.

Modelo para la implementación de procesos de Eco Innovación en el sector industrial Colombiano

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un modelo de implementación, aplicación y medición de diferentes procesos de eco-innovación al interior de una empresa. Para lograr este fin, se presenta una estructura donde se evalúan los procesos productivos del sector industrial colombiano y su relación con la eco-innovación, esto para realizar un filtro dentro de la propuesta y poder dirigir el proyecto a empresas idóneas para adoptar un modelo eco-innovador. Este modelo está basado en diferentes métodos de desarrollo de conceptos como lo son la innovación, el desarrollo sostenible y un término que en los últimos tiempos ha venido tomando fuerza dentro del sector empresarial mundial, el término Eco-amigable. Este término será entonces una base para la relación de los procesos productivos con la adaptación de la eco-innovación para generar un desarrollo sostenible referente al ambiente y un posicionamiento empresarial industrial dentro de un mercado altamente competitivo.

Límites del ordenamiento ambiental del territorio al turismo: el caso del Aeropuerto Internacional en la Isla de Providencia

El presente trabajo comenzará por abordar los antecedentes históricos y la caracterización del grupo étnico raizal desde una perspectiva jurídica enfocada en el turismo, el medio ambiente y la especial protección nacional e internacional del grupo étnico para el caso de la isla de Providencia, Colombia. A continuación se realizará un análisis del fenómeno turístico, incluyendo aspectos relacionados con los estudios del turismo y el desarrollo sostenible de esta actividad. A partir de este análisis, se examinarán los antecedentes y las características del modelo actual de desarrollo turístico en el municipio de Providencia y Santa Catalina. En el marco de los resultados del análisis anterior, se realizará una exposición de los aspectos jurídicos relacionados con el ordenamiento ambiental del territorio en el caso de la ampliación y remodelación del Aeropuerto el Embrujo en zona amortiguadora del Parque Nacional Natural Old Providence and Mc Bean Lagoon. Por último se expondrán las conclusiones y algunas recomendaciones.

Cyclic Maximal Ideals of Rings of Differential Operators over Power Series Rings

In [3], Bratti and Takagi conjectured that a first order differential operator S=11 +...+ nn+ with 1,..., n, {x1,..., xn} does not generate a cyclic maximal left (or right) ideal of the ring of differential operators. This is contrary to the case of the Weyl algebra, i.e., the ring of differential operators over the polynomial ring [x1,..., xn]. In this case, we know that such cyclic maximal ideals do exist. In this article, we prove several special cases of the conjecture of Bratti and Takagi.

Photoproduction of J/psi and of high mass e(+)e(-) in ultra-peripheral Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

We present the first measurement of photoproduction of J/psi and of two-photon production of high-mass e(+)e(-) pairs in electromagnetic (or ultra-peripheral) nucleus-nucleus interactions, using Au + Au data at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. The events are tagged with forward neutrons emitted following Coulomb excitation of one or both Au* nuclei. The event sample consists of 28 events with m(e+e-) > 2 GeV/c(2) with zero like-sign background. The measured cross sections at midrapidity of d sigma/dy (J/psi + Xn, y = 0) = 76 +/- 33 (stat) +/- 11 (syst) pb and d(2)sigma /dm dy (e(+) e(-) + Xn, y = 0) = 86 +/- 23(stat) +/- 16(syst) mu b/ (GeV/c(2)) for m(e+e-) epsilon vertical bar 2.0, 2.8 vertical bar GeV/c(2) have been compared and found to be consistent with models for photoproduction of J/psi and QED based calculations of two-photon production of e(+)e(-) pairs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Shubnikov de Haas oscillations in double wells with opposite signs of the electronic g-factor

We report on the measurements of the Shubnikov de Haas oscillations (SdH) in symmetrically doped AlxGa1-xAs double wells with different Al compositions in wells, which lead to the opposite signs of the electronic g-factor in each layer. Surprisingly, the spin splitting appears and collapses several times with increase in the magnetic field, We attribute such behaviour to the oscillations of the exchange-correlation term with Landau filling factor. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of confinement on the electron-phonon interaction in Al(0.18)Ga(0.82)As/GaAs quantum wells

Photoluminescence measurements at different temperatures have been performed to investigate the effects of confinement on the electron-phonon interaction in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (QWs). A series of samples with different well widths in the range from 150 up to 750 A was analyzed. Using a fitting procedure based on the Passler-p model to describe the temperature dependence of the exciton recombination energy, we determined a fit parameter which is related to the strength of the electron-phonon interaction. On the basis of the behavior of this fit parameter as a function of the well width thickness of the samples investigated, we verified that effects of confinement on the exciton recombination energy are still present in QWs with well widths as large as 450 angstrom. Our findings also show that the electron-phonon interaction is three times stronger in GaAs bulk material than in Al(0.18)Ga(0.82)As/GaAs QWs.

Remoção de compostos orgânicos de águas por ultra e nanofiltração em membranas poliméricas

Os recursos hídricos superficiais e subterrâneos tem-se mostrado contaminados, cada vez mais freqüentemente, por substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas, em nível de traços, prejudicando os seus usos mais nobres, por exemplo, abastecimento público. Este estudo teve por finalidade principal verificar a eficiência de rejeição por membranas poliméricas, de alguns compostos orgânicos tipo, naftaleno, carbofurano, tricloroetileno (TCE) e metil paration, em baixas concentrações. Empregou-se testes hidrodinâmicos de filtração, tipo "dead-end", com taxa de aplicação média de 13,16 m3.m-2.h-1 através das membranas comerciais de características distintas, uma de ultra (UE-50) e duas de nanofiltração (XN-40 e TS-80). Avaliou-se, também, a preparação de água contaminada para a filtração por membranas, através do prétratamento por oxidação do carbofurano em meio líquido, usando um desinfetante padrão, o hipoclorito de sódio. Após a oxidação desde composto, testes hidrodinâmicos de filtração foram realizados para verificar, também, a eficiência de rejeição dos sub-produtos. Por fim, foram realizados testes de envelhecimento das membranas que poderiam ser atacadas pelos compostos orgânicos em solução aquosa. Todos os ensaios foram realizados à temperatura de 25 oC, empregando pressão de filtração de 4 atm. Os compostos orgânicos foram detectados por várias técnicas, principalmente cromatografia gasosa e líquida, sequenciada por espectrometria de massas. Para acompanhar o envelhecimento das membranas, em seis meses de uso, foi empregada microscopia de força atômica, através da medição de porosidade e de rugosidade superficiais. Em termos médios, nas três faixas de concentrações testadas, o metil paration foi o composto mais eficientemente removido pelas membranas em todos os testes realizados, com 59,82 % de rejeição pela membrana UE-50, 43,97 % pela membrana XN-40 e 56,12 % pela TS-80. O TCE foi rejeitado 28,42 %, 23,87 % e 21,42 % pelas membranas UE-50, XN-40 e TS-80, respectivamente. O naftaleno, foi rejeitado 20,61 %, 14,85 % e 12,63 % pelas membranas UE-50, XN-40 e TS-80, respectivamente. Para o carbofurano, a percentagem de rejeição pelas membranas UE-50, XN-40 e TS-80 foi, respectivamente, de 4,51 %, 4,88 % e 2,92 %. Dentre todas as membranas testadas, a membrana de polisulfona UE-50, de ultrafiltração, produziu a melhor eficiência na rejeição de metil paration, tricloroetileno e naftaleno, com 59,82 %, 28,43 % e 20,61 % de rejeição, na ordem. A membrana de poliamida-uréia TS-80, de nanofiltração, proporcionou maior rejeição (56,12 %) que a membrana de poliamida XN-40, de nanofiltração (43,97 %), para o metil paration. Ao contrário, a membrana XN-40 mostrou uma rejeição maior (23,87 %) que a TS-80 para o tricloroetileno (21,42 %). Para o naftaleno, a membrana XN-40 também mostrou uma rejeição (14,85 %) maior que a TS-80 (12,63 %). A eficiência de rejeição do carbofurano foi a menor de todos os compostos ensaiados, independente da membrana. Se for assumido que a membrana de ultra deverá ser seguida pela de nanofiltração, a eficiência conjunta UE-50 + XN-40 será, em termos médios, para o naftaleno, carbofurano, tricloroetileno e metil paration, respectivamente, 32,24%, 9,19%, 45,60% e 77,44%. Para o conjunto UE-50 + TS-80 será de: 30,64%, 7,29%, 43,92% e 83,51%, não havendo diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois conjuntos. Nos testes de pré-tratamento por oxidação do carbofurano, observou-se a formação do carbofurano hidrolisado e mais dois sub-produtos principais, SP-1 e SP-2, que foram rejeitados, 47,85 % e 92,80 %, respectivamente, pela membrana XN-40. Na verificação das perdas das características morfológicas pelo uso prolongado das membranas, sob ataque de compostos orgânicos em baixa concentração ("envelhecimento") verificou-se que a rugosidade (0, 3 e 6 meses) e a porosidade (0, 3 e 6 meses) foram consideravelmente alteradas. A porosidade da membrana XN-40 aumentou 42,86% e a da membrana TS-80 aumentou 34,57%, quando imersas por 3 meses. A rugosidade das membranas XN-40 e TS-80 nos testes de imersão por 3 meses, aumentou 5,37% e 291% respectivamente. Nos testes de imersão em 6 meses, o aumento da porosidade das membranas XN-40 e TS-80 foi de 29,67% e 18,52% respectivamente, enquanto que a rugosidade aumentou 25,27% e 155% para as mesmas. Conclui-se que membranas de nanofiltração poliméricas necessitam de prétratamentos para rejeitar, com segurança, e colocar dentro dos padrões de potabilidade, águas contaminadas com os compostos orgânicos tipo testados e que seu uso prolongado irá afetar as suas características de rejeição dos contaminates.

Equilibria in security markets with a continuum of agents

We prove the existence of a competitive equilibrium for exchange economies with a measure space of agents and for which the commodity space is ` p, 1 < p < +∞. A vector x = (xn) in ` p may be interpreted as a security which promises to deliver xn units of numeraire at state (or date) n. Under assumptions imposing uniform bounds on marginal rates of substitution, positive results on core-Walras equivalence were established in Rustichini–Yannelis [21] and Podczeck [20]. In this paper we prove that under similar assumptions on marginal rates of substitution, the set of competitive equilibria (and thus the core) is non-empty.