Self-induced transmission on intersubband resonance in multiple quantum wells

We investigate the nonlinear propagation of ultrashort pulses on resonant intersubband transitions in multiple semiconductor quantum wells. It is shown that the nonlinearity rooted from electron-electron interactions destroys the condition giving rise to self-induced transparency. However, by adjusting the area of input pulse, we find the signatures of self-induced transmission due to a full Rabi flopping of the electron density, and this phenomenon can be approximately interpreted by the traditional standard area theorem via defining the effective area of input pulse.

A new high-order Fourier continuation-based elasticity solver for complex three-dimensional geometries

This thesis presents a new approach for the numerical solution of three-dimensional problems in elastodynamics. The new methodology, which is based on a recently introduced Fourier continuation (FC) algorithm for the solution of Partial Differential Equations on the basis of accurate Fourier expansions of possibly non-periodic functions, enables fast, high-order solutions of the time-dependent elastic wave equation in a nearly dispersionless manner, and it requires use of CFL constraints that scale only linearly with spatial discretizations. A new FC operator is introduced to treat Neumann and traction boundary conditions, and a block-decomposed (sub-patch) overset strategy is presented for implementation of general, complex geometries in distributed-memory parallel computing environments. Our treatment of the elastic wave equation, which is formulated as a complex system of variable-coefficient PDEs that includes possibly heterogeneous and spatially varying material constants, represents the first fully-realized three-dimensional extension of FC-based solvers to date. Challenges for three-dimensional elastodynamics simulations such as treatment of corners and edges in three-dimensional geometries, the existence of variable coefficients arising from physical configurations and/or use of curvilinear coordinate systems and treatment of boundary conditions, are all addressed. The broad applicability of our new FC elasticity solver is demonstrated through application to realistic problems concerning seismic wave motion on three-dimensional topographies as well as applications to non-destructive evaluation where, for the first time, we present three-dimensional simulations for comparison to experimental studies of guided-wave scattering by through-thickness holes in thin plates.

Estimativa do erro de discretização analítico na solução de equações diferenciais utilizando o Método de Volumes Finitos

As análises de erros são conduzidas antes de qualquer projeto a ser desenvolvido. A necessidade do conhecimento do comportamento do erro numérico em malhas estruturadas e não-estruturadas surge com o aumento do uso destas malhas nos métodos de discretização. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi criar uma metodologia para analisar os erros de discretização gerados através do truncamento na Série de Taylor, aplicados às equações de Poisson e de Advecção-Difusão estacionárias uni e bidimensionais, utilizando-se o Método de Volumes Finitos em malhas do tipo Voronoi. A escolha dessas equações se dá devido a sua grande utilização em testes de novos modelos matemáticos e função de interpolação. Foram usados os esquemas Central Difference Scheme (CDS) e Upwind Difference Scheme(UDS) nos termos advectivos. Verificou-se a influência do tipo de condição de contorno e a posição do ponto gerador do volume na solução numérica. Os resultados analíticos foram confrontados com resultados experimentais para dois tipos de malhas de Voronoi, uma malha cartesiana e outra triangular comprovando a influência da forma do volume finito na solução numérica obtida. Foi percebido no estudo que a discretização usando o esquema CDS tem erros menores do que a discretização usando o esquema UDS conforme literatura. Também se percebe a diferença nos erros em volumes vizinhos nas malhas triangulares o que faz com que não se tenha uma uniformidade nos gráficos dos erros estudados. Percebeu-se que as malhas cartesianas com nó no centróide do volume tem menor erro de discretização do que malhas triangulares. Mas o uso deste tipo de malha depende da geometria do problema estudado

Particle fluid mechanics in shear flows, acoustic waves, and shock waves

Three different categories of flow problems of a fluid containing small particles are being considered here. They are: (i) a fluid containing small, non-reacting particles (Parts I and II); (ii) a fluid containing reacting particles (Parts III and IV); and (iii) a fluid containing particles of two distinct sizes with collisions between two groups of particles (Part V).

Part I

A numerical solution is obtained for a fluid containing small particles flowing over an infinite disc rotating at a constant angular velocity. It is a boundary layer type flow, and the boundary layer thickness for the mixture is estimated. For large Reynolds number, the solution suggests the boundary layer approximation of a fluid-particle mixture by assuming W = W_p. The error introduced is consistent with the Prandtl’s boundary layer approximation. Outside the boundary layer, the flow field has to satisfy the “inviscid equation” in which the viscous stress terms are absent while the drag force between the particle cloud and the fluid is still important. Increase of particle concentration reduces the boundary layer thickness and the amount of mixture being transported outwardly is reduced. A new parameter, β = 1/Ω τ_v, is introduced which is also proportional to μ. The secondary flow of the particle cloud depends very much on β. For small values of β, the particle cloud velocity attains its maximum value on the surface of the disc, and for infinitely large values of β, both the radial and axial particle velocity components vanish on the surface of the disc.

Part II

The “inviscid” equation for a gas-particle mixture is linearized to describe the flow over a wavy wall. Corresponding to the Prandtl-Glauert equation for pure gas, a fourth order partial differential equation in terms of the velocity potential ϕ is obtained for the mixture. The solution is obtained for the flow over a periodic wavy wall. For equilibrium flows where λ_v and λ_T approach zero and frozen flows in which λ_v and λ_T become infinitely large, the flow problem is basically similar to that obtained by Ackeret for a pure gas. For finite values of λ_v and λ_T, all quantities except v are not in phase with the wavy wall. Thus the drag coefficient C_D is present even in the subsonic case, and similarly, all quantities decay exponentially for supersonic flows. The phase shift and the attenuation factor increase for increasing particle concentration.

Part III

Using the boundary layer approximation, the initial development of the combustion zone between the laminar mixing of two parallel streams of oxidizing agent and small, solid, combustible particles suspended in an inert gas is investigated. For the special case when the two streams are moving at the same speed, a Green’s function exists for the differential equations describing first order gas temperature and oxidizer concentration. Solutions in terms of error functions and exponential integrals are obtained. Reactions occur within a relatively thin region of the order of λ_D. Thus, it seems advantageous in the general study of two-dimensional laminar flame problems to introduce a chemical boundary layer of thickness λ_D within which reactions take place. Outside this chemical boundary layer, the flow field corresponds to the ordinary fluid dynamics without chemical reaction.

Part IV

The shock wave structure in a condensing medium of small liquid droplets suspended in a homogeneous gas-vapor mixture consists of the conventional compressive wave followed by a relaxation region in which the particle cloud and gas mixture attain momentum and thermal equilibrium. Immediately following the compressive wave, the partial pressure corresponding to the vapor concentration in the gas mixture is higher than the vapor pressure of the liquid droplets and condensation sets in. Farther downstream of the shock, evaporation appears when the particle temperature is raised by the hot surrounding gas mixture. The thickness of the condensation region depends very much on the latent heat. For relatively high latent heat, the condensation zone is small compared with Ʌ_D.

For solid particles suspended initially in an inert gas, the relaxation zone immediately following the compression wave consists of a region where the particle temperature is first being raised to its melting point. When the particles are totally melted as the particle temperature is further increased, evaporation of the particles also plays a role.

The equilibrium condition downstream of the shock can be calculated and is independent of the model of the particle-gas mixture interaction.

Part V

For a gas containing particles of two distinct sizes and satisfying certain conditions, momentum transfer due to collisions between the two groups of particles can be taken into consideration using the classical elastic spherical ball model. Both in the relatively simple problem of normal shock wave and the perturbation solutions for the nozzle flow, the transfer of momentum due to collisions which decreases the velocity difference between the two groups of particles is clearly demonstrated. The difference in temperature as compared with the collisionless case is quite negligible.

Plasma inverse scattering theory

The object of this report is to calculate the electron density profile of plane stratified inhomogeneous plasmas. The electron density profile is obtained through a numerical solution of the inverse scattering algorithm.

The inverse scattering algorithm connects the time dependent reflected field resulting from a δ-function field incident normally on the plasma to the inhomogeneous plasma density.

Examples show that the method produces uniquely the electron density on or behind maxima of the plasma frequency.

It is shown that the δ-function incident field used in the inverse scattering algorithm can be replaced by a thin square pulse.

Análise de erros da equação de advecção unidimensional no Método de Volumes Finitos

Uma análise utilizando a série de Taylor é apresentada para se estimar a priori os erros envolvidos na solução numérica da equação de advecção unidimensional com termo fonte, através do Método dos Volumes Finitos em uma malha do tipo uniforme e uma malha não uniforme. Também faz-se um estudo a posteriori para verificar a magnitude do erro de discretização e corroborar os resultados obtidos através da análise a priori. Por meio da técnica de solução manufaturada tem-se uma solução analítica para o problema, a qual facilita a análise dos resultados numéricos encontrados, e estuda-se ainda a influência das funções de interpolação UDS e CDS e do parâmetro u na solução numérica.

Symmetry restoration and quantumness reestablishment

A realistic quantum many-body system, characterized by a generic microscopic Hamiltonian, is accessible only through approximation methods. The mean field theories, as the simplest practices of approximation methods, commonly serve as a powerful tool, but unfortunately often violate the symmetry of the Hamiltonian. The conventional BCS theory, as an excellent mean field approach, violates the particle number conservation and completely erases quantumness characterized by concurrence and quantum discord between different modes. We restore the symmetry by using the projected BCS theory and the exact numerical solution and find that the lost quantumness is synchronously reestablished. We show that while entanglement remains unchanged with the particle numbers, quantum discord behaves as an extensive quantity with respect to the system size. Surprisingly, discord is hardly dependent on the interaction strengths. The new feature of discord offers promising applications in modern quantum technologies.

Problemas inversos em processos difusivos com retenção

Um Estudo para a solução numérica do modelo de difusão com retenção, proposta por Bevilacqua et al. (2011), é apresentado, bem como uma formulação implícita para o problema inverso para a estimativa dos parâmetros envolvidos na formulação matemática do modelo. Através de um estudo minucioso da análise de sensibilidade e do cálculo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, são identificadas as chances de se obter sucesso na solução do problema inverso através do método determinístico de Levenberg-Marquardt e dos métodos estocásticos Algoritmo de Colisão de Partículas (Particle Collision Algorithm - PCA) e Evolução Diferencial (Differential Evolution - DE). São apresentados os resultados obtidos através destes três métodos de otimização para três casos de conjunto de parâmetros. Foi observada uma forte correlação entre dois destes três parâmetros, o que dificultou a estimativa simultânea dos mesmos. Porém, foi obtido sucesso nas estimativas individuais de cada parâmetro. Foram obtidos bons resultados para os fatores que multiplicam os termos diferenciais da equação que modela o fenômeno de difusão com retenção.

Solução analítica da equação unidimensional de transporte de nêutrons monoenergéticos com espalhamento linearmente anisotrópico e aproximação sintética de difusão

Nesta dissertação, são apresentados os seguintes modelos matemáticos de transporte de nêutrons: a equação linearizada de Boltzmann e a equação da difusão de nêutrons monoenergéticos em meios não-multiplicativos. Com o objetivo de determinar o período fluxo escalar de nêutrons, é descrito um método espectronodal que gera soluções numéricas para o problema de difusão em geometria planar de fonte fixa, que são livres de erros de truncamento espacial, e que conjugado com uma técnica de reconstrução espacial intranodal gera o perfil detalhado da solução. A fim de obter o valor aproximado do fluxo angular de nêutrons em um determinado ponto do domínio e em uma determinada direção de migração, descreve-se também um método de reconstrução angular baseado na solução analítica da equação unidimensional de transporte de nêutrons monoenergéticos com espalhamento linearmente anisotrópico com aproximação sintética de difusão nos termos de fonte por espalhamento. O código computacional desenvolvido nesta dissertação foi implementado na plataforma livre Scilab, e para ilustrar a eficiência do código criado,resultados numéricos obtidos para três problemas-modelos são apresentados

Simulação numérica do escoamento de água em áreas alagáveis da floresta amazônica com a utilização da estrutura de dados Autonomous Leaves Graph

A Amazônia exibe uma variedade de cenários que se complementam. Parte desse ecossistema sofre anualmente severas alterações em seu ciclo hidrológico, fazendo com que vastos trechos de floresta sejam inundados. Esse fenômeno, entretanto, é extremamente importante para a manutenção de ciclos naturais. Neste contexto, compreender a dinâmica das áreas alagáveis amazônicas é importante para antecipar o efeito de ações não sustentáveis. Sob esta motivação, este trabalho estuda um modelo de escoamento em áreas alagáveis amazônicas, baseado nas equações de Navier-Stokes, além de ferramentas que possam ser aplicadas ao modelo, favorecendo uma nova abordagem do problema. Para a discretização das equações é utilizado o Método dos Volumes Finitos, sendo o Método do Gradiente Conjugado a técnica escolhida para resolver os sistemas lineares associados. Como técnica de resolução numérica das equações, empregou-se o Método Marker and Cell, procedimento explícito para solução das equações de Navier-Stokes. Por fim, as técnicas são aplicadas a simulações preliminares utilizando a estrutura de dados Autonomous Leaves Graph, que tem recursos adaptativos para manipulação da malha que representa o domínio do problema

Redes neurais artificiais aplicadas à determinação do tamanho ótimo da malha para o cálculo da intensidade útil

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo para a determinação do tamanho ótimo da malha de elementos, utilizando redes neurais artificiais, para o cálculo da intensidade útil. A ideia principal é treinar as redes de modo a possibilitar a aprendizagem e o reconhecimento do melhor tamanho para diversas áreas superficiais em fontes sonoras com geometria plana. A vantagem de se utilizar redes neurais artificiais deve-se ao fato de apresentarem um único tamanho para a obtenção da intensidade útil, consequentemente, uma redução significativa de tempo computacional quando comparado com o tempo de cálculo de uma malha bem refinada. Ensaios numéricos com placas planas - geometria separável que permite uma solução analítica - são utilizados para se realizar comparações. É apresentado um estudo comparativo entre o tempo computacional gasto para a obtenção da intensidade útil e o mesmo com a malha otimizada via redes neurais artificiais. Também é apresentada uma comparação do nível de potência sonora mediante solução numérica, a fim de validar os resultados apresentados pelas redes neurais.

A FEniCS-based programming framework for modeling turbulent flow by the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations

Finding an appropriate turbulence model for a given flow case usually calls for extensive experimentation with both models and numerical solution methods. This work presents the design and implementation of a flexible, programmable software framework for assisting with numerical experiments in computational turbulence. The framework targets Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes models, discretized by finite element methods. The novel implementation makes use of Python and the FEniCS package, the combination of which leads to compact and reusable code, where model- and solver-specific code resemble closely the mathematical formulation of equations and algorithms. The presented ideas and programming techniques are also applicable to other fields that involve systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. We demonstrate the framework in two applications and investigate the impact of various linearizations on the convergence properties of nonlinear solvers for a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Decay of vibrations along deepwater mooring lines

Model tests for global design verification of deepwater floating structures cannot be made at reasonable scales. An overview of recent research efforts to tackle this challenge is given first, introducing the concept of line truncation techniques. In such a method the upper sections of each line are modelled in detail, capturing the wave action zone and all coupling effects with the vessel. These terminate to an approximate analytical model, that aims to simulate the remainder of the line. The rationale for this is that in deep water the transverse elastic waves of a line are likely to decay before they are reflected at the seabed. The focus of this paper is the verification of this rationale and the ongoing work, which is considering ways to produce a truncation model. Transverse dynamics of a mooring line are modelled using the equations of motion of an inextensible taut string, submerged in still water, one end fixed at the bottom the other assumed to follow the vessel response, which can be harmonic or random. Nonlinear hydrodynamic damping is included; bending and VIV effects are neglected. A dimensional analysis, supported by exact benchmark numerical solutions, has shown that it is possible to produce a universal curve for the decay of transverse vibrations along the line, which is suitable for any kind of line with any top motion. This has a significant engineering benefit, allowing for a rapid assessment of line dynamics - it is very useful in deciding whether a truncated line model is appropriate, and if so, at which point truncation might be applied. Initial efforts in developing a truncated model show that a linearized numerical solution in the frequency domain matches very closely the exact benchmark. Copyright © 2011 by ASME.

Non-reflective boundary conditions for non-uniform mean velocity inlet and outlet flows

The numerical solution of problems in unbounded physical space requires a truncation of the computational domain to a reasonable size. As a result, the conditions on the artificial boundaries are generally unknown. Assumptions like constant pressure or velocities are only valid in the far field and lead to spurious reflections if applied on the boundaries of the truncated domain. A number of attempts have been made over the past decades to design conditions that prevent such reflections. One approach is based on characteristics. The standard analysis assumes a spatially uniform mean flow field but this is often impractical. In the present paper we show how to extend the formulation to the more general case of a non-uniform mean velocity field. A number of test cases are provided and our results compare favourably with other boundary conditions. In principle the present approach can be extended to include non-uniformities in all variables.

Modal stability theory

This article contains a review of modal stability theory. It covers local stability analysis of parallel flows including temporal stability, spatial stability, phase velocity, group velocity, spatio-temporal stability, the linearized Navier-Stokes equations, the Orr-Sommerfeld equation, the Rayleigh equation, the Briggs-Bers criterion, Poiseuille flow, free shear flows, and secondary modal instability. It also covers the parabolized stability equation (PSE), temporal and spatial biglobal theory, 2D eigenvalue problems, 3D eigenvalue problems, spectral collocation methods, and other numerical solution methods. Computer codes are provided for tutorials described in the article. These tutorials cover the main topics of the article and can be adapted to form the basis of research codes. Copyright © 2014 by ASME.