Analyse des tendances des séries temporelles de la concentration en azote minéral dissous dans les trois principaux estuaires de la façade Manche-Atlantique

Estuaries are areas which, from their structure, their fonctioning, and their localisation, are subject to significant contribution of nutrients. One of the objectif of the RNO, the French network for coastal water quality monitoring, is to assess the levels and trends of nutrient concentrations in estuaries. A linear model was used in order to describe and to explain the total dissolved nitrogen concentration evolution in the three most important estuaries on the Chanel-Atlantic front (Seine, Loire and Gironde). As a first step, the selection of a reliable data set was performed. Then total dissolved nitrogen evolution schemes in estuary environment were graphically studied, and allowed a resonable choice of covariables. The salinity played a major role in explaining nitrogen concentration variability in estuary, and dilution lines were proved to be a useful tool to detect outlying observations and to model the nitrogenlsalinity relation. Increasing trends were detected by the model, with a high magnitude in Seine, intermediate in Loire, and lower in Gironde. The non linear trend estimated in Loire and Seine estuaries could be due to important interannual variations as suggest in graphics. In the objective of the QUADRIGE database valorisation, a discussion on the statistical model, and on the RNO hydrological data sampling strategy, allowed to formulate suggestions towards a better exploitation of nutrient data.

Typologie de la flottille chalutière du port de Sète par une méthode de segmentation

This work aims to define a typology of trawler f1eet in Sète, the main fishing harbour along the French Mediterranean coast, using several multivariate analysis methods. The fishing ships taken to account are represented by annual profiles of landing specific compositions. Five fishing strategies have been identified. A segmentation method using symbolic objects allows a formaI characterisation of the different strategies. These strategies are studied according to several general characteristics usually used for management rules elaboration (power, length, ship age). The typological analysis allows to characterise two main exploitation ways, one directed to the catch of a few species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Sardina pilchardus), the other characterised by the exploitation of a great diversity of species. By this way, it is possible to estimate how the catch of low represented species can significantly contribute to the exploitation of a resource.

TRA GLI INTONACI MEDIEVALI Dl UN'ALTRA LOMBARDIA. La pittura murale dell'XI-XIII secolo in Canton Ticino

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la peinture murale des Xle-Xllle siècles dans l'actuel Canton du Tessin. A cette époque, la région qui compose ce territoire ne constituait pas une unité, mais formait les contrées plus éloignées, adossées au massif central des Alpes, des; villes et des diocèses de Côme et Milan. L'histoire de ses limites territoriales et politiques a déterminé aussi l'orientation de l'histoire des études: l'actuel Canton du Tessiri n'a pas vraiment été considéré ni par les chercheurs qui se sont occupés de la Lombardie, ni par ceux qui se sont occupés de la Suisse: d'une part, car aujourd'hui il ne fait plus partie de la Lombardie, de l'autre, parce qu'à l'époque médiévale il ne faisait pas encore partie du territoire suisse. On a donc affaire à un sujet d'étude marginalisé, qui a pendant longtemps aussi souffert de la marginalité historiographique du Tessin médiéval, considéré comme une région culturellement «en retard» par rapport aux centres de Côme et Milan. À travers le filtre historiographique naît ainsi l'exigence d'étudier ce territoire de manière cohérente, tout en étant conscient de sa fragmentation à l'époque médiévale. Par le recensement et l'analyse de tous les témoignages picturaux des XP-Xllle siècles existants ou désormais disparus, mais pour lesquels subsiste de la documentation visuelle, nous avons essayé de dresser la physionomie artistique de cette région: il s'agissait non seulement de définir leur relations avec les éléments lombards proches, mais dans l'ensemble qu'ils composent avec ceux-ci. Et c'est justement cette unité entre la réalité lombarde et celle tessinoise que, dans la limite du possible, nous avons cherché à recomposer dans ce travail. A cause de sa longue durée, l'arc chronologique choisi s'est révélé fondamental pour saisir les dynamiques et les mécanismes - indispensables, par exemple, pour comprendre le rapport entre centre et périphérie ou la géographie artistique du territoire considéré - qui échapperaient à un regard chronologique plus restreint. Cette contextualisation a mené à une ouverture ultérieure. Historiquement replacés à l'intérieur du panorama pictural lombard, les témoignages tessinois ont été l'objet d'une mise eri perspective plus large qui a permis - quand cela était possible - de les insérer dans la culture artistique contemporaine. Traversée par certaines parmi les plus importantes voies de communication reliant le Nord et le Sud des Alpes, la condition liminaire de cette région ne semble pas avoir conditionné de manière déterminante ses échanges avec d'autres réalités: elle n'apparaît ni plus réceptive, ni plus imperméable que d'autres régions lombardes envers les différents horizons culturels sur lesquels la Lombardie était ouverte, se nourrissant d'apports variés. Les points de contact relevés fournissent des précieux indices sur le fonctionnement des ateliers, sur la circulation des modèles et sur les commanditaires. Ces différents niveaux d'analyse déterminent la structure du travail: le catalogue d'oeuvres examinées - organisé en fiches ordonnées selon la chronologie établie sur la base des résultats apparus lors de l'analyse historique-artistique - est précédé par une partie introductive plus discursive. Cette dernière met en évidence et analyse les émergences principales, situant les ensembles étudiés entre eux et à l'intérieur de l'époque à laquelle ils appartiennent. La définition de la physionomie artistique de la région tessinoise apporte ainsi de nouveaux repères non seulement dans la connaissance de l'art des siècles centraux du Moyen Âge Lombard, mais aussi du vaste espace alpin situé au coeur de l'Occident médiéval.

Les pratiques communicationnelles dans la communication médiée : l’étude de cas d’un fil de discussion sur un forum diasporique

La communication médiée attire l’attention des chercheurs en linguistique et en communication depuis quelque temps. L’utilisation des dispositifs de communication procurés par l’internet est devenue courante, et de nouvelles pratiques communicationnelles naissent sans cesse. Les nouvelles technologies sont aussi étroitement liées aux expériences migratoires contemporaines. Cette étude s’intéresse aux échanges ayant lieu sur un forum de discussion diasporique destiné aux Marocains du monde. Le corpus est constitué des échantillons extraits d’un fil de discussion, où les participants sont invités à partager leurs citations préférées avec les autres. Le but de l’analyse est de voir comment les individus interagissent dans ce fil et de comprendre quels types d’interaction contribuent à sa longévité. Dans l’analyse, il y a, au total, 3 400 messages pris en compte qui se répartissent sur une durée de huit ans. L’observation longitudinale menée sur ce fil permet de suivre l’évolution du fil de discussion dans le temps. Les langues autorisées ne sont pas précisées dans le fil. Dans les interactions, le français est la langue qui domine. L’originalité du fil réside dans le fait qu’il ne correspond pas, à première vue, à une nécessité pragmatique qui caractérise souvent les sujets thématiques des sites diasporiques. Il s’avère que les citations suscitent énormément de discussion : les dispositifs de communication médiée semblent favoriser les interactions. En plus d’être un espace où l’on publie des citations, l’espace devient également un lieu où les passionnés se renseignent au sujet des citations. D’autres s’en servent pour échanger des nouvelles, et par moments, les discussions s’égarent de manière considérable par rapport au sujet thématique initial. Cependant, tout au long du fil, la majorité des échanges reste centrée sur les citations. Les participants ont des visions divergentes concernant les échanges appropriés dans le fil, mais le souci de cohérence et le respect thématique sont partagés. La cohérence est garantie, entre autres, par la réorientation des propos des intéressés lorsqu’ils s’égarent du sujet thématique et par la gestion des langues utilisées dans les échanges.

Luxury fashion: The role of innovation as a key contributing factor in the development of luxury fashion goods and sustainable fashion design

Luxury is a quality that is difficult to define as the historical concept of luxury appears to be both dynamic and culturally specific. The everyday definition explains a ‘luxury’ in relation to a necessity: a luxury (product or service) is defined as something that consumers want rather than need. However, the growth of global markets has seen a boom in what are now referred to as ‘luxury brands’. This branding of products as luxury has resulted in a change in the way consumers understand luxury goods and services. In their attempts to characterize a luxury brand, Fionda & Moore in their article “The anatomy of a Luxury Brand” summarize a range of critical conditions that are in addition to product branding “... including product and design attributes of quality, craftsmanship and innovative, creative and unique products” (Fionda & Moore, 2009). For the purposes of discussing fashion design however, quality and craftsmanship are inseparable while creativity and innovation exist under different conditions. The terms ‘creative’ and ‘innovative’ are often used inter-changeably and are connected with most descriptions of the design process, defining ‘design’ and ‘fashion’ in many cases. Christian Marxt and Fredrik Hacklin identify this condition in their paper “Design, product development, innovation: all the same in the end?”(Marxt & Hacklin, 2005) and suggest that design communities should be aware that the distinction between these terms, whilst once quite definitive, is becoming narrow to a point where they will mean the same thing. In relation to theory building in the discipline this could pose significant problems. Brett Richards (2003) identifies innovation as different from creativity in that innovation aims to transform and implement rather than simply explore and invent. Considering this distinction, in particular relation to luxury branding, may affect the way in which design can contribute to a change in the way luxury fashion goods might be perceived in a polarised fashion market, namely suggesting that ‘luxury’ is what consumers need rather than the ‘pile it high, sell it cheap’ fashion that the current market dynamic would indicate they want. This paper attempts to explore the role of innovation as a key contributing factor in luxury concepts, in particular the relationship between innovation and creativity, the conditions which enable innovation, the role of craftsmanship in innovation and design innovation in relation to luxury fashion products. An argument is presented that technological innovation can be demonstrated as a common factor in the development of luxury fashion product and that the connection between designer and maker will play an important role in the development of luxury fashion goods for a sustainable fashion industry.

Innovation, interaction, and inclusion : heritage luxury brands in collusion with the consumer

Many luxury heritage brands operate on the misconception that heritage is interchangeable with history rather than representative of the emotional response they originally developed in their customer. This idea of heritage as static history inhibits innovation, prevents dynamic renewal and impedes their ability to redefine, strengthen and position their brand in current and emerging marketplaces. This paper examines a number of heritage luxury brands that have successfully identified the original emotional responses they developed in their customers and, through innovative approaches in design, marketing, branding and distribution evoke these responses in contemporary consumers. Using heritage and innovation hand-in-hand, these brands have continued to grow and develop a vision of heritage that incorporates both historical and contemporary ideas to meet emerging customer needs. While what constitutes a ‘luxury’ item is constantly challenged in this era of accessible luxury products, up-scaling and aspirational spending, this paper sees consumers’ emotional needs as the key element in defining the concept of luxury. These emotional qualities consistently remain relevant due to their ability to enhance a positive sense of identity for the brand user. Luxury is about the ‘experience’ not just the product providing the consumer with a sense of enhanced status or identity through invoked feelings of exclusivity, authenticity, quality, uniqueness and culture. This paper will analyse luxury heritage brands that have successfully combined these emotional values with those of their ‘heritage’ to create an aura of authenticity and nostalgia that appeals to contemporary consumers. Like luxury, the line where clothing becomes fashion is blurred in the contemporary fashion industry; however, consumer emotion again plays an important role. For example, clothing becomes ‘fashion’ for consumers when it affects their self perception rather than fulfilling basic functions of shelter and protection. Successful luxury heritage brands can enhance consumers’ sense of self by involving them in the ‘experience’ and ‘personality’ of the brand so they see it as a reflection of their own exclusiveness, authentic uniqueness, belonging and cultural value. Innovation is a valuable tool for heritage luxury brands to successfully generate these desired emotional responses and meet the evolving needs of contemporary consumers. While traditionally fashion has been a monologue from brand to consumer, new technology has given consumers a voice to engage brands in a conversation to express their evolving needs, ideas and feedback. As a result, in this consumer-empowered era of information sharing, this paper defines innovation as the ability of heritage luxury brands to develop new design and branding strategies in response to this consumer feedback while retaining the emotional core values of their heritage. This paper analyses how luxury heritage brands can effectively position themselves in the contemporary marketplace by separating heritage from history to incorporate innovative strategies that will appeal to consumer needs of today and tomorrow.

O matrimônio transpondo fronteiras: a formação de famílias interculturais em um contexto de turismo afetivo-conjugal e de migração afetivo-conjugal

Esta tese é um estudo sobre os relacionamentos afetivo-conjugais interculturais, a saber, entre homens suíços e mulheres de países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo é buscar compreender esses relacionamentos e seu aumento através do que aqui denomino turismo afetivo-conjugal e migração afetivo-conjugal. Por um lado, e através dos discursos dos homens suíços, perceber como constroem seus projetos de vida, suas masculinidades, as motivações de suas escolhas pelo relacionamento com alguém de um país e cultura diferente da sua de origem, as causas dessas escolhas, como se percebem como homens e pais de família, suas percepções acerca das vivências e tensões na sociedade suíça face às ressignificações atuais da família e do casamento. Por outro lado, por estarem, todas as esposas em um contexto de migração, captar em que circunstâncias acontece a trajetória migratória feminina na atualidade, a feminina para a Suíça e, para o propósito específico desta tese, a migração em um contexto afetivo-conjugal intercultural. E, através dos discursos das migrantes pretende-se apreender suas escolhas, assim como as dificuldades vivenciadas por algumas delas. A amostra foi composta por vinte entrevistas: uma tailandesa divorciada, um suíço divorciado e nove casais constituídos por suíços e mulheres de quatro países em desenvolvimento. A amostra foi reunida após exaustiva busca via internet, Facebook, Orkut e através outras estratégias: ida a bares e restaurantes da cidade, sugestões e conhecimentos dos colegas do alojamentos e faculdade. A análise das falas dos entrevistados permite concluir que os suíços, ao buscarem relacionamentos afetivos-conjugais com mulheres de países em desenvolvimento, na verdade, desejam constituir uma família coesa, unida que valorize os valores tradicionais. Assim, mulheres de países em desenvolvimento são escolhidas por seus valores familiares mais tradicionais, ou seja, pelas suas qualidades como companheira de vida. Através da análise do discurso dos sujeitos perquiridos e dos dados estatísticos fornecidos pelo Centro de Estatística Suíço foi possível verificar como a migração e o turismo constituíram meios pelos quais os entrevistados conseguem formar uma família intercultural, como se organizam para tal, suas estratégias e projetos de vida. As falas das esposas migrantes mostram mulheres com agency, mas também possíveis dificuldades vivenciadas no país de destino, por se encontrarem longe de casa, de sua família e país de origem. As motivações por um relacionamento afetivo-conjugal intercultural mostram o desejo de ter para si uma família onde seus membros sejam menos independentes entre si.

Mit Ofelii we francuskojęzycznej literaturze belgijskiej doby symbolizmu.

Wydział Neofilologia: Instytut Filologii Romańskiej

Education in J.J. Rousseau: a methodological antecedent of competence based teaching

Taking into account the huge repercussion and influence that J.J. Rousseau has had on modern pedagogy, the recent tercentenary of his birth is a good opportunity to think about his outstanding relevance nowadays. This paper is a theoretical and educative research developed with an analytic and comparative hermeneutical method. The main objective is to show how some concepts of his philosophy of education have a great similarity with certain changes that the present competency based teaching is demanding, so it could be considered its methodological background. In order to achieve this objective this exposure has been divided in three parts. The first part is an analysis of Rousseau's educational theory as developed in the first three books of the Emilio, in which one of the main themes is self experience-based learning, fostering self-sufficiency, curiosity and the motivation for learning. Rousseau proposed as a method the negative education, which requires, among other conditions, a constant monitoring of the learner by the tutor. In the second part, a brief summary of the most relevant changes and characteristics of competency-based teaching is developed, as well as its purpose. The student’s participation and activity are highlighted within their own learning process through the carrying out of tasks. The new educational model involves a radical change in the curriculum, in which it is highlighted the transformation of the methodology used in the classroom as well as the role of the teacher. Finally, the aim of the third part is to offer a comparative synthesis of both proposals grouping the parallelisms found in 4 topics: origin of the two models, its aims, methodology, and change in the teaching roles.

Hybrid philosophy and rational vitalism in Canguilhem and Ortega y Gasset

This paper explores the problem of the synthesis between vitalism and rationalism, in contemporary philosophy. With this aim, we compare the intellectual careers of Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) and José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955). We contrast their conceptions of philosophy as “hybrid” knowledge, closely related to science, as well as their points of view on Vitalism, anthropology, the technique and the perspectivism. To avoid that comparison is purely abstract and ahistorical, we use the method of the sociology of philosophy. This forces us to locate both paths in their respective philosophical fields and generational units, also according to his social background and professional career.

L'implication des parents dans l'orientation de leurs enfants

L'approche orientante qui est présentement implantée dans les écoles du Québec vise à favoriser l'implication des parents dans l'orientation de leurs enfants. La Suisse a pour sa part des méthodes qui répondent déjà à cet objectif. Afin de fournir une liste d'activités à privilégier pour la mise en oeuvre de l'approche orientante au Québec, 335 questionnaires ont été distribués à des parents du canton de Fribourg (Suisse). Ces derniers devaient indiquer les activités qui leur avaient été proposées au cours des études secondaires de leurs enfants, en plus de fournir leur degré de satisfaction à l'égard de celles-ci. Les résultats observés traduisent plusieurs suggestions d'activités permettant d'informer et d'impliquer davantage les parents dans l'orientation de leurs enfants.

Le genou peut-il représenter un problème sur le lieu de travail ?

Résumé Avec 8% des accidents en Suisse, le genou est une articulation fréquemment blessée. Si la majorité des traumatismes surviennent lors de la pratique du sport, les conséquences sur la reprise de l'activite professionnelle sont relativement méconnues. Pourtant, en 2002, un quart des patients hospitalises dans le service de rééducation de l'appareil locomoteur de la CRR, présentait une lésion du genou responsable d'une limitation fonctionnelle significative. Les diagnostics principaux sont les entorses graves et les lésions dégénératives. Une majorité de patients est issue du secteur secondaire et exerce souvent une profession exigeante d'un point de vue physique. Le but de cet article est d'une part de présenter aux praticiens des repères utiles à la compréhension de cette problématique particulière; d'autre part d'initier une reflexion pratique sur la réadaptation professionnelle de ces patients, par la discussion d'un cas clinique. From approximately 8% of the accidents in Switzerland, the knee is a frequently wounded articulation. If the majority of the traumas occur whilst playing sport, the effects on the resumption of professional activity are relatively ignored. However, in 2002, a quarter of the patients hospitalized in the locomotor service of rehabilitation at the CRR, presented a lesion of the knee as factor most commonly responsible for their functional limitations. The principal diagnoses consisted of serious distorsions and degenerative lesions. A majority of patients come from industry which, from a physical point of view, is generally a demanding occupation. The goals of this article are to present information concerning the comprehension of these particular problems as well as to initiate practises for the vocational rehabilitation of these patients, by the discussion of a clinical case.