Selective synthesis under microwave irradiation of new monomers for potential applications in PDLC films

Dissertation to obtain the degree of master in Bioorganic

Development of copper and nickel based oxide thin-films: design and fabrication of thin-film transistors

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Nanotecnologia e Nanociência

Development and Characterization of bioactive, edible whey protein films and coatings to improve quality and safety of Food products

Dissertação para a obtenção de grau de doutor em Ciências da Engenharia e Tecnologia

Effect of surfactant on PDLC films with and without permanent memory effect

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Development of ion jelly thin films for electrochemical devices

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química Sustentável

Development of suberin films driven by an ionic liquid-based depolymerisation process

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Chemistry

Alumina recoberta por carbono como suporte de catalisadores de hidrodessulfurização

O presente trabalho consistiu no estudo do uso do etilenoglicol como fonte de carbono visando o recobrimento de uma alumina comercial, produzindo uma alumina recoberta por carbono (ARC). Os materiais preparados foram utilizados como suporte de molibdénio e usados na reação modelo de HDS do tiofeno. De modo a avaliar a influência da fonte de carbono na atividade e seletividade dos catalisadores preparados, foi estudada a variação da temperatura de carbonização e a variação do número de monocamadas teóricas de carbono impregnadas na superfície da γ-alumina. Os diferentes suportes e catalisadores sintetizados foram caraterizados por análise da cor, difração de raios X (DRX), fisissorção de N2, espetroscopia Raman, espetroscopia de refletância difusa na região do IV com transformada de Fourier (DRIFTS), Dessorção a temperatura programada (TPHe) e avaliação catalítica. Os resultados mostraram que com uma monocamada teórica, e para temperaturas inferiores a 700 ºC, a carbonização da fonte de carbono foi incompleta e que apenas para a temperatura de 700 ºC se originou carbono amorfo. Porém, verificou-se ainda que uma monocamada teórica de carbono não foi suficiente para recobrir a superfície da alumina, o que originou a necessidade de estudar a variação do número de monocamadas teóricas. A variação do número de monocamadas teóricas de carbono permitiu concluir que com um número inferior a 3 monocamadas teóricas não se verificou qualquer alteração nas propriedades da alumina. A impregnação de 3, 4, ou 5 monocamadas teóricas foi suficiente apenas para diminuir a área específica, porém não foi possível recobrir totalmente a superfície do suporte. Estes resultados indicam que o motivo pelo qual não foi possível recobrir a superfície do suporte se deve provavelmente à natureza da fonte de carbono utilizado, o etilenoglicol.

Caracterização da fase activa de catalisadores de Níquel suportados em α-Alumina, utilizando as reacções de desidrogenação e Hidrogenólise do Ciclohexano

A constante melhoria da eficiência energética dos processos industriais actuais é crucial para o contínuo desenvolvimento sustentável da espécie humana. O estudo das reacções de desidrogenação e hidrogenólise do ciclohexano, sobre catalisadores suportados, pode contribuir para um melhor entendimento acerca dos processos de formação e armazenamento de H2, uma das mais promissoras fontes de energia do futuro próximo, assim como para processos actuais tão importantes como a refinação ou o reforming catalítico do petróleo. Escolheu-se estudar as referidas reacções sobre catalisadores de Ni/α-Al2O3, preparados por três métodos distintos e submetidos a diferentes pré-tratamentos, de modo a realçar a dependência das reacções no que se refere às propriedades catalíticas. A maioria dos estudos anteriores sobre estas mesmas reacções recai sobre catalisadores com metais nobres, como a platina ou o paládio, bastante mais dispendiosos que o níquel para aplicações em larga escala. Os precursores e catalisadores previamente preparados foram submetidos à caracterização por diferentes técnicas: Termogravimetria (sob fluxo oxidativo e não oxidativo), Difracção de Raios-X e Quimissorção de H2. O estudo das reacções de desidrogenação e hidrogenólise do ciclohexano realizou-se recorrendo à análise por Cromatografia Gasosa, utilizando dois cromatógrafos distintos (HEWLETT PACKARD 5890 SERIES II, para GC, e 490 Micro GC Agilent, para Micro GC). Pôde concluir-se que o método de preparação dos catalisadores influenciou a actividade para ambas as reacções, assim como os diferentes pré-tratamentos aplicados. No geral, e na gama de temperaturas estudadas (entre 250 e 310º C), os catalisadores preparados pelo método com etilenodiamina evidenciaram maior actividade para a reacção de desidrogenação, sendo que os catalisadores preparados pelo método com etilenoglicol foram os mais activos para a reacção de hidrogenólise.

VO2 thin films and nanoparticles for energy-saving applications in architectural elements

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a promising material with large interest in construction industry and architecture, due to its thermochromic properties. This material may be used to create "smart" coatings that result in improvements in the buildings energy efficiency, by reducing heat exchanges and, consequently, the need for acclimatization. In this work, VO2 thin films and coatings were produced and tested in laboratory, to apply in architectural elements, such as glass, rooftop tiles and exterior paints. Thin films were produced by RF magnetron sputtering and VO2 nanoparticles were obtained through hydrothermal synthesis, aiming to create "smart" windows and tiles, respectively. These coatings have demonstrated the capability to modulate the transmittance of infrared radiation by around 20%. The VO2 nanoparticle coatings were successfully applied on ceramic tiles. The critical temperature was reduced to around 40ºC by tungsten doping. Ultimately, two identical house models were built, in order to test the VO2 coatings, in real atmospheric conditions during one of the hottest months of the year, in Portugal – August.

Evolution of the surface plasmon resonance of Au:TiO2 nanocomposite thin films with annealing temperature

This paper reports on the changes in the structural and morphological features occurring in a particular type of nanocomposite thin-film system, composed of Au nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in a host TiO2 dielectric matrix. The structural and morphological changes, promoted by in-vacuum annealing experiments of the as-deposited thin films at different temperatures (ranging from 200 to 800 C), resulted in a well-known localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon, which gave rise to a set of different optical responses that can be tailored for a wide number of applications, including those for optical-based sensors. The results show that the annealing experiments enabled a gradual increase of the mean grain size of the Au NPs (from 2 to 23 nm), and changes in their distributions and separations within the dielectric matrix. For higher annealing temperatures of the as-deposited films, a broad size distribution of Au NPs was found (sizes up to 100 nm). The structural conditions necessary to produce LSPR activity were found to occur for annealing experiments above 300 C, which corresponded to the crystallization of the gold NPs, with an average size strongly dependent on the annealing temperature itself. The main factor for the promotion of LSPR was the growth of gold NPs and their redistribution throughout the host matrix. On the other hand, the host matrix started to crystallize at an annealing temperature of about 500 C, which is an important parameter to explain the shift of the LSPR peak position to longer wavelengths, i.e. a red-shift.

Relationship between galactomannan structure and physicochemical properties of films produced thereof

In this work five sources of galactomannans, Adenanthera pavonina, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Ceratonia siliqua and Sophora japonica, presenting mannose/galactose ratios of 1.3, 1.7, 2.9, 3.4 and 5.6, respectively, were used to produce galactomannan-based films. These films were characterized in terms of: water vapour, oxygen and carbon dioxide permeabilities (WVP, O 2 P and CO 2 P); moisture content, water solubility, contact angle, elongation-at-break (EB), tensile strength (TS) and glass transition temperature (T g ). Results showed that films properties vary according to the galactomannan source (different galactose distribution) and their mannose/galactose ratio. Water affinity of mannan and galactose chains and the intermolecular interactions of mannose backbone should also be considered being factors that affect films properties. This work has shown that knowing mannose/galactose ratio of galactomannans is possible to foresee galactomannan-based edible films properties.

Surface plasmon resonance-coupled photoluminescence and resistive switching behavior of pulsed laser-deposited Ag:SiC nanocermet thin films

In this study, Ag:SiC nanocermets were prepared via rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of pulsed laser-deposited SiC/Ag/SiC trilayers grown on Si substrate. Atomic force microscope images show that silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are formed after RTA, and the size of NPs increases with increasing Ag deposition time (t Ag). Sharp dip observed in the reflectance spectra confirmed the existence of Ag surface plasmons (SPs). The infrared transmission spectra showed an intense and broad absorption band around 780–800 cm−1 that can be assigned to Si-C stretching vibration mode. Influence of t Ag on the spectral characteristics of SP-enhanced photoluminescence (PL) and electrical properties of silicon carbide (SiC) films has been investigated. The maximum PL enhancement by 5.5 times for Ag:SiC nanocermets is achieved when t Ag ≈ 50 s. This enhancement is due to the strong resonant coupling between SiC and the SP oscillations of the Ag NPs. Presence of Ag NPs in SiC also induces a forming-free resistive switching with switching ratio of 2 × 10−2. The analysis of I–V curves demonstrates that the trap-controlled space-charge-limited conduction with filamentary model is the governing mechanism for the resistive switching in nanocerment thin films.

Structural, optical and magnetic properties of pulsed laser deposited Co-doped ZnO films

Zn1−xCoxO films with different Co concentrations (with x=0.00, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.30) were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The structural and optical properties of the films were investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL). The magnetic properties were measured by conventional magnetometry using a SQUID and simulated by ab-initio calculations using Korring–Khon–Rostoker (KKR) method combined with coherent potential approximation (CPA). The effect of Co-doping on the GIXRD and Raman peaks positions, shape and intensity is discussed. PL studies demonstrate that Co-doping induces a decrease of the bandgap energy and quenching of the UV emission. They also suggest the presence of Zn interstitials when x≥0.15. The 10% Co-doped ZnO film shows ferromagnetism at 390 K with a spontaneous magnetic moment ≈4×10−5 emu and coercive field ≈0.17 kOe. The origin of ferromagnetism is explained based on the calculations using KKR method.

Novel hybrid multifunctional magnetoelectric porous composite films

Novel multifunctional porous films have been developed by the integration of magnetic CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanoparticles into poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Trifuoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)), taking advantage of the synergies of the magnetostrictive filler and the piezoelectric polymer. The porous films show a piezoelectric response with an effective d33 coefficient of -22 pC/N-1, a maximum magnetization of 12 emu.g-1 and a maximum magnetoelectric coefficient of 9 mV.cm-1.Oe-1. In this way, a multifunctional membrane has been developed suitable for advanced applications ranging from biomedical to water treatment.

Tailoring microstructure and physical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene) porous films

This paper presents a systematic study for the production of poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene), P(VDF-HFP), porous films using solvent evaporation (SE) and non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) techniques. Parameters such as volume fraction of the copolymer solution, film thickness, time exposure to air, non-solvent and temperature of the coagulation bath were investigated on the morphology, crystallization and mechanical properties of the samples. Films with different porous morphologies including homogeneous pore sizes, macrovoids and spherulites were obtained depending on the processing conditions, which in turn affect the wettability and mechanical properties of the material. Knowing that the phase content of the films also depends on the processing conditions, this paper shows that P(VDF-HFP) films with tailored porous morphology, electroactive phase content, hydrophobicity, cristallinity and mechanical properties can be achieved for a specific application using the adequate SE and NIPS techniques conditions.