Análisis de la movilización indígena promovida por el consejo regional indígena del Cauca-(C.R.I.C), como herramienta política y social para la restitución de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas del departamento del Cauca, en el marco de la Minga Social y Comunitaria.(2006-2010)

El análisis de este estudio se centra en describir el proceso que vivió la movilización indígena a través de la Minga de Resistencia Social y Comunitaria; que inició con diversas mingas a partir del año 2006 y se consolidó en el año 2009. Esta movilización tiene como fin exigir la restitución de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas del Departamento del Cauca. La Minga, se convierte en una herramienta política y social que a partir de la movilización empieza a estructurarse e involucrar a otros sectores de la sociedad.

Differential expression of mRNAs encoding co-receptor (betaglycan) and activin type-I preovulatory and prehierarchical follicles of the putative inhibin and type-II receptors in the laying hen ovary

Ovarian follicle development is primarily regulated by an interplay between the pituitary gonadotrophins, LH and FSH, and ovary-derived steroids. Increasing evidence implicates regulatory roles of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily members, including inhibins and activins. The aim of this study was to identify the expression of mRNAs encoding key receptors of the inhibin/activin system in ovarian follicles ranging from 4 mm in diameter to the dominant F1 follicle (similar to 40 turn). Ovaries were collected (n=16) from inid-sequence hens maintained on a long-day photoschedule (16h of light:8 h of darkness). All follicles removed were dissected into individual granulosa and thecal layers. RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesized. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the expression of niRNA encoding betaglycan, activin receptor (ActR) subtypes (type-I, -IIA and -IIB) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); receptor expression data were normalized to GAPDH expression. Detectable levels of ActRI, -IIA and -IIB and the inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan) expression were found in all granulosa and thecal layers analysed. Granulosa ActRI mRNA peaked (P < 0(.)05) in 8-9(.)9 mm follicles, whereas ActRIIA rose significantly from 6-7(.)9 mm to 8-9(.)9 nun, before filling to F3/2; levels then rose sharply (3-fold) to F1 levels. Granulosa betaglycan niRNA expression rose 3-fold from 4-5(.)9 min to 8-9(.)9 mm, before falling 4-fold to F3/2; levels then rose sharply (4-fold) to F1 levels. ActRIIB levels did not vary significantly during follicular development. Thecal ActRI mRNA expression was similar from 4-7(.)9 mm then decreased significantly to a nadir at the F4 position, before increasing 2-fold to the F1 (P < 0(.)05). Although thecal ActRIIB and -IIA expression did not vary significantly from 4 nim to F3, ActRIIB expression increased significantly (2-fold) from F3 to F1 and ActIIA, increased 22-fold from F2 to F1 (P < 0(.)05). Thecal betaglycan fell to a nadir at F6 after follicle selection; levels then increased significantly to F2, before filling similar to 50% in the F I. In all follicles studied expression of betaglycan and ActRI (granulosa: 1-0(.)65, P < 0-001, n=144/group; theca: r=0(.)49, P < 0-001, n=144/group) was well correlated. No significant correlations were identified between betaglycan and ActRIIA or -IIB. Considering all follicles analysed, granulosa mRNA expression of betaglycan, ActRI ActRIIA and ActRIIB were all significantly lower than in corresponding thecal tissue (betaglycan, 11(.)4-fold; ActRIIB, 5(.)1-fold; ActR(.) 3-8-fold: ActRIIA, 2(.)8-fold). The co-localization of type-I and -II activin receptors and betaglycan on granulosa and thecal cells are consistent with a local auto/paracrine role of inhibins and activins in modulating ovarian follicle development, selection and progression in the domestic fowl.

Differential expression of mRNAs encoding co-receptor (betaglycan) and activin type-I preovulatory and prehierarchical follicles of the putative inhibin and type-II receptors in the laying hen ovary

Ovarian follicle development is primarily regulated by an interplay between the pituitary gonadotrophins, LH and FSH, and ovary-derived steroids. Increasing evidence implicates regulatory roles of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily members, including inhibins and activins. The aim of this study was to identify the expression of mRNAs encoding key receptors of the inhibin/activin system in ovarian follicles ranging from 4 mm in diameter to the dominant F1 follicle (similar to 40 turn). Ovaries were collected (n=16) from inid-sequence hens maintained on a long-day photoschedule (16h of light:8 h of darkness). All follicles removed were dissected into individual granulosa and thecal layers. RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesized. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the expression of niRNA encoding betaglycan, activin receptor (ActR) subtypes (type-I, -IIA and -IIB) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); receptor expression data were normalized to GAPDH expression. Detectable levels of ActRI, -IIA and -IIB and the inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan) expression were found in all granulosa and thecal layers analysed. Granulosa ActRI mRNA peaked (P < 0(.)05) in 8-9(.)9 mm follicles, whereas ActRIIA rose significantly from 6-7(.)9 mm to 8-9(.)9 nun, before filling to F3/2; levels then rose sharply (3-fold) to F1 levels. Granulosa betaglycan niRNA expression rose 3-fold from 4-5(.)9 min to 8-9(.)9 mm, before falling 4-fold to F3/2; levels then rose sharply (4-fold) to F1 levels. ActRIIB levels did not vary significantly during follicular development. Thecal ActRI mRNA expression was similar from 4-7(.)9 mm then decreased significantly to a nadir at the F4 position, before increasing 2-fold to the F1 (P < 0(.)05). Although thecal ActRIIB and -IIA expression did not vary significantly from 4 nim to F3, ActRIIB expression increased significantly (2-fold) from F3 to F1 and ActIIA, increased 22-fold from F2 to F1 (P < 0(.)05). Thecal betaglycan fell to a nadir at F6 after follicle selection; levels then increased significantly to F2, before filling similar to 50% in the F I. In all follicles studied expression of betaglycan and ActRI (granulosa: 1-0(.)65, P < 0-001, n=144/group; theca: r=0(.)49, P < 0-001, n=144/group) was well correlated. No significant correlations were identified between betaglycan and ActRIIA or -IIB. Considering all follicles analysed, granulosa mRNA expression of betaglycan, ActRI ActRIIA and ActRIIB were all significantly lower than in corresponding thecal tissue (betaglycan, 11(.)4-fold; ActRIIB, 5(.)1-fold; ActR(.) 3-8-fold: ActRIIA, 2(.)8-fold). The co-localization of type-I and -II activin receptors and betaglycan on granulosa and thecal cells are consistent with a local auto/paracrine role of inhibins and activins in modulating ovarian follicle development, selection and progression in the domestic fowl.

Southern annular mode dynamics in observations and models, Part I: The influence of climatological zonal wind biases in a comprehensive GCM

A common bias among global climate models (GCMs) is that they exhibit tropospheric southern annular mode (SAM) variability that is much too persistent in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) summertime. This is of concern for the ability to accurately predict future SH circulation changes, so it is important that it be understood and alleviated. In this two-part study, specifically targeted experiments with the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) are used to improve understanding of the enhanced summertime SAM persistence. Given the ubiquity of this bias among comprehensive GCMs, it is likely that the results will be relevant for other climate models. Here, in Part I, the influence of climatological circulation biases on SAM variability is assessed, with a particular focus on two common biases that could enhance summertime SAM persistence: the too-late breakdown of the Antarctic stratospheric vortex and the equatorward bias in the SH tropospheric midlatitude jet. Four simulations are used to investigate the role of each of these biases in CMAM. Nudging and bias correcting procedures are used to systematically remove zonal-mean stratospheric variability and/or remove climatological zonal wind biases. The SAM time-scale bias is not alleviated by improving either the timing of the stratospheric vortex breakdown or the climatological jet structure. Even in the absence of stratospheric variability and with an improved climatological circulation, the model time scales are biased long. This points toward a bias in internal tropospheric dynamics that is not caused by the tropospheric jet structure bias. The underlying cause of this is examined in more detail in Part II of this study.

"I like being under those rules here": Students Using the College Library

This presentation was offered as part of the CUNY Library Assessment Conference, Reinventing Libraries: Reinventing Assessment, held at the City University of New York in June 2014.

Ticks' response to feeding on host immunized with glandular extracts of Rhipicephalus sanguineus females fed for 2, 4, and 6 days. I. Inactivity or early degeneration of salivary glands?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Growth and carcass traits associated with GH1/Alu I and POU1F1/Hinf I gene polymorphisms in Zebu and crossbred beef cattle

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of compression load and temperature on thermomechanical tests for gutta-percha and Resilon (R)

Tanomaru-Filho M, Silveira GF, Reis JMSN, Bonetti-Filho I, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Effect of compression load and temperature on thermomechanical tests for gutta-percha and Resilon (R). International Endodontic Journal, 44, 1019-1023, 2011.Aim To analyse a method used to evaluate the thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha and Resilon at different temperatures and compression loads.Methodology Two hundred and seventy specimens measuring 10 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in height were made from the following materials: conventional gutta-percha (GCO). thermoplastic gutta-percha (GTP) and Resilon (R) cones (RE). After 24 h, the specimens were placed in water at 50 degrees C. 60 degrees C or 70 degrees C for 60 s. After that, specimens were placed between two glass slabs, and loads weighing 1.0, 3.0 or 5.0 kg were applied. Images of the specimens were digitized before and after the test and analysed using imaging software to determine their initial and final areas. The thermomechanical property of each material was determined by the difference between the initial and final areas of the specimens. Data were subjected to ANOVA and SNK tests at 5% significance. To verify a possible correlation between the results of the materials, linear regression coefficients (r) were calculated.Results Data showed higher flow area values for RE under all compression loads at 70 degrees C and under the 5.0 kg load at 60 degrees C (P < 0.05). Regarding gutta-percha, GTP showed higher flow under loads weighing 3.0 and 5.0 kg. at 60 and 70 degrees C (P < 0.05). GCO presented higher flow at 70 degrees C with a load of 5.0 kg. Regression analyses showed a poor linear correlation amongst the results of the materials under the different experimental conditions.Conclusion Gutta-percha and Resilon (R) cones require different compression loads and temperatures for evaluation of their thermomechanical properties. For all materials, the greatest flow occurred at 70 degrees C under a load of 5.0 kg: therefore. these parameters may be adopted when evaluating endodontic tilling materials.

Analysis of Bothrops jararacussu venomous gland transcriptome focusing on structural and functional aspects: I - gene expression profile of highly expressed phospholipases A(2)

Snake venom glands are a rich source of bioactive molecules such as peptides, proteins and enzymes that show important pharmacological activity leading to in local and systemic effects as pain, edema, bleeding and muscle necrosis. Most studies on pharmacologically active peptides and proteins from snake venoms have been concerned with isolation and structure elucidation through methods of classical biochemistry. As an attempt to examine the transcripts expressed in the venom gland of Bothrops jararacussu and to unveil the toxicological and pharmacological potential of its products at the molecular level, we generated 549 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a directional cDNA library. Sequences obtained from single-pass sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones could be identified by similarities searches on existing databases, resulting in 197 sequences with significant similarity to phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), of which 83.2% were Lys49-PLA(2) homologs (BOJU-1), 0.1% were basic Asp49-PLA(2)s (BOJU-II) and 0.6% were acidic Asp49-PLA(2)s (BOJU-III). Adjoining this very abundant class of proteins we found 88 transcripts codifying for putative sequences of metalloproteases, which after clustering and assembling resulted in three full-length sequences: BOJUMET-I, BOJUMET-II and BOJUMET-III; as well as 25 transcripts related to C-type lectin like protein including a full-length cDNA of a putative galactose binding C-type lectin and a cluster of eight serine-proteases transcripts including a full-length cDNA of a putative serine protease. Among the full-length sequenced clones we identified a nerve growth factor (Bj-NGF) with 92% identity with a human NGF (NGHUBM) and an acidic phospholipase A2 (BthA-I-PLA(2)) displaying 85-93% identity with other snake venom toxins. Genetic distance among PLA(2)s from Bothrops species were evaluated by phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, analysis of full-length putative Lys49-PLA(2) through molecular modeling showed conserved structural domains, allowing the characterization of those proteins as group II PLA(2)s. The constructed cDNA library provides molecular clones harboring sequences that can be used to probe directly the genetic material from gland venom of other snake species. Expression of complete cDNAs or their modified derivatives will be useful for elucidation of the structure-function relationships of these toxins and peptides of biotechnological interest. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Search for Heavy Neutrinos and W-R Bosons with Right-Handed Couplings in a Left-Right Symmetric Model in pp Collisions at root s=7 TeV

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

MAXIMAL PSEUDOCOMPACT AND MAXIMAL R-CLOSED SPACES

In this paper a space X is pseudocompact if it is Tychonoff and every real-valued continuous function on X is bounded. We obtain conditions under which a Tychonoff space is maximal pseudocompact and study conditions under which a regular space is maximal R-closed.

Ion-Conducting Membranes Based on Gelatin and Containing LiI/I-2 for Electrochromic Devices

Ionic conducting membranes of gelatin plasticized with glycerol and containing LiI/I-2 have been obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and impedance spectroscopy. The transparent (80-90% in the visible range) membranes showed ionic conductivity value of 5 x 10(-5) S/cm at room temperature, which increased to 3 x 10(-3) S/cm at 80 degrees C. All the ionic conductivity measurements as a function of temperature showed VTF dependence and activation energy of 8 kJ/mol. These samples also showed low glass transition temperature of -76 degrees C. Moreover the samples were predominantly amorphous. The membranes applied to small electrochromic devices showed 20% of color change from colored to bleached states during more than 70 cronoamperometric cycles.

Aggregate Programming in Scala: a Core Library and Actor-Based Platform for Distributed Computational Fields

La programmazione aggregata è un paradigma che supporta la programmazione di sistemi di dispositivi, adattativi ed eventualmente a larga scala, nel loro insieme -- come aggregati. L'approccio prevalente in questo contesto è basato sul field calculus, un calcolo formale che consente di definire programmi aggregati attraverso la composizione funzionale di campi computazionali, creando i presupposti per la specifica di pattern di auto-organizzazione robusti. La programmazione aggregata è attualmente supportata, in modo più o meno parziale e principalmente per la simulazione, da DSL dedicati (cf., Protelis), ma non esistono framework per linguaggi mainstream finalizzati allo sviluppo di applicazioni. Eppure, un simile supporto sarebbe auspicabile per ridurre tempi e sforzi d'adozione e per semplificare l'accesso al paradigma nella costruzione di sistemi reali, nonché per favorire la ricerca stessa nel campo. Il presente lavoro consiste nello sviluppo, a partire da un prototipo della semantica operazionale del field calculus, di un framework per la programmazione aggregata in Scala. La scelta di Scala come linguaggio host nasce da motivi tecnici e pratici. Scala è un linguaggio moderno, interoperabile con Java, che ben integra i paradigmi ad oggetti e funzionale, ha un sistema di tipi espressivo, e fornisce funzionalità avanzate per lo sviluppo di librerie e DSL. Inoltre, la possibilità di appoggiarsi, su Scala, ad un framework ad attori solido come Akka, costituisce un altro fattore trainante, data la necessità di colmare l'abstraction gap inerente allo sviluppo di un middleware distribuito. Nell'elaborato di tesi si presenta un framework che raggiunge il triplice obiettivo: la costruzione di una libreria Scala che realizza la semantica del field calculus in modo corretto e completo, la realizzazione di una piattaforma distribuita Akka-based su cui sviluppare applicazioni, e l'esposizione di un'API generale e flessibile in grado di supportare diversi scenari.

Oxidation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to the phenoxazinone cinnabarinic acid by peroxyl radicals and by compound I of peroxidases or catalase

Since 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA), an oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism, is a powerful radical scavenger [Christen, S., Peterhans, E., ; Stocker, R. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 2506], its reaction with peroxyl radicals was investigated further. Exposure to aqueous peroxyl radicals generated at constant rate under air from the thermolabile radical initiator 2,2'-azobis[2-amid-inopropane] hydrochloride (AAPH) resulted in rapid consumption of 3HAA with initial accumulation of its cyclic dimer, cinnabarinic acid (CA). The initial rate of formation of the phenoxazinone CA accounted for approximately 75% of the initial rate of oxidation of 3HAA, taking into account that 2 mol of 3HAA are required to form 1 mol of CA. Consumption of 3HAA under anaerobic conditions (where alkyl radicals are produced from AAPH) was considerably slower and did not result in detectable formation of CA. Addition of superoxide dismutase enhanced autoxidation of 3HAA as well as the initial rates of peroxyl radical-induced oxidation of 3HAA and formation of CA by approximately 40-50%, whereas inclusion of xanthine/xanthine oxidase decreased the rate of oxidation of 3HAA by approximately 50% and inhibited formation of CA almost completely, suggesting that superoxide anion radical (O2.-) was formed and reacted with reaction intermediate(s) to curtail formation of CA. Formation of CA was also observed when 3HAA was added to performed compound I of horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) or catalytic amounts of either HRPO, myeloperoxidase, or bovine liver catalase together with glucose/glucose oxidase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anisotropic diffusion at the field scale in a 4-year multi-tracer diffusion and retention experiment – I: Insights from the experimental data

Abstract Claystones are considered worldwide as barrier materials for nuclear waste repositories. In the Mont Terri underground research laboratory (URL), a nearly 4-year diffusion and retention (DR) experiment has been performed in Opalinus Clay. It aimed at (1) obtaining data at larger space and time scales than in laboratory experiments and (2) under relevant in situ conditions with respect to pore water chemistry and mechanical stress, (3) quantifying the anisotropy of in situ diffusion, and (4) exploring possible effects of a borehole-disturbed zone. The experiment included two tracer injection intervals in a borehole perpendicular to bedding, through which traced artificial pore water (APW) was circulated, and a pressure monitoring interval. The APW was spiked with neutral tracers (HTO, HDO, H2O-18), anions (Br, I, SeO4), and cations (Na-22, Ba-133, Sr-85, Cs-137, Co-60, Eu-152, stable Cs, and stable Eu). Most tracers were added at the beginning, some were added at a later stage. The hydraulic pressure in the injection intervals was adjusted according to the measured value in the pressure monitoring interval to ensure transport by diffusion only. Concentration time-series in the APW within the borehole intervals were obtained, as well as 2D concentration distributions in the rock at the end of the experiment after overcoring and subsampling which resulted in �250 samples and �1300 analyses. As expected, HTO diffused the furthest into the rock, followed by the anions (Br, I, SeO4) and by the cationic sorbing tracers (Na-22, Ba-133, Cs, Cs-137, Co-60, Eu-152). The diffusion of SeO4 was slower than that of Br or I, approximately proportional to the ratio of their diffusion coefficients in water. Ba-133 diffused only into �0.1 m during the �4 a. Stable Cs, added at a higher concentration than Cs-137, diffused further into the rock than Cs-137, consistent with a non-linear sorption behavior. The rock properties (e.g., water contents) were rather homogeneous at the centimeter scale, with no evidence of a borehole-disturbed zone. In situ anisotropy ratios for diffusion, derived for the first time directly from field data, are larger for HTO and Na-22 (�5) than for anions (�3�4 for Br and I). The lower ionic strength of the pore water at this location (�0.22 M) as compared to locations of earlier experiments in the Mont Terri URL (�0.39 M) had no notable effect on the anion accessible pore fraction for Cl, Br, and I: the value of 0.55 is within the range of earlier data. Detailed transport simulations involving different codes will be presented in a companion paper.