Gendered Responses to Global Crisis: Circular Migration and Return among Ecuadorian Families in Spain and Ecuador

This paper analyzes the impact of Spain’s economic crisis on social reproduction strategies of Ecuadorian migrant families in Madrid and Quito. The paper analyzes circular migration experiences and more permanent returns to Ecuador. I argue that these strategies and migrants' greater or lesser capabilities to move between different migration destinations show significant gender differences. On the one hand, men and women make a differential use of their migratory status to deploy transnational strategies and expand their mobility. On the other hand, migrants’ degree of mobility and flexibility with regard to the labor market and transnational social reproduction are derivative of a specific gendered order and sexual division of labor.

The gendered effects of family migration law: contextual interpretation as a possible judicial remedy

At all normative levels, family migration law can disproportionally and negatively affect immigrant women’s rights in this field, producing gendered effects. In some cases, such effects are related to the normative and judicial imposition of unviable family-related models (e.g., the ʻgood mother ̕ the one-breadwinner family, or a rigid distinction between productive and reproductive work). In other cases, they are due to family migration law’s overlooking of the specific needs and difficulties of immigrant women, within their families and in the broader context of their host countries’ social and normative framework.To effectively expose and correct this gender bias, in this article I propose an alternative view of immigrant women’s right to family life, as a cluster of rights and entitlements rather than as a mono-dimensional right. As a theoretical approach, this construction is better equipped to capture the complex experiences of immigrant women in the European legal space, and to shed light on the gendered effects generated not by individual norms but by the interaction of norms that are traditionally assigned to separated legal domains (e.g., immigration law and criminal law). As a judicial strategy, this understanding is capable of prompting a consideration by domestic and supranational courts of immigrant women not as isolated individuals, but as ‘individuals in context’. I shall define this type of approach as ‘contextual interpretation’, understood as the consideration of immigrant women in the broader contexts of their families, their host societies and the normative frameworks applicable to them. Performed in a gendersensitive manner, a contextual judicial interpretation has the potential to neutralize the gendered effects of certain family migration norms. To illustrate these points, I will discuss selected judicial examples offered by the European Court on Human Rights, as well as from domestic jurisdictions of countries with a particularly high incidence of immigrant women (Italy and Spain).

Understandings of transnational families in debates on Migration and development

International migration sets in motion a range of significant transnational processes that connect countries and people. How migration interacts with development and how policies might promote and enhance such interactions have, since the turn of the millennium, gained attention on the international agenda. The recognition that transnational practices connect migrants and their families across sending and receiving societies forms part of this debate. The ways in which policy debate employs and understands transnational family ties nevertheless remain underexplored. This article sets out to discern the understandings of the family in two (often intermingled) debates concerned with transnational interactions: The largely state and policydriven discourse on the potential benefits of migration on economic development, and the largely academic transnational family literature focusing on issues of care and the micro-politics of gender and generation. Emphasizing the relation between diverse migration-development dynamics and specific family positions, we ask whether an analytical point of departure in respective transnational motherhood, fatherhood or childhood is linked to emphasizing certain outcomes. We conclude by sketching important strands of inclusions and exclusions of family matters in policy discourse and suggest ways to better integrate a transnational family perspective in global migration-development policy.

Perspectives on gender, migration and transnational work: joint work of social reproduction and care in Southern Europe

This paper presents the "state of the art" and some of the main issues discussed in relation to the topic of transnational migration and reproductive work in southern Europe. We start doing a genealogy of the complex theoretical development leading to the consolidation of the research program, linking consideration of gender with transnational migration and transformation of work and ways of survival, thus making the production aspects as reproductive, in a context of globalization. The analysis of the process of multiscale reconfiguration of social reproduction and care, with particular attention to its present global dimension is presented, pointing to the turning point of this line of research that would have taken place with the beginning of this century, with the rise notions such as "global care chains" (Hochschild, 2001), or "care drain" (Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2013). Also, the role of this new agency, now composed in many cases women who migrate to other countries or continents, precisely to address these reproductive activities, is recognized. Finally, reference is made to some of the new conceptual and theoretical developments in this area.

To Madagascar and back: long-distance, return migration across open ocean by a pregnant female bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

A large, pregnant, female bull shark Carcharhinus leucas was tracked migrating from Seychelles across open ocean to south-east Madagascar, c. 2000 km away, and back again. In Madagascar, the shark spent a prolonged period shallower than 5 m, consistent with entering estuarine habitat to pup, and upon return to Seychelles the shark was slender and no longer gravid. This represents an unprecedented return migration across the open ocean for a C. leucas and highlights the need for international collaboration to manage the regional C. leucas population sustainably.

To Madagascar and back: long-distance, return migration across open ocean by a pregnant female bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

A large, pregnant, female bull shark Carcharhinus leucas was tracked migrating from Seychelles across open ocean to south-east Madagascar, c. 2000 km away, and back again. In Madagascar, the shark spent a prolonged period shallower than 5 m, consistent with entering estuarine habitat to pup, and upon return to Seychelles the shark was slender and no longer gravid. This represents an unprecedented return migration across the open ocean for a C. leucas and highlights the need for international collaboration to manage the regional C. leucas population sustainably.

The Challenge of Migration and the Global Security Strategy of the European Union

This article discusses the challenges of irregular migration for the security of the EU. They are analyzed starting with the European Security Strategy 2003, and the Report on its Implementation, 2008, and notes many failures: The EU Members did not follow the directives adopted in Brussels, the mismanagement of migration and asylum policies, and numerous actions that can be characterized or described as improvised, scattered or irresponsible. The 2016 Global Strategy recognizes these failures and call attention to the European leaders to reconsider how the EU functions and operates, suggesting the need for greater unity and cooperation to achieve a more effective migration policy. However, the article points out that practically all of the sections of the new Strategy dealing with migration were already embodied in previous Strategies, and stress that in parallel with the publication of the 2016 Global Strategy, actions are already undertaken, such as the EU readmission agreements signed with several important third countries of origin.

Routledge International Handbook of Rural Studies.:Understanding the association between rural ethnicity and inequalities

Rural areas are facing demographic transformation. Some localities have experienced significant levels of (internal and international) immigration in recent decades. In other rural places, a shifting minority: majority ratio (arising mainly from increased minority fertility and decreases in the majority population) is altering the rural landscape. It is this context of increasingly diverse rural societies that frames this chapter. It begins by examining inequalities arising from ethnicity in a rural context. The review proceeds by identifying how different factors, including recent patterns of international migration and historical legacies of ethnic diversity, intertwine to produce multi-cultural rural areas. First of all an overview of the significance of the ‘ethnic’ label is presented, recognizing its limitations and also its usefulness. Having established this context the chapter proceeds by highlighting the way in which rural ethnic inequalities are measured and also the particular challenges of measuring rural poverty. The processes that produce inequalities among ethnic groups are examined, with particular attention on migration and space and place, but mindful of historical legacies along with economic transformations and associated recent migration patterns. Finally, the conclusion of the chapter highlights gaps and identifies areas for future research agendas.

Avoiding Overfitting in Inverse Modeling of Chloride Migration in Concrete

Inverse analysis for reactive transport of chlorides through concrete in the presence of electric field is presented. The model is solved using MATLAB’s built-in solvers “pdepe.m” and “ode15s.m”. The results from the model are compared with experimental measurements from accelerated migration test and a function representing the lack of fit is formed. This function is optimised with respect to varying amount of key parameters defining the model. Levenberg-Marquardt trust-region optimisation approach is employed. The paper presents a method by which the degree of inter-dependency between parameters and sensitivity (significance) of each parameter towards model predictions can be studied on models with or without clearly defined governing equations. Eigen value analysis of the Hessian matrix was employed to investigate and avoid over-parametrisation in inverse analysis. We investigated simultaneous fitting of parameters for diffusivity, chloride binding as defined by Freundlich isotherm (thermodynamic) and binding rate (kinetic parameter). Fitting of more than 2 parameters, simultaneously, demonstrates a high degree of parameter inter-dependency. This finding is significant as mathematical models for representing chloride transport rely on several parameters for each mode of transport (i.e., diffusivity, binding, etc.), which combined may lead to unreliable simultaneous estimation of parameters.

Les motifs de migration pour études des universitaires internationaux en région intermédiaire au Québec

Le nombre d’étudiantes et étudiants participant à une mobilité internationale étudiante a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières années. Dans le contexte de la mondialisation, les activités d’internationalisation sont devenues une priorité des établissements d’enseignement (Association des collèges communautaires du Canada, 2010a). Le recrutement des étudiantes et étudiants étrangers apporte plusieurs avantages au pays et à l’établissement d’accueil (Ibid.). De ce fait, pour favoriser ce recrutement et la mobilité internationale étudiante, les gouvernements ont mis en place des politiques d’immigration et les universités ont signé différentes alliances et accords bilatéraux entre elles. Toutefois, si les mobilités se font principalement vers les pays industrialisés (Lerot, 2001), le Canada est en retard sur sa proportion de personnes étudiantes effectuant une mobilité internationale étudiante dans ses collèges et universités (Association des collèges communautaires du Canada, 2010b). De même que le Québec qui voit sa proportion de l’effectif total de ses étudiantes et étudiants étrangers diminuer, alors que celle-ci augmente dans les autres régions du Canada (McMullen et Élias, 2011). À cet effet, les universitaires représentent la majorité des étudiantes et étudiants étrangers au Québec (Gouvernement du Québec, 2014a), mais la proportion globale d’universitaires internationaux diffère selon le type de région. En ce sens, celle-ci est la moins élevée dans les régions intermédiaires et la plus élevée dans les régions centrales (Gouvernement du Québec, 2013, 2014b, 2015), alors que ces régions sont toutes deux des grands centres de population. Ainsi, pour contribuer à mieux saisir ce que recouvre cette moins grande attractivité des régions intermédiaires, la question générale de recherche est : quels sont les motifs de choix, à chacune des dimensions du choix du lieu d’étude, d’effectuer une mobilité internationale étudiante dans une université située en région intermédiaire au Québec ? Pour répondre à cette question, et en se basant sur un cadre d’analyse à deux dimensions et sur l’état de connaissances à ce sujet, quatre objectifs spécifiques sont définis : 1) décrire les motifs de migration pour études, 2) examiner les associations entre les motifs de choix dans chaque catégorie pour y déceler d’éventuels regroupements sous-jacents, 3) examiner les associations entre ces regroupements de motifs et les caractéristiques des personnes étudiantes (âge, sexe, pays d’origine, domaine d’études, etc.), 4) déterminer si le choix de l’établissement d’accueil se fait avant ou après le choix du pays d’accueil. Pour y répondre, une recherche quantitative descriptive corrélationnelle, utilisant une analyse d’interdépendance (analyse factorielle), est menée, à l’aide d’un questionnaire anonyme disponible en ligne qui intègre plusieurs échelles de mesure, auprès des universitaires internationaux inscrits pour la première fois à l’Université de Sherbrooke à l’automne 2014. Au total, l’échantillon se compose de 141 universitaires internationaux. Ils sont âgés de 17 à 29 ans, proviennent des différents domaines, cycles et régimes d’études et il y a autant d’hommes que de femmes qui composent l’échantillon. De plus, les trois quarts de l’échantillon sont originaires de la France. L’analyse des données recueillies dans le questionnaire montre que l’importance accordée aux items du questionnaire représentant les motifs de migration pour études varie selon les dimensions du choix du lieu d’étude et qu’il existe des écarts dans les résultats. Synthétisés en facteurs, les résultats font ressortir trois facteurs liés au pays d’origine qui interviennent dans le choix d’étudier à l’international : 1) PO_La pauvreté de l’enseignement, 2) PO_Les contextes politiques et économiques, 3) PO_Les politiques d’éducation, et quatre facteurs personnels qui interviennent dans ce choix : 1) PER_le désir d’exploration, 2) PER_Le désir de changement, 3) PER_Les considérations familiales, 4) PER_Les aspirations personnelles et professionnelles. Aussi, il y a sept facteurs de choix du pays d’accueil : 1) PA_Les perspectives d’avenir, 2) PA_L’information disponible, 3) PA_Le dépaysement, 4) PA_Les considérations culturelles, 5) PA_Les liens au pays d’origine et la sécurité, 6) PA_Le cadre financier et environnemental, 7) PA_Les relations sociales. Puis, les résultats décrivent quatre facteurs de choix de l’établissement d’accueil : 1) EA_Les services de l’établissement, 2) EA_La qualité de la formation offerte, 3) EA_L’accessibilité et l’ouverture, 4) EA_Les possibilités d’emploi et les partenariats. Parmi l’ensemble de ces facteurs, seul deux d’entre eux, PER_Le désir d’exploration et PA_Le dépaysement, ont en moyenne une importance élevée dans le choix des universitaires internationaux d’étudier en région intermédiaire au Québec, alors que les facteurs liés au pays d’origine ont quant à eux, de manière générale, peu ou pas d’influence. Toutefois, il existe des écarts parmi les personnes répondantes à l’étude et les résultats montrent la présence d’associations entre certains facteurs et des caractéristiques des personnes étudiantes, soit la nature de l’expérience à international, la durée du séjour et la provenance des répondantes et répondants selon la typologie économique et sociale des pays du monde, ce qui laisse supposer la présence de groupe parmi les personnes répondantes à l’étude. Ainsi, les différents résultats de l’étude pourraient servir de guide aux conseillers et conseillères d’orientation du Québec, intervenant auprès des universitaires internationaux en région intermédiaire dans cette province, ainsi qu’aux universités situées dans ces régions. En effet, ces résultats pourraient influencer la pratique des conseillers et conseillères d’orientation du Québec quant au principal défi des universitaires internationaux, et les universités pourraient adapter leurs stratégies de recrutement selon l’importance accordée aux différents facteurs de migration pour études et ainsi attirer un plus grand nombre d’étudiantes et étudiants étrangers.

Reflections on migration in the global south

How can we achieve a better understanding of the variations in international migration to, from, and within the Global South? To facilitate a dia-logue about this topic, we asked a number of contributors to write or to provide a video statement about their region of expertise. To some we explicitly posed the following question: Is it possible to distinguish current or historical experiences or patterns of migration in the Global South that differ from patterns in the Global North?

Legal Framework for Cross-Regional Networks: The Case of Services and Migration

Paper prepared by Marion Panizzon and Charlotte Sieber-Gasser for the International Conference on the Political Economy of Liberalising Trade in Services, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 14-15 June 2010 Recent literature has shed light on the economic potential of cross-border networks. These networks, consisting of expatriates and their acquaintances from abroad and at home, provide the basis for the creation of cross-border value added chains and therewith the means for turning brain drain into brain circulation. Both aspects are potentially valuable for economic growth in the developing world. Unilateral co-development policies operating through co-funding of expatriate business ventures, but also bilateral agreements liberalising circular migration for a limited set of per-sons testify to the increasing awareness of governments about the potential, which expatriate networks hold for economic growth in developing countries. Whereas such punctual efforts are valuable, viewed from a long term perspective, these top-down, government mandated Diaspora stimulation programs, will not replace, this paper argues, the market-driven liberalisation of infrastructure and other services in developing countries. Nor will they carry, in the case of circular labour migration, the political momentum to liberalise labour market admission for those non-nationals, who will eventually emerge as the future transnational entrepreneurs. It will take a combination of mode 4 and infrastructure services openings-cum regulation for countries at both sides of the spectrum to provide the basis and precondition for transnational business and entrepreneurial networks to emerge and translate into cross-border, value added production chains. Two key issues are of particular relevance in this context: (i) the services sector, especially in infrastructure, tends to suffer from inefficiencies, particularly in developing countries, and (ii) labour migration, a highly complex issue, still faces disproportionately rigid barriers despite well-documented global welfare gains. Both are hindrances for emerging markets to fully take advantage of the potential of these cross-border networks. Adapting the legal framework for enhancing the regulatory and institutional frameworks for services trade, especially in infrastructure services sectors (ISS) and labour migration could provide the incentives necessary for brain circulation and strengthen cross-border value added chains by lowering transaction costs. This paper analyses the shortfalls of the global legal framework – the shallow status quo of GATS commitments in ISS and mode 4 particular – in relation to stimulating brain circulation and the creation of cross-border value added chains in emerging markets. It highlights the necessity of adapting the legal framework, both on the global and the regional level, to stimulate broader and wider market access in the four key ISS sectors (telecommunications, transport, professional and financial services) in developing countries, as domestic supply capacity, global competitiveness and economic diversification in ISS sectors are necessary for mobilising expatriate re-turns, both physical and virtual. The paper argues that industrialised, labour receiving countries need to offer mode 4 market access to wider categories of persons, especially to students, graduate trainees and young professionals from abroad. Further-more, free trade in semi-finished products and mode 4 market access are crucial for the creation of cross-border value added chains across the developing world. Finally, the paper discusses on the basis of a case study on Jordan why the key features of trade agreements, which promote circular migration and the creation of cross-border value added chains, consist of trade liberalisation in services and liberal migration policies.

More than Metadata: Where the Rubber Meets the Road in DLS Migration

This panel presentation provided several use cases that detail the complexity of large-scale digital library system (DLS) migration from the perspective of three university libraries and a statewide academic library services consortium. Each described the methodologies developed at the beginning of their migration process, the unique challenges that arose along the way, how issues were managed, and the outcomes of their work. Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, and the University of Central Florida are members of the state's academic library services consortium, the Florida Virtual Campus (FLVC). In 2011, the Digital Services Committee members began exploring alternatives to DigiTool, their shared FLVC hosted DLS. After completing a review of functional requirements and existing systems, the universities and FLVC began the implementation process of their chosen platforms. Migrations began in 2013 with limited sets of materials. As functionalities were enhanced to support additional categories of materials from the legacy system, migration paths were created for the remaining materials. Some of the challenges experienced with the institutional and statewide collaborative legacy collections were due to gradual changes in standards, technology, policies, and personnel. This was manifested in the quality of original digital files and metadata, as well as collection and record structures. Additionally, the complexities involved with multiple institutions collaborating and compromising throughout the migration process, as well as the move from a consortial support structure with a vendor solution to open source systems (both locally and consortially supported), presented their own sets of unique challenges. Following the presentation, the speakers discussed commonalities in their migration experience, including learning opportunities for future migrations.