Xenia Effects on Quality of Maize Female Inbred in Production of Hybrid Seeds

In Maize (Zea maize L.), cost of hybrid seed production is directly related to the yield and quality of seed obtained per hectare of female parent. It is also important to consider the effects that a male parent can exert on the development of hybrid seed in the female parent. This effect is known as xenia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate xenia effects on 1) yield as 80K units, 2) germination of the hybrid seed and 3) susceptibility of the hybrid seed to mechanical damage. One female inbred and four male inbred lines were selected from a parent list of hybrids. The experiment was designed to allow individual cross pollination between each male inbred and the female inbred line. For use as a control, the female inbred was allowed to self pollinate. Experiments were conducted in Illinois and Iowa during 2008 and 2009 and in Nebraska during 2009. A significant inbred effect was detected on yield as 80k (α=0.001). The selfed female and pollination with male inbred B resulted in lower yields of hybrid seed. For germination, a significant inbred effect was detected (α=0.001), but was due to lower germination percentage of seed produced on the selfed female. All hybrid combinations resulted in higher germination percentages with no significant differences among hybrids. The inbred x mechanical damage interaction was significant (P=0.04) for effects on cold saturated soil germination tests. Use of inbred B resulted in a two-percentage-point reduction in cold germination when treated with the impact simulator. In a maize seed company, the production research group provides yield estimates for production of new hybrid combinations. Results from this study indicate that using only the female inbred yield may provide inaccurate estimates. Therefore to improve yield estimation, experiments should be designed to include male inbreds. Male inbreds can also impart a negative effect to the hybrid seed on tolerance to mechanical damage, thus lowering quality and increasing seed discard. When testing for hybrid seed germination, there is no need to consider distinct hybrid combinations. Female inbreds can be grown in open-pollinated fields to avoid loss of vigor observed with selfing. Advisor: George Graef

Overabundant deer: Better management through research

Overabundance of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) continues to challenge wildlife professionals nationwide, especially in urban settings. Moreover, wildlife managers often lack general site-specific information on deer movements, survival, and reproduction that are critical for management planning. We conducted radio-telemetry research concurrent with deer culling in forest preserves in northeastern Illinois and used empirical data to construct predictive population models. We culled 2,826 deer from 16 forest preserves in DuPage County (1992-1999) including 1,736 from the 10 km2 Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve. We also radio-marked 129 deer from 8 preserves in DuPage and adjacent Cook County (1994-1998). Recruitment was inversely associated with deer density suggesting a classic density-dependent response. Female deer were philopatric and 20% of adult males dispersed. Survival was high for all sex and age classes, and deer-vehicle collisions accounted for >55% of known mortalities. Based upon data from other areas, early attempts to apply population models to deer at Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve were not useful. The subsequent quantification of the density-dependent recruitment response and use of other empirical data strengthened the predictive capability of models. Our experience illustrates the importance of understanding demographics of overabundant deer in order to set realistic objectives and make sound management decisions.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Histopathological Evaluation

Introduction: This study evaluated the in vivo response of apical and periapical tissues of dogs' teeth with apical periodontitis after one-session endodontic treatment with and without antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Methods: Sixty root canals with experimentally induced apical periodontitis were instrumented and assigned to 4 groups receiving aPDT and root canal filling (RCF) or not: group aPDT+/RCF- (n = 20): aPDT (photosensitizer phenothiazine chloride at 10 mg/mL for 3 minutes and diode laser [2 = 660 nm, 60 mW/cm(2)] for 1 minute) and RCF in the same session; group aPDT+/RCF (n = 10); group aPDT /RCF+ (n = 20), and group aPDT /RCF (n = 10). Teeth were restored, and the animals were killed after 90 days. Sections from the maxillas and mandibles were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Mallory trichrome and examined under light microscopy. Descriptive (ie, newly formed apical mineralized tissue, periapical inflammatory infiltrate, apical periodontal ligament thickness, and mineralized tissue resorption) and quantitative (ie, periapical lesion size and number of inflammatory cells) microscopic analysis was performed. Quantitative data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (alpha =.05). Results: In the aPDT-treated groups, the periapical region was moderately/severely enlarged with no inflammatory cells, moderate neoangiogenesis and fibrogenesis, and the smallest periapical lesions. Conclusions: Although apical closure by mineralized tissue deposition was not achieved, the absence of inflammatory cells, moderate neoangiogenesis, and fibrogenesis in the periapical region in the groups treated with aPDT indicate that this can be a promising adjunct therapy to cleaning and shaping procedures in teeth with apical periodontitis undergoing one-session endodontic treatment. (J Endod 2012;38:360-366)

Comparison of different ultrasonic vibration modes for post removal

This in vitro study compared different ultrasonic vibration modes for intraradicular cast post removal. The crowns of 24 maxillary canines were removed, the roots were embedded in acrylic resin blocks, and the canals were treated endodontically. The post holes were prepared and root canal impressions were taken with self-cured resin acrylic. After casting, the posts were cemented with zinc phosphate cement. The samples were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n=8): G1: no ultrasonic vibration (control); G2: tip of the ultrasonic device positioned perpendicularly to core surface and close to the incisal edge; and G3: tip of the ultrasonic device positioned perpendicularly to core surface at cervical region, close to the line of cementation. An Enac OE-5 ultrasound unit with an ST-09 tip was used. All samples were submitted to the tensile test using an universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (α=0.05). Mean values of the load to dislodge the posts (MPa) were: G1 = 4.6 (± 1.4) A; G2 = 2.8 (± 0.9) B, and G3= 0.9 (± 0.3) C. Therefore, the ultrasonic vibration applied with the tip of device close to the core's cervical area showed higher ability to reduce the retention of cast post to root canal.

Nuove tecniche per il trattamento della malattia paranale di Crohn

Studio prospettico su 75 pazienti con malattia paranale di Crohn che ha come obiettivo quello di confrontare i risultati tra le nuove terapie medico-chirurgiche emergenti. La prima procedura è comune a tutti i pazienti e consiste in un intervento di incisione degli ascessi, fistulectomia e posizionamento di setoni di drenaggio nei tramiti fistolosi per il controllo della sepsi.Successivamente i pazienti vengono divisi in cinque gruppi e sottoposti ai trattamenti per la chiusura dei tramiti fistolosi: terapia sistemica con Infliximab,terapia sistemica con Adalimumab,confezionamento di Flap endoanale, instillazione di colla di fibrina o posizionamento di protesi biologiche. Abbiamo osservato una chiusura completa dei tramiti fistolosi nel 60% dei pazienti trattati con Infliximab, 53% di quelli trattati con Adalimumab, 40% di quelli in terapia con colla di fibrina, 80% di quelli sottoposti a Flap endoanale e 60% di quelli trattati con protesi biologiche. Gli ottimi risultati raggiunti in con le diverse metodiche di trattamento chirurgico locale rappresentano una valida alternativa alla terapia con farmaci biologici. Tali nuove metodiche risultano anzi fondamentali per il trattamento di quei pazienti che dopo una terapia con farmaci biologici non hanno raggiunto una completa risoluzione del quadro (rescue therapy). Terapia biologica e nuove tecniche chirurgiche risultano pertanto complementari, la prima contribuendo al miglioramento della qualità della mucosa del canale anale e del retto basso sulla quale risulta quindi più agevole agire con le seconde con una percentuale di successo sempre maggiore.

Teat anatomy affects requirements for udder preparation in Mediterranean buffaloes

The present study was conducted to assess the interrelation between teat anatomy and machine milking in dairy buffaloes raised in Switzerland. A 3-min pre-stimulation induced milk ejection before cluster attachment in most cases and caused an optimal milk removal during machine milking. In an additional experiment, longitudinal cross-section ultrasound was obtained before and after a 3-min pre-stimulation. Teat wall thickness, teat diameter, cisternal diameter and teat canal length were evaluated. It was observed that 3-min pre-stimulation dramatically reduced teat canal length whereas all the other anatomical parameters remained unchanged. The vacuum needed to open the teat canal was also measured before and after a 3-min pre-stimulation by using a special teat cup with only the mouthpiece of the liner remaining on the top of the teat cup (no liner, no pulsation). Without pre-stimulation but after wetting the teat canal by stripping one squirt of milk out of the teat, no milk could be withdrawn with a vacuum up to 39 kPa. However, after pre-stimulation, milk flow occurred in all buffaloes at a vacuum between 16 and 38 kPa. In the last experiment, the teat tissue was examined in slaughtered buffaloes and compared with teat tissue of cows. No difference was noted in histological sections and teat canal length was similar in cows and buffaloes. Proximal to the teat canal, the teat did not pass into an open cistern but the lumen was collapsed. In conclusion, buffaloes need to be well pre-stimulated because the tissue above the teat canal provides additional teat closure before milk ejection. Therefore, milk can only be obtained after pre-stimulation.

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS IN NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS

As global climate continues to change, it becomes more important to understand possible feedbacks from soils to the climate system. This dissertation focuses on soil microbial community responses to climate change factors in northern hardwood forests. Two soil warming experiments at Harvard Forest in Massachusetts, and a climate change manipulation experiment with both elevated temperature and increased moisture inputs in Michigan were sampled. The hyphal in-growth bag method was to understand how soil fungal biomass and respiration respond to climate change factors. Our results from phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses suggest that the hyphal in-growth bag method allows relatively pure samples of fungal hyphae to be partitioned from bacteria in the soil. The contribution of fungal hyphal respiration to soil respiration was examined in climate change manipulation experiments in Massachusetts and Michigan. The Harvard Forest soil warming experiments in Massachusetts are long-term studies with 8 and 18 years of +5 °C warming treatment. Hyphal respiration and biomass production tended to decrease with soil warming at Harvard Forest. This suggests that fungal hyphae adjust to higher temperatures by decreasing the amount of carbon respired and the amount of carbon stored in biomass. The Ford Forestry Center experiment in Michigan has a 2 x 2 fully factorial design with warming (+4-5 °C) and moisture addition (+30% average ambient growing season precipitation). This experiment was used to examine hyphal growth and respiration of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), soil enzymatic capacity, microbial biomass and microbial community structure in the soil over two years of experimental treatment. Results from the hyphal in-growth bag study indicate that AMF hyphal growth and respiration respond negatively to drought. Soil enzyme activities tend to be higher in heated versus unheated soils. There were significant temporal variations in enzyme activity and microbial biomass estimates. When microbial biomass was estimated using chloroform fumigation extractions there were no differences between experimental treatments and the control. When PLFA analyses were used to estimate microbial biomass we found that biomass responds negatively to higher temperatures and positively to moisture addition. This pattern was present for both bacteria and fungi. More information on the quality and composition of the organic matter and nutrients in soils from climate change manipulation experiments will allow us to gain a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms driving the patterns reported here. The information presented here will improve current soil carbon and nitrogen cycling models.

Effect of Relaxin on Parturition in Ruminants

The biology of relaxin differs in many respects between ruminants and nonruminants. Immunoreactive blood concentration of circulating relaxin is much less in ruminant (cattle and sheep) than in nonruminant (pigs) farm animals. The ovaries of the pig produce abundant quantities of the hormone in late pregnancy, whereas tissue sources of relaxin are not clearly defined in sheep and cattle. Relaxin facilitates parturition by cervical dilation and pelvic canal expansion in several mammalian species. Relaxin injected intramuscularly during late pregnancy can cause earlier parturition in cattle, but in sheep limited evidence indicates it does not induce earlier delivery than seen in diluent-treated controls. Intravenous infusion of increasing dosages of relaxin in beef heifers the last days of pregnancy decreased plasma progesterone concentration compared with phosphate buffer controls, but oxytocin plasma concentrations remained similar throughout the posttreatment period. Although continuous intravenous infusion of relaxin depressed blood levels of progesterone, it did not result in earlier parturition than seen in the diluent treated controls. Thus, the timing and method of relaxin administration during late pregnancy in ruminants affect remodelling of collagen and pelvic canal relaxation and can result in earlier parturition.

Critical Control Points for Profitability in the Cow-Calf Enterprise

Financial, economic, and biological data collected from cow-calf producers who participated in the Illinois and Iowa Standardized Performance Analysis (SPA) programs were used in this study. Data used were collected for the 1996 through 1999 calendar years, with each herd within year representing one observation. This resulted in a final database of 225 observations (117 from Iowa and 108 from Illinois) from commercial herds with a range in size from 20 to 373 cows. Two analyses were conducted, one utilizing financial cost of production data, the other economic cost of production data. Each observation was analyzed as the difference from the mean for that given year. The independent variable utilized in both the financial and economic models as an indicator of profit was return to unpaid labor and management per cow (RLM). Used as dependent variables were the five factors that make up total annual cow cost: feed cost, operating cost, depreciation cost, capital charge, and hired labor, all on an annual cost per cow basis. In the economic analysis, family labor was also included. Production factors evaluated as dependent variables in both models were calf weight, calf price, cull weight, cull price, weaning percentage, and calving distribution. Herd size and investment were also analyzed. All financial factors analyzed were significantly correlated to RLM (P < .10) except cull weight, and cull price. All economic factors analyzed were significantly correlated to RLM (P < .10) except calf weight, cull weight and cull price. Results of the financial prediction equation indicate that there are eight measurements capable of explaining over 82 percent of the farm-to-farm variation in RLM. Feed cost is the overriding factor driving RLM in both the financial and economic stepwise regression analyses. In both analyses over 50 percent of the herd-to-herd variation in RLM could be explained by feed cost. Financial feed cost is correlated (P < .001) to operating cost, depreciation cost, and investment. Economic feed cost is correlated (P < .001) with investment and operating cost, as well as capital charge. Operating cost, depreciation, and capital charge were all negatively correlated (P < .10) to herd size, and positively correlated (P < .01) to feed cost in both analyses. Operating costs were positively correlated with capital charge and investment (P < .01) in both analyses. In the financial regression model, depreciation cost was the second critical factor explaining almost 9 percent of the herd-to-herd variation in RLM followed by operating cost (5 percent). Calf weight had a greater impact than calf price on RLM in both the financial and economic regression models. Calf weight was the fourth indicator of RLM in the financial model and was similar in magnitude to operating cost. Investment was not a significant variable in either regression model; however, it was highly correlated to a number of the significant cost variables including feed cost, depreciation cost, and operating cost (P < .001, financial; P < .10, economic). Cost factors were far more influential in driving RLM than production, reproduction, or producer controlled marketing factors. Of these cost factors, feed cost had by far the largest impact. As producers focus attention on factors that affect the profitability of the operation, feed cost is the most critical control point because it was responsible for over 50 percent of the herd-to-herd variation in profit.

Congenital cervical kyphosis in two young sighthounds

Introduction: Cervical vertebral (C) malformation is rarely reported in large breed dogs. Congenital cervical kyphosis (CCK) may result from defects of vertebral segmentation, failure of formation or both. This report describes two cases of C3-C4 CCK in young sighthounds, treated surgically. Case description: An 18-month-old female Deerhound and a six-week-old female Borzoi dog were presented because of the complaints of reluctance to exercise and signs of of neck pain. Both dogs were neurologically normal. Diagnostic imaging revealed C3-C4 deformity, moderate kyphosis, and spinal canal stenosis associated with chronic spinal cord pressure atrophy. Both dogs underwent surgical treatment. Results: A staged two-step surgery starting with dorsal decompression was elected in the Deerhound. After the first surgical procedure, the dog developed focal myelomalacia and phrenic nerve paralysis and was euthanatized. A ventral distraction-fusion technique with two locking plates was performed in the Borzoi. This patient recovered uneventfully and long-term follow-up computed tomography revealed complete spondylodesis. Clinical significance: Until now, CCK has only been described in sighthounds. Congenital cervical kyphosis might be considered a differential diagnosis in these breeds that are presented with signs of cervical pain. Ventral realignment-fusion and bone grafting may be considered for surgical treatment, although the earliest age at which this procedure can and should be performed remains unclear.

Calidad del agua en el área regadía del Río Mendoza (Argentina)

El río Mendoza conforma el oasis norte que es el más importante de la provincia. El crecimiento urbano ha avanzado sobre áreas originalmente agrícolas, rodeando la red de canales y desagües, que también recibe los desagües pluviales urbanos, producto de tormentas convectivas. La actividad antropogénica utiliza el recurso para bebida, saneamiento, riego, recreación, etc., y vuelca sus excedentes a la red, contaminándola. Para conocer la calidad del agua de esta cuenca se seleccionaron, estratégicamente, 15 sitios de muestreo: 3 a lo largo del río y a partir del dique derivador Cipolletti (R_I a R_III), 5 en la red de canales (C_I a C_V) y 7 ubicados en los colectores de drenaje (D_I a D_VII). Se realizaron los siguientes análisis físico-químicos y microbiológicos; en el río y en la red de canales: conductividad eléctrica, temperatura, pH, aniones y cationes (cálculo de RAS), oxígeno disuelto (OD), sólidos sedimentables, demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), bacterias aerobias mesófilas (BAM), coliformes totales y fecales y metales pesados. En la red de drenaje sólo se realizaron los cuatro primeros. Los resultados de los análisis, se incorporaron a una base de datos y se sometieron a un análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial. Este último consistió en la aplicación de diversas pruebas en busca de posibles diferencias entre los sitios de muestreo, para cada variable respuesta, a un α = 0.05. Se realizó el análisis de la varianza de efectos fijos y de efectos aleatorios y se probaron los supuestos de homocedasticidad y de normalidad de los errores. En el caso de violación de los supuestos, se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal- Wallis. Se compararon los siguientes sitios de muestreo entre sí: ríos, R_I-canales y drenajes. Se concluyó que hay un aumento significativo de la salinidad y la sodicidad en R_II, que los cambios de calidad ocurridos entre R_II y R_III podrían deberse al aporte de otras aguas. Con respecto a la comparación de los parámetros entre la cabeza del sistema (R_I) y la red de canales se puede decir que los aportes realizados por los escurrimientos urbanos ubicados hacia el oeste del canal Cacique Guaymallén, sumados a los vuelcos de Campo Espejo (detectados en C_II), incrementan significativamente la salinidad (+55 %) y sodicidad del agua (+95 %) respecto del punto R_I, aunque el valor de sodicidad sigue siendo bajo. También se han encontrado incrementos de salinidad (+80 %), de DQO (+1159 %) y BAM (+2873 %) con lógica disminución de OD (-58 %) en el punto C_V (canal Auxiliar Tulumaya) respecto del punto R_I, ocasionados por aportes urbanos (Gran Mendoza) sumados a la carga contaminante del canal Pescara. Los metales pesados no presentan grandes diferencias entre sitios de muestreo.

Factores anatómicos, dendrométricos y climáticos implicados en la producción de resina de Pinus pinaster AIT. : aplicación a la mejora de los métodos de resinación

Pinus pinaster Ait. es la conífera con mayor área de distribución en la Península Ibérica y es, a día de hoy, la única especie resinada en nuestro país. La inducción del flujo de resina al exterior para su recolección a través de distintos tipos de heridas ha sido practicada desde hace miles de años por distintas culturas. En todos los casos, las técnicas desarrolladas se basan en la estimulación del característico sistema de defensa de las pináceas. En los últimos siete años se viene observando una tendencia de incremento sustancial de la superficie resinada en España, acompañada por avances tecnológicos dirigidos a la mecanización y mejora de estimulantes. El aprovechamiento resinero se perfila como un sector estratégico en la generación de empleo rural y la conservación de ecosistemas. La industria resinera demanda métodos de extracción más eficaces, una selvicultura adecuada y actualizada, y condiciones laborales de los resineros más dignas con objeto de llegar a ser competitiva en el mercado internacional. Este trabajo se centra en ampliar el conocimiento sobre el sistema de defensa de P. pinaster, concretamente sobre las estructuras y procesos que pueden afectar a la producción de resina. Se analizan las relaciones entre las características anatómicas del xilema, destacando las relacionadas con los canales resiníferos, las variables dendrométricas y dasométricas de la masa y el flujo de resina (objetivo 1). Se estudia cómo estas relaciones son moduladas por las heridas de resinación dependiendo de la técnica de resinación aplicada (objetivo 2), el clima y el balance hídrico del suelo (objetivo 3). El material vegetal, las muestras de suelo y los datos de producción de resina y climáticos usados en esta tesis han sido recogidos en tres montes de utilidad pública; MUP 101 en Armuña, MUP 108 en Melque de Cercos y MUP 117 en Nieva (en esta última solo se recogieron los datos de producciones), todos ellos pinares monoespecíficos de P. pinaster localizados en la denominada Tierra de Pinares Segoviana. En los árboles de nuestro estudio se han aplicado cuatro métodos de resinación: método de pica de corteza con estimulante y método mecanizado con estimulante, ambos en sentido ascendente y descendente. En los trabajos realizados para el análisis de la influencia de la anatomía constitutiva en la producción de resina (objetivo 1) y el efecto del clima (objetivo 3), se obtuvieron muestras del xilema de 26 árboles resinados en Melque de Cercos y Armuña y 12 árboles control sin resinar. Para caracterizar los pies estudiados, se midió la altura, diámetro normal y porcentaje de copa viva. Las muestras de tejido fueron recogidas en una zona del tronco a una distancia del límite de la herida considerada en la bibliografía como no afectada (anatomía constitutiva). Para el análisis de las alteraciones anatómicas inducidas por la herida (objetivo 2), se recogieron muestras en ocho de los individuos en los que se habían realizado los distintos métodos de resinación descritos y en cinco árboles control. Se obtuvieron ocho muestras de tejido distribuidas en la parte superior, inferior, lateral y centro de la herida de cada uno de los árboles resinados. Para establecer las diferencias en la producción de resina según el método de resinación, se analizaron las producciones de 561 árboles resinados en 2012 con estos cuatro métodos en Nieva. Los principales resultados de estos trabajos muestran que la producción de resina está ligada al volumen de canales (axiales y radiales) y a la frecuencia de canales radiales existentes en el árbol antes de efectuar ninguna herida (sistema constitutivo). De esta manera, los árboles grandes productores de resina mostraron una red de canales más densa que aquellos con producciones medias. Una vez realizada la herida de resinación, observamos una disminución del ancho del anillo de crecimiento y del tamaño medio de los canales axiales a la vez que se incrementaba la frecuencia y área ocupada por mm2 de anillo de estos canales. Estos cambios perduraron en el árbol durante al menos tres años y fueron distintos dependiendo de la localización en el entorno de la herida y del método de resinación. Las respuestas más intensas a la herida se observaron el año siguiente a la realización de la misma, en dirección axial, para las distancias más próximas al límite de la herida y para los métodos de resinación en sentido ascendente. Además, se ha constatado que como consecuencia de las heridas de resinación se produjeron cambios en la anatomía del xilema en zonas alejadas de la herida, tanto en el año de la herida como años posteriores. Es decir, se observó una respuesta sistémica del árbol. Respecto al papel del clima como regulador de la respuesta del árbol, se ha evidenciado que la temperatura, la radiación y la ETP influyeron en la producción de resina, no solo durante la campaña de resinación, sino también durante los meses anteriores. El déficit hídrico favoreció la producción y la formación de canales axiales pero, a partir de un determinado umbral, esa relación se invirtió y las lluvias estivales incrementaron la producción. Algunas de estas variables climáticas se asociaron a cambios en el tamaño y frecuencia de las estructuras secretoras, las cuales posiblemente modulan la respuesta defensiva de la planta. La dendrometría del árbol (evaluada a través del diámetro normal, altura y porcentaje de copa viva), la densidad de la masa y el tipo de suelo influyeron en el potencial de producción de resina de P. pinaster. Árboles más vigorosos, parcelas con menores densidades y suelos con más capacidad para la retención de agua y nutrientes presentaron producciones mayores. Estos trabajos se complementan en anexos con una caracterización del sistema socio-ecológico del pinar en resinación. En ese trabajo se identifican sus potenciales servicios ecosistémicos y se evalúa su grado de vinculación con el aprovechamiento resinero con objeto de valorar su funcionalidad y aproximar una valoración económica de modo que sea posible apreciar la importancia económica de los mismos. Para concluir, podemos resaltar que son necesarios más trabajos de carácter científico para avanzar en la comprensión de los procesos anatómicos y fisiológicos que regulan la secreción de resina en P. pinaster y sus interacciones con el medio. Esto permitiría avances certeros hacia el desarrollo de métodos de extracción más eficaces, una selvicultura óptima, el reconocimiento de los beneficios socio-ecológicos y económicos del aprovechamiento y, de manera general, una bibliografía amplia y fiable para la consulta y desarrollo de futuras mejoras que posibiliten la reactivación y conservación de la resinación como aprovechamiento rentable. ABSTRACT Pinus pinaster Ait. is the most widespread conifer in Spain and is now the only species tapped for its oleoresin. External induction of resin secretion, based on the defense system of Pinus trees, has been performed by humans since Classical times through various methods. The socio-economic implication of this practice in Spain justifies a new approach to improve tapping methodology and understand the effects of this activity on the tree. In the last five years, sharp increases in the price of natural resins, accompanied by technological advances directed toward mechanization, have made resin tapping a strategic activity for rural development and forest conservation. The resin industry demands more efficient tapping methods and forest management plans as a way to increase competitiveness in a global market. In this way, this work focuses on the study of the defense system of P. pinaster, with the aim to understand the effects of anatomical and physiological characteristics and environmental conditions on resin yield. The relationships between anatomical variables -with special focus on resin canals-, dendrometric and dasometric variables, and resin yield will be evaluated (objective 1). The tapping wound effects (objective 2) and the intra- and inter-annual variability of climate conditions and soil water availability influence (objective 3) on resin yield will be also studied. The plant and soil material and the resin yield and climatic data used in this thesis have been collected in stands of three public forests of P. pinaster; Armuña, Melque de Cercos and Nieva, located in Segovia (Central Spain). Trees were tapped using two different methods: mechanized or traditional tool, in both upwards and downwards direction. Twenty-six tapped trees of contrasting resin yield classes and twelve non-tapped (control) trees, growing in two locations (Armuña y Melque de Cercos) with the same climate but different stand density and soil characteristics, were selected for studying the role of tree size, xylem anatomy at distal parts aside from the tapping wound (objective 1) and climate influence (objective 3) on resin yield. Concerning the tree defenses induced by the tapping wound (objective 2), the xylem of eight trees, tapped with the two described methods in both upwards and downwards direction, were analyzed. From each tapped tree, eight cores were collected at different locations and varying distances from the tapping wound. In each core, a histological analysis was made. Growth ring width, earlywood and latewood width, and axial canal frequency, area, mean size and location were measured. The effect of the tapping method on resin yield was assessed in 561 P. pinaster tapped trees in a stand in Nieva. In tissues not affected by the tapping wound, the frequency of radial resin canals and the total volume of resin canals were related to resin yield. The frequency of radial canals and the resin yield were strongly related to tree diameter and percentage of live crown. High area of axial resin canals per mm2 was related to high yielding trees, but only in the location with higher plant density and poorer soil quality. In tapped trees, an increase in axial canal frequency and area was found during the three years following the start of tapping activity, suggesting that canal formation is a systemic induced response to wounding. The highest mean annual resin yield was found using the traditional tool in upwards direction, which also induced the highest increase in axial canal frequency and area. The lowest yield was found for mechanized tapping, which showed no differences between the upwards and downwards directions. The strongest induction of systemic induced responses in terms of resin canal frequency and area was detected one year after tapping for upwards tapping. This suggests the involvement of signaling processes that spread mainly upwards, and the importance of adaptive processes as a defense against periodic insect attacks. Intra-annual variation in resin yield was strongly correlated with temperature, solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration and soil water deficit. Inter-annual variation in resin yield and resin canal abundance were correlated with temperature and water deficit in spring, but above a certain threshold of cumulated water deficit in summer rainfall favored resin yield. Under adverse climate scenarios where resource optimization is desirable, a reduced tapping season during the warmest months (June–September) would be advisable, assuming a very small production loss relative to traditional tapping season. Similarly, in years with a rainy summer and/or dry spring, a slightly longer tapping season could be suggested, as resin yield increases after these events. Tree diameter and percentage of live crown, and radial resin canal frequency could be useful criteria for estimating resin yields in P. pinaster. Vigorous trees in lower density stands and growing up in good quality soils will be the most productive. These conclusions could be applied to improve tapping management and breeding programs. These works are complemented with socio-ecological characterization, the identification of the main ecosystem services and an assessment of the possible economic impact derived from the tapping practice. To conclude, more scientific studies are necessary for understanding the anatomical and physiological processes behind resin synthesis and their interactions with the environment. This would afford further progresses towards an extensive and reliable bibliography and improved tapping methods and optimal selvicultural guide lines.

Collection of Mary Gardner Marshall, 1795-1957 (inclusive)

Collection consists mainly of correspondence among family members and includes courtship correspondence of J. Doddridge to Julia, 1868-1875, and of Elsa and her future husband, Courtenay Hemenway, 1908-1912. Also included are photographs, genealogical material, a diary, commonplace and wedding books.

Hemangiomatose neonatal difusa : caso clínico

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Romance Languages

Photo toward southwest. Taken from rear of Romance Languages Building. South Quad and Michigan Union to rear. William L. Jenney, architect. Originally University Museum, built 1880-1881. Roof replaced 1894. Museum moved in 1928. Housed Department of Romance Languages after 1928. Building razed in 1958. On verso: University of Michigan. News Service. 3564 Administration Building. Ann Arbor, Michigan