999 resultados para Extrato vegetal
Resumo:
Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver a tecnologia de conservação do extrato hidrossolúvel de babaçu baseado na pasteurização e na refrigeração. O extrato hidrossolúvel extraído da amêndoa de babaçu, também conhecido no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil como "leite" de babaçu, é um líquido branco ou levemente amarelado, de sabor e aroma muito semelhantes ao do leite de coco comum. O leite de babaçu extraído através de prensagem foi peneirado, pré-aquecido, adicionado de estabilizante carboximetilcelulose e homogeneizado em liquificador industrial. O leite de babaçu homogeneizado foi dividido em duas porções, adicionando-se em uma destas 0,4 % de metabissulfito de sódio, 0,4 % de sorbato de potássio e 0,01 % de ácido cítrico, e outra foi mantida sem conservantes (controle). Os leites sem e com conservantes foram envasados em garrafas de vidro e pasteurizados em banho-maria à temperatura de 90ºC por 30 minutos, resfriados à temperatura ambiente e mantidos sob refrigeração a 5ºC, durante 60 dias. As formulações foram caracterizadas físico-quimicamente quanto ao pH, sólidos solúveis (oBrix), acidez, açúcares totais e redutores, umidade, cinzas, gorduras e proteínas. Durante o armazenamento, a cada 15 dias, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas (pH, acidez total titulável e atividade de água), colorimétricas e microbiológicas. Os resultados mostram que houve pouca variação nos parâmetros físico-químicos; entretanto, microbiologicamente o leite de babaçu apresentou crescimento microbiano a partir dos 30 dias, atingindo valores elevados, acima dos padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos pela legislação, após os 60 dias de armazenamento.
Resumo:
This study aimed to verify the chloroform-methanol nymphicidal action of extracts of Annona mucosa leaves and seeds and of A. crassiflora seeds on second instar nymphs of rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris. For each extract the concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 8.0%, and two control treatments (water and Tween80®) were used. The results show that the seed extracts of A. mucosa and A. crassiflora have insecticidal activity against the T. limbativentris nymphs with statistical significance for all concentrations when compared with controls. The seed extract of A. mucosa showed the higher toxicity with greater than 75% mortality at a concentration of 1.0% in the first 24 h after application. The leaf extract of A. mucosa presented the lowest toxicity with no more than 40% mortality. The seed extract of A. crassiflora showed intermediate toxicity among all the tested extracts, and the nymph's mortality exceeded 80% for the highest concentration after 120 h of application. Considering these results, we were able to observe that the seeds extract of A. mucosa may be an alternative for the control of bed bug nymphs T. limbatriventris, especially for small producers.
Resumo:
El trabajo analiza la importancia de la diversidad vegetal en los agroecosistemas y los efectos de la intensificación de las prácticas agrícolas y del paisaje sobre la diversidad vegetal. La revisión de diversos estudios llevados a cabo por el equipo de investigación permite destacar que la intensificación agrícola, tanto a escala de campo como de paisaje, afecta negativamente la abundancia y la riqueza específica de la flora. La comparación de la flora arvense de los cultivos cerealistas de secano mediterráneos entre los años 50 y la actualidad refleja la reducción de la flora arvense, especialmente de la flora propia de las mieses y la disminución de la abundancia de grupos funcionales como las leguminosas y las plantas entomófilas. El efecto de las prácticas agrícolas y de la complejidad del paisaje varía en función de la flora estudiada. Así, la complejidad del paisaje es el principal factor que afecta la configuración de la vegetación de los márgenes, mientras que la intensidad de las prácticas agrícolas es el principal factor para explicar las diferencias en la flora arvense en el centro de los campos. Por último, el artículo analiza diversas propuestas para la gestión de los agrosistemas con el objetivo de conciliar la producción agrícola y la conservación de la biodiversidad en la región mediterránea.
Resumo:
RESUMO A presença dos glicosídeos cianogênicos amigdalina e prunassina, e de ß-glucosidases as quais hidrolisam estas moléculas, faz com que a amêndoa de pêssego apresente potencial toxidez pela possibilidade de liberação de cianeto de hidrogênio, impossibilitando a utilização da amêndoa e de subprodutos como alimentos. Até o presente, não há dados disponíveis na literatura sobre as condições de hidrólise das enzimas presentes neste material. Este trabalho visou a mensurar o conteúdo de amigdalina, e as condições ideais de pH, temperatura e concentração do substrato de extrato bruto de ß-glucosidases para a atuação enzimática, em amêndoas de pêssego. Os resultados demonstraram a presença do glicosídeo na amêndoa de pêssego em níveis semelhantes aos relatados para outras amêndoas. Quanto à atividade de ß-glucosidase, a enzima apresentou Km e Vmáx de 2,7 mmol.L-1 de amigdalina e 0,1407 mmol de glicose.min-1.mg-1 de proteína, respectivamente, valores que indicam menor afinidade pelo substrato amigdalina do que de enzimas purificadas que catalisam as mesmas reações. O pH ótimo da enzima foi o 7,0, porém entre 5,0; 6,0 e 8,0 ainda ocorre elevada atividade. A enzima demonstrou estabilidade nas temperaturas empregadas neste estudo, apresentando máxima atividade a 60ºC. Deste modo, o uso destas alterações não é suficiente para inativação enzimática e utilização segura das amêndoas de pêssego.
Resumo:
A influência de agentes químicos e físicos (em especial a radiação) sobre a freqüência de mutações tem sido amplamente estudada por meio da análise de alterações observadas na Tradescantia, uma planta utilizada como bioindicador dessas alterações. A avaliação das alterações genéticas da Tradescantia pode ser feita tanto pela detecção de mutações somáticas quanto de aberrações cromossômicas induzidas por mutágenos presentes no ar, solo e água. Os resultados apresentados por diversos estudos estimulam o uso da Tradescantia na avaliação dos efeitos das radiações ionizantes. Estudos futuros de mutagenicidade e aberrações cromossômicas também podem ser feitos, por meio da comparação com os efeitos produzidos por outros tipos de radiações, avaliação do efeito da associação da radiação com drogas ou outros agentes químicos, além da biomonitoração de ambientes de alto risco.
Resumo:
In this study we describe an experimental procedure based on a chemical industrial process of soya-bean oil extraction applied in general chemistry for undergraduate students. The experiment was planned according to the Science, Technology and Society (STS) approach to teach basic chemical concepts and provide grounding in the management of environmental care. The use of real life chemistry problems seems to salient the relevance of chemistry to our students and enhances their motivation to learn both the practical and theoretical components of the discipline.
Resumo:
This phytochemical study performed with the cytotoxic chloroformic extract of Eriope blanchetii (Benth.) Harley was the first work with this species and describes from aerial parts the isolation of two lignans of podophylotoxin type named beta-peltatin and alpha-peltatin. Besides them it was obtained four triterpenes; oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-olic acid, 2alpha,3beta,19alpha-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-olic acid, named tormentic acid and 3beta-glucosyl-sitosterol. The compounds were identified by analysis of their spectral data.
Resumo:
The fractionation column with SiO2 of the hexane extract of Sebastiania argutidens (Euphorbiaceae) yielded fractions containing hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, sterols and pentacyclic triterpenes. Besides, one fraction showed the presence of several methyl esters, including four uncommon long chain palmitate esthers as minor components. The characterization of these chemical constituents have been done by High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) and HRGC coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Campesterol, stigmasterol, b-sitosterol, glutin-5-en-3-ol were identified by HRGC co-injection with standards.
Resumo:
This research was developed by considering that the solid waste produced in the process of pig iron production represents the loss of raw materials and the increase in environmental problem. The charcoal based mini blast-furnace off gases dust named CHARCOK was collected from SIDERPA ¾ Siderúrgica Paulino Ltda, located in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. The Charcok was characterized and classified according to ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) standard. The results showed that the Charcok should be classified as Class I Wastes ¾ "Hazard Wastes" because of its high concentration of phenols (54.5mg C6H5OH/kg). The Charcok had high concentration of iron and charcoal which can be used as energy source.
Resumo:
Crude extracts of several vegetables such as peach (Prunus persica), yam (Alocasia macrorhiza), manioc (Manihot utilissima), artichoke (Cynara scolymus L), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), turnip (Brassica campestre ssp. rapifera), horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) were investigated as the source of peroxidase (POD: EC 1.11.1.7). Among those, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) crude extract was found to be the best one. This enzyme in the presence of hydrogen peroxide catalyses the oxidation of paracetamol to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine which the electrochemical reduction back to paracetamol was obtained at a peak potential of ¾0.10V. A cyclic voltammetric study was performed by scanning the potential from + 0.5 to ¾ 0.5 V. The recovery of paracetamol from two samples ranged from 97.3 to 106% and a rectilinear calibration curve for paracetamol concentration from 1.2x10-4 to 2.5x10-3 mol L-1 (r=0.9965) were obtained. The detection limit was 6.9x10-5 mol L-1 and the relative standard deviation was less than 1.1% for a solution containing 2.5x10-3 mol L-1 paracetamol and 2.0x10-3 mol L-1 hydrogen peroxide (n=12). The results obtained for paracetamol in pharmaceutical products using the proposed biosensor and Pharmacopoeial procedures are in agreement at the 95% confidence level.
Resumo:
In this work, a spectrophotometric flow injection analysis system using a crude extract of avocado (Persea americana) as a source of polyphenol oxidase to dopamine determination was developed. The substrates and enzyme concentrations from 2.4x10-7 to 5.3x10-4 mol L-1 and 28 to 332 units mL-1 were evaluated, respectively. In addition, the FIA parameters such as sample loop (50 to 500 µL), flow rate (1.4 to 4.3 mL min-1) and reactor length (100 to 500 cm) were also evaluated in a 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Dopamine solution concentrations were determined using 277 units mL-1 enzyme solution, 400 mL enzyme loop, 375 µL sample loop, 2.2 mL min-1 flow rate and a reactor of 350 cm. The analytical curve showed a linearity from 5.3x10-5 to 5.3x10-4 mol L-1 dopamine with a detection limit of 1.3x10-5 mol L-1. The analytical frequency was 46 h-1 and the RSD lower than 0.5% for 5.3x10-4 mol L-1 dopamine solution (n=10). A paired t-test showed that all results obtained for dopamine in commercial formulations using the proposed flow injection procedure and a spectrophotometric procedure agree at the 95% confidence level.
Resumo:
Two amides, piperovatine and isopiperlonguminine, were isolated from the roots of Ottonia martiana Miq., a herbaceous shrub commonly used in folk medicine in the treatment of toothache. The crude extract (CE) and isolated compounds were submitted to bioautography and allelopathic assay. The bioautograms allowed the detection of compounds with antibacterial activity and the identification of the bioactive substance piperovatine. The CE and amides exhibited an allelopathic effect on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) seedling growth but did not affect the seeds' germinability.
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Biosensors were developed by immobilization of gilo (Solanum gilo) enzymatic extract on chitosan biopolymers using three different procedures: glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide/glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin/glutaraldehyde. The best biosensor performance was obtained after the immobilization of peroxidase on chitosan with epichlorohydrin/glutaraldehyde. Linear analytical curves for hydroquinone concentrations from 2.5x10-4 to 4.5x10-3 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 2.0x10-6 mol L-1 and recovery of hydroquinone ranging from 95.1 to 105% were obtained. The relative standard deviation was < 1.0 % for a solution of 3.0x10-4 mol L-1 hydroquinone and 2.0x10-3 mol L-1 hydrogen peroxide in 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 (n=8). The lifetime of this biosensor was 6 months (at least 300 determinations).
Resumo:
Aspects of visible spectrophotometry can be presented to students using simple experiments in which the color of the crude extract of Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. is bleached in the presence of nitrite ions in acidic medium. The dependence of the absorption intensity with time, the reaction completeness and the Beer law can be demonstrated. Quantitative results for mineral water samples "contaminated" with nitrite ions were obtained from a method based on the Griess reaction and a procedure based on the bleaching reaction between the crude extract and NO2- ions. Both the Griess and the bleaching reactions were found to be time dependent. Recoveries of about 100 - 104% were obtained with these procedures. The use of natural dyes attracted students' interest enhancing the teaching process. Experiments performed by the teaching staff suggested that the proposed methodology can be performed in a 4 h class, with relative errors ranging from 0.19 to 1.86% in relation to the Griess method.
Resumo:
The present work describes the use of piperonal, a derivative of the secondary metabolite safrole, for the synthesis of new 5,6-methylenedioxysubstituted indole carboxylic acids structurally related to the indol-3-yl-acetic acid (AIA, I). The route comprises six steps beginning with piperonal with an overall yield of 19%. Compound IX was tested towards its plant growth regulator properties in bioassays specific for auxine activity. The in vitro assays were performed in a germination chamber and were of two types: root growth in germinated seeds of Lactuca sativa, Cucumbis sativus and Raphanus sativus and peciole biotest using Phaseolus vulgaris.