黄河干流水生态系统关键物种的识别

关键物种的保护是维持黄河健康的重要措施之一。以黄河干流不同年代生物调查资料为依据,首先根据黄河干流各个河段水生生态系统的食物结构,计算水生生态系统中各类种群的关键性指数,比较各类种群的关键性指数的大小,识别出关键种群;然后计算种群中物种保护的次序,优先保护的物种就是关键物种。研究结果表明,鱼、北方铜鱼、黄河鲤鱼及花斑裸鲤是黄河干流水生态系统中关键物种。

Facets of prior experience and the effectiveness of inclusive design

Research in inclusive design has shown the importance of prior experience for the usability of interactive products. Prior experience, however, is an ill-defined and inconsistently used construct. A number of different definitions and operationalisations of experience exist, but the differing power of these operationalisations to predict the usability of products for older users has rarely been investigated systematically. This study seeks to fill that gap. It is argued that the construct of experience has at least three components. It is proposed that two of these components, exposure and competence, are directly relevant for the current discussion about prior experience in inclusive design and that they can predict to different degrees the usability of a product for older users. In an empirical study, these facets of expertise are each operationalised on three levels of specificity and their impact on usability is assessed. The results show that measures of competence predict usability variables more strongly than measures of exposure and that levels of medium and high specificity are the best predictors. The application of inclusive design principles to a redesigned version of a ticket vending machine-although not resulting in a difference of overall usability-changed the impact of prior experience on usability measures implying an enhanced inclusiveness of the redesign with regard to prior experience. The implications of these findings for the effectiveness of inclusive design for older users are discussed. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Oscillator models and collective motion

A description of the so called "particles with coupled oscillator dynamics" (PCOD) is presented which is used to model, analyze and synthesize collective motion. An oscillator model with spatial dynamics is presented to help describe how to design steering control laws while it is being used to study biological collectives. Lastly, both engineering and biological analysis were described.

Performance analysis and testing of a 250 kW medium-speed brushless doubly-fed induction generator

This study presents the performance analysis and testing of a 250 kW medium-speed brushless doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), and its associated power electronics and control systems. The experimental tests confirm the design, and showthe system's steady-state and dynamic performance and grid low-voltage ride- through capability. The medium-speed brushless DFIG in combination with a simplified two-stage gearbox promises a low-cost low-maintenance and reliable drivetrain for wind turbine applications. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013.

Growth and characterization of AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMT structures with a compositionally step-graded AlGaN barrier layer

A new AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure using a compositionally step-graded AlGaN barrier layer is grown on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). The structure demonstrates significant enhancement of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) mobility and smooth surface morphology compared with the conventional HEMT structure with high Al composition AlGaN barrier. The high 2DEG mobility of 1806 cm(2)/Vs at room temperature and low rms surface roughness of 0.220 nm for a scan area of 5 mu m x 5 mu m are attributed to the improvement of interfacial and crystal quality by employing the step-graded barrier to accommodate the large lattice mismatch stress. The 2DEG sheet density is independent of the measurement temperature, showing the excellent 2DEG confinement of the step-graded structure. A low average sheet resistance of 314.5 Omega/square, with a good resistance uniformity of 0.68%, is also obtained across the 50 mm epilayer wafer. HEMT devices are successfully fabricated using this material structure, which exhibits a maximum extrinsic transconductance of 218 mS/mm and a maximum drain current density of 800 mA/mm.

并发Java程序同步操作的有效删除

同步操作是并发Java程序非常大的一部分开销.在现有程序分析方法的基础上,提出了一种精确而有效的冗余同步操作的静态删除方法.该方法分为基本处理和线程间时序分析两个阶段,充分考虑了控制流结构和线程交互时序对同步删除的影响.构造了一个Java编译器JTool,并在其上实现了同步删除算法.对于确定的单线程程序,同步删除率达到100%;对于多线程程序,同步删除率高于现有的分析工具.

近50年海南岛红树林群落的变化及其与环境关系分析——以东寨港、三亚河和青

以三亚湾泰莱藻为例，对海草光谱特征进行分析。结果表明，450-780nm是海草光

中国白垩纪蜂窝蛋化石的分类订正

重新系统描述了蜂窝蛋科蜂窝蛋属的模式蛋种宁夏蜂窝蛋(Faveoloolithus ningxiaensis)和杨氏蛋属的模式蛋种夏馆杨氏蛋(Youngoolithus xiaguanensis), 并记述了产自浙江天台的蜂窝蛋科新材料，建立一个新的蛋属——副蜂窝蛋属(Parafaveoloolithus), 及3个新的蛋种——Parafaveoloolithus microporus, P. macroporus和P. tiansicunensis。根据赵资奎1994年提出的恐龙蛋分类中具有鉴定意义的几个特征，重新讨论了现有蜂窝蛋的分类地位，提出杨氏蛋属应当提升为科一级的分类单元，总结了蜂窝蛋科内属级和种级分类单元的主要鉴定特征以及蜂窝蛋类的鉴定方法。

射频磁控溅射制备掺Al的纳米Si-SiO_2复合薄膜及其光致发光特性

采用射频磁控技术和退火处理制备掺Al的纳米Si-SiO_2复合薄膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了薄膜的结构,组分和成键情况.掺Al在SiO_2中造成氧空位,使薄膜光致发光强度增强,并出现新的发光峰.退火温度对掺Al薄膜的光致发光的峰位和峰强有较大影响.

MPS结构中的光生伏特现象

报道了金属/多孔硅/结构(MPS)中光生伏特效应研究的最新结果,给出了该结构的光谱响应曲线,发现该结构在1100-350nm波长范围具有明显的光谱响应.还测量了开路电压随温度、光照波长及光照强度的变化关系,发现开路电压随温度的降低近似线性增加,其温度系数对于金/多孔硅结构约为2.0mV/K,对于铝/多孔硅结构约为2.8mV/K,与单晶硅及非晶硅太阳电池的温度系数相近,但MPS结构的开路电压随光强的增加不满足对数关系.结果表明,在MPS结构中金属/多孔硅肖特基结对光生伏特效应起了主要作用,而多孔硅/单晶硅异质结的作用是与此相反的.

基于MODIS数据的草地生产力估算研究

草地在广大的干旱、半干旱地区是重要的可更新资源，草地生产力是草地质量评价最重要的指标之一，不仅体现草地生态系统的稳定性及生物种群的多样性，而且在畜牧业的发展及生态建设方面都有极其重要的参考价值和指导意义。本文以内蒙古通辽市科尔沁半干旱草地生态系统为研究对象，通过生长季野外生物量调查，结合遥感植被指数建立该区域三类草地系统的经验估产模型；同时利用遥感植被指数建立的植被光合模型（VPM）模拟草甸草地区域总初级生产力（GPP），为区域畜牧业的发展、生态环境评价及生态恢复提供基础数据。主要结论有： （1）对2000—2006年MODIS的8 d合成归一化植被指数（NDVI）资料和逐日气象资料的分析结果显示：季节变化过程中，研究区水汽压与NDVI的相关程度明显大于降水量；积温和累积降水量共同控制着各年草地的返青速度，草地快速生长期（6、7月）的降水量对NDVI年最大值的影响比年总降水量更显著；时滞分析表明，水汽压对之后约12 d的NDVI有持续的显著影响，平均气温的时滞为11~15 d，降水对NDVI影响的累积和时滞双重效应可达36~52 d。 （2）根据野外生物量调查结果和MODIS数据,分别采用归一化植被指数（NDVI）、增强植被指数（EVI）和修正的土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI）对草甸草地、半退化草地以及沙丘草地三种类型的草地分别建立了生物量估算模型，其拟合优度系数分别为：0.704、0.537、0.723，经F检验其相关性均达到显著水平（P<0.01）。 　　（3）由于引入了草地生长阶段光合生理的季节动态，VPM模拟的总初级生产力（GPPVPM）和涡度相关法观测的总初级生产力（GPPobs）结果有很好的一致性，GPPVPM（1506.54C•m-2）略低于GPPobs（1615.38gC•m-2）。表明VPM可用于半干旱草地总初级生产力的模拟，从而实现对通量观测GPP的尺度扩展，为区域或全球生态系统总或净初级生产力的模拟提供高时间、空间分辨率的准确模拟。