Un análisis comparativo del papel del bucle fonológico versus la agenda visoespacial en el cálculo en niños de 7-8 años = A comparative analysis of the phonological loop versus the visuo-spatial sketchpad in mental arithmetic tasks in 7-8 y.o. children

En esta investigación se ha estudiado la relación entre dos subsistemas de la memoria de trabajo (bucle fonológico y agenda viso-espacial) y el rendimiento en cálculo con una muestra de 94 niños españoles de 7-8 años. Hemos administrado dos pruebas de cálculo diseñadas para este estudio y seis medidas simples de memoria de trabajo (de contenido verbal, numérico y espacial) de la «Batería de Tests de Memoria de Treball» de Pickering, Baqués y Gathercole (1999), y dos pruebas visuales complementarias. Los resultados muestran una correlación importante entre las medidas de contenido verbal y numérico y el rendimiento en cálculo. En cambio, no hemos encontrado ninguna relación con las medidas espaciales. Se concluye, por lo tanto, que en escolares españoles existe una relación importante entre el bucle fonológico y el rendimiento en tareas de cálculo. En cambio, el rol de la agenda viso-espacial es nulo

¿Es posible entrenar la memoria de trabajo?: un programa de entrenamiento para niños de 7-8 años

Este estudio analiza si es posible entrenar la memoria de trabajo en niños, puesto que tendría importantes aplicaciones en el rendimiento escolar. En la primera fase se administraron nueve pruebas de memoria de trabajo a una muestra de 50 niños de 7-8 años. En la segunda fase la muestra se dividió en dos subgrupos de 25 niños: el grupo experimental recibió un programa de entrenamiento, y el resto formaron el grupo control. Al finalizar se administraron de nuevo las nueve pruebas a todos los niños. Los resultados indican que aunque todos mejoran su memoria de trabajo, los niños del grupo experimental presentan incrementos estadísticamente significativos. Estos resultados permiten concluir que es posible entrenar este sistema de memoria en niños

ZeroWIN General Meeting July 5,7,8 2010, Southampton - Presentations

Presentations from the 3 days of General Meeting in Southampton.

a, e, i, o,...1, 2, 3, 4, 5! La matemàtica com a llenguatges. ­a, e, i, o,...1, 2, 3, 4, 5!. La matemática como lenguajes'.

La matemática pasa por reencontrar su sentido originario de la lengua de comunicación y de dominio del entorno, para lo que fue creada. Una matemática viva y significativa donde la comprensión del entorno y la realidad son los parámetros fundamentales.

¿Es posible entrenar la memoria de trabajo? : un programa para niños de 7-8 años.

Resumen basado en el que aparece en la publicación

Clarinete. Secuenciación de contenidos y unidades didácticas para escuelas de música II : niveles V, VI, VII, VIII, IX (7,8,9,10,11 años).

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Rincón a rincón : actividades para trabajar con niños de 3 a 8 años.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

A new class of ammonium ylid for [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reactions: ene-endo-spiro ylids

The first examples of sigmatropic rearrangements of ene-endo-spirocyclic, tetrahydropyridine-derived ammonium ylids are reported. Thus, spiro[6.7]-ylids rearrange primarily by a [2,3]-pathway, whereas the analogous [6.6]-ylids rearrange by [1,2]- and [2,3]-mechanisms in roughly equal proportions. This method serves as a rapid entry to the core of a range of alkaloids bearing a pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine or octahydroindolizidine nucleus.

Rat brain serotonin neurones that express neuronal nitric oxide synthase have increased sensitivity to the substituted amphetamine serotonin toxins 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine

Substituted amphetamines such as p-chloroamphetamine and the abused drug methylenedioxymethamphetamine cause selective destruction of serotonin axons in rats, by unknown mechanisms. Since some serotonin neurones also express neuronal nitric oxide synthase, which has been implicated in neurotoxicity, the present study was undertaken to determine whether nitric oxide synthase expressing serotonin neurones are selectively vulnerable to methylenedioxymethamphetamine or p-chloroamphetamine. Using double-labeling immunocytochemistry and double in situ hybridization for nitric oxide synthase and the serotonin transporter, it was confirmed that about two thirds of serotonergic cell bodies in the dorsal raphe nucleus expressed nitric oxide synthase, however few if any serotonin transporter immunoreactive axons in striatum expressed nitric oxide synthase at detectable levels. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (30 mg/kg) or p-chloroamphetamine (2 x 10 mg/kg) was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats, and 7 days after drug administration there were modest decreases in the levels of serotonin transporter protein in frontal cortex, and striatum using Western blotting, even though axonal loss could be clearly seen by immunostaining. p-Chloroamphetamine or methylenedioxymethamphetamine administration did not alter the level of nitric oxide synthase in striatum or frontal cortex, determined by Western blotting. Analysis of serotonin neuronal cell bodies 7 days after p-chloroamphetamine treatment, revealed a net down-regulation of serotonin transporter mRNA levels, and a profound change in expression of nitric oxide synthase, with 33% of serotonin transporter mRNA positive cells containing nitric oxide synthase mRNA, compared with 65% in control animals. Altogether these results support the hypothesis that serotonin neurones which express nitric oxide synthase are most vulnerable to substituted amphetamine toxicity, supporting the concept that the selective vulnerability of serotonin neurones has a molecular basis.

Diorganoruthenium complexes incorporating noninnocent [C6H2(CH2ER2)2-3,5]22-(E = N, P) Bis-Pincer bridging ligands: synthesis, spectroelectrochemistry, and DFT studies

The dinuclear complex [(tpy)Ru-II(PCP-PCP)Ru-II(tPY)]Cl-2 (bridging PCP-PCP = 3,3',5,5'-tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)biphenyl, [C6H2(CH2PPh2)(2)-3,5](2)(2-)) was prepared via a transcyclometalation reaction of the bis-pincer ligand [PC(H)P-PC(H)P] and the Ru(II) precursor [Ru(NCN)(tpy)]Cl (NCN = [C6H3(CH2NMe2)(2)-2,6](-)) followed by a reaction with 2,2':6',2 ''-terpyridine (tpy). Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of [(tpy)Ru-II(PCP-PCP)Ru-II(tPY)]Cl-2 are compared with those of the closely related [(tpy)Ru-II(NCN-NCN)Ru-II(tpy)](PF6)(2) (NCN-NCN = [C6H2(CH2- NMe2)(2)-3,5](2)(2-)) obtained by two-electron reduction of [(tpy)Ru-III(NCN-NCN)Ru-III(tpy)](PF6)(4). The molecular structure of the latter complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray structure determination. One-electron reduction of [(tpy)Ru-III(NCN-NCN)Ru-III(tpy)](PF6)(4) and one-electron oxidation of [(tpy)Ru-II(PCP-PCP)RUII(tpy)]Cl-2 yielded the mixed-valence species [(tpy)Ru-III(NCN-NCN)RUII(tpy)](3+) and [(tpy)Ru-III(PCP-PCP)RUII(tpy)](3+), respectively. The comproportionation equilibrium constants K-c (900 and 748 for [(tpy)Ru-III(NCN-NCN)Ru-III(tpy)](4+) and [(tpy)Ru-II(PCP-PCP)RUII(tpy)](2+), respectively) determined from cyclic voltammetric data reveal comparable stability of the [Ru-III-Ru-II] state of both complexes. Spectroelectrochemical measurements and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were employed to further characterize the different redox states with special focus on the mixed-valence species and their NIR bands. Analysis of these bands in the framework of Hush theory indicates that the mixed-valence complexes [(tpy)Ru-III(PCP-PCP)RUII(tpy)](3+) and [(tpy)Ru-III(NCN-NCN)RUII(tpy)](3+) belong to strongly coupled borderline Class II/Class III and intrinsically coupled Class III systems, respectively. Preliminary DFT calculations suggest that extensive delocalization of the spin density over the metal centers and the bridging ligand exists. TD-DFT calculations then suggested a substantial MLCT character of the NIR electronic transitions. The results obtained in this study point to a decreased metal-metal electronic interaction accommodated by the double-cyclometalated bis-pincer bridge when strong sigma-donor NMe2 groups are replaced by weak sigma-donor, pi-acceptor PPh2 groups

Structural variations in self-assembled coordination complexes of Zn(II) with hexamethylenetetramine and isomeric 2-, 3- and 4-nitrobenzoates

Three new zinc(II)-hexamethylenetetramine (hmt) complexes [Zn-2(4-nbz)(4)(mu(2)-hmt)(OH2)(hmt)] (1). [Zn-2(2-nbz)(4)(mu(2)-hmt)(2)](n) (2) and [Zn-3(3-nbz)(4)(mu(2)-hmt)(mu(2)-OH)(mu(3)-OH)](n) (3) with three isomeric nitrobenzoate, [4-nbz = 4-nitrobenzoate, 2-nbz = 2-nitrobenzoate and 3-nbz = 3-nitrobenzoate] have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Their identities have also been established by elemental analysis: IR, NMR, UV-Vis and mass spectral studies. 1 is a dinuclear complex formed by bridging hmt with mu(2) coordinating mode. The geometry around the Zn centers in 1 is distorted tetrahedral. Paddle-wheel centrosymmetric Zn-2(2-nbz)(4) units of complex 2 are interconnected by mu(2)-hmt forming a one-dimensional chain with square-pyramidal geometries around the Zn centers. Compound 3 contains a mu(2)/mu(3)-hydroxido and mu(2)-hmt bridged 1D chain. In this complex, varied geometries around the Zn centers are observed viz, tetrahedral, square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal. Various weak forces, i.e. lone pair-pi, pi-pi and CH-pi interactions, play a key role in stabilizing the observed structures for complexes 1,2 and 3. This series of complexes demonstrates that although the nitro group does not coordinate to the metal center, its presence at the 2-, 3- or 4-position of the phenyl ring has a striking effect on the dimensionality as well as the structure of the resulted coordination polymers, probably due to the participation of the nitro group in 1.p.center dot center dot center dot pi and/or C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions.

Intramolecular Diels-Alder furan-mediated synthesis of 8-aryl-3, 4-di-hydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones, convenient precursors of indeno[1,2,3-ij]isoquinolines

We describe herein preliminary studies on the Intramolecular Diels-Alder Furan-Mediated Synthesis of 8-Aryl-3, 4-di-hydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones that constitutes a new, formal synthesis of Indeno[1,2,3-ij]isoquinolines.

Molecular conformation of the racemic indan derivative (+/-)-1-trans-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-carboxamide

This paper presents the structural characterization of the indan derivative (+/-)-1-trans-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-carboxamide, which was unambiguously determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to be a racemate (R/S: 50/50) crystallizing in an achiral crystal structure (P2(1)/c, a = 9.3180(1) , b = 7.9070(2) , c = 19.7550(4) , beta = 103.250(1)A degrees, V = 1416.75(5) (3) and Z = 4). The diastereomers are related by the inversion symmetry and linked by H bond forming a dimer. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, including the classical one responsible for the formation of centrosymmetric dimers, and non-classical ones involving C-H center dot center dot center dot O and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi-aryl interactions. The intra and intermolecular geometry of the title compound is compared to the (+/-)-1-trans-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-carboxylic acid one, which also present an achiral crystal structure from racemates (R/S: 50/50). The two indan derivatives crystallize in a very similar unit cell.

Raça, etnia e as complicações crônicas do diabetes melito tipo 2

Fatores genéticos e ambientais são apontados como fatores causais para explicar as diferenças no desenvolvimento de problemas de saúde entre grupos étnicos. O conceito de raça/etnia é definido, assim como as indicações de seu uso. Diabetes melito (DM) como um estado de doença com uma marcada variabilidade étnico-racial é utilizado como exemplo de análise. Através de estudo transversal avaliou-se a prevalência das complicações vasculares em uma amostra de pacientes com DM tipo 2. Um total de 864 pacientes, incluindo 656 brancos, 104 mulatos e 104 pretos, classificados por auto-definição, foram avaliados através de protocolo padrão para doença arterial coronariana (DAC), doença vascular periférica (DVP), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), retinopatia diabética (RD), nefropatia diabética (ND) e neuropatia diabética sensório-motora distal (NSMD). Pacientes brancos e mulatos eram mais velhos que os pacientes pretos (61,0 ± 9,3 vs. 60,1 ± 10,3 vs. 56,0 ± 10,3 anos; P <0,001), embora o tempo de duração do DM fosse semelhante entre os grupos (14,8 ± 8,2 vs. 14,2 ± 6,7 vs. 13,3 ± 7,0 anos; P = 0,169). Parâmetros antropométricos (índice de massa corporal e medida da cintura), prevalência de síndrome metabólica, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, níveis de hemoglobina glicada, também foram similares entre os grupos. Em relação às complicações crônicas do DM, brancos, mulatos e pretos apresentaram-se com uma prevalência similar de DVP, AVC e NSMD. Mulatos e pretos, quando comparados com brancos, apresentaram uma maior prevalência de DAC (45,4% vs. 60,4% vs. 39,2% ; P=0,004). As prevalências de microalbuminúria (22,4%, 21,2 e 22,1%; P= 0,906) e macroalbuminuria (16,2%, 19,2% and 13,5%; P= 0,915) foram similares entre os grupos. Doença renal avançada (diálise) (9% vs. 8,7% vs. 18,3%; P=0,012) e RDP (21,5% vs. 15,4% vs. 34,6%; P=0,005) foram mais freqüentes em pretos. Estas diferenças se mantiveram após ajustes para possíveis fatores de confusão. Concluindo, em pacientes com DM tipo 2 com o mesmo tipo de assistência médica, controle pressórico e metabólico, foi observada uma prevalência maior de DAC, RDP e doença renal avançada em pacientes pretos. Os mecanismos pelos quais estas diferenças ocorrem não são claros e componentes genéticos e/ou ambientais devem ser melhor explorados. Entretanto, até que este melhor entendimento seja disponível, uma abordagem mais agressiva na avaliação e manejo dos fatores de risco para as complicações do DM nos indivíduos pretos deve ser pensada.

Reaction of sugarcane genotypes to Pratylenchus brachyurus and P. zeae

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)