697 resultados para työn kehittäminen


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This study analysed whether the land tenure insecurity problem has led to a decline in long-term land improvements (liming and phosphorus fertilization) under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and Nordic production conditions in European Union (EU) countries such as Finland. The results suggests that under traditional cash lease contracts, which are encouraged by the existing land leasing regulations and agricultural subsidy programs, the land tenure insecurity problem on leased land reduces land improvements that have a long pay-back period. In particular, soil pH was found to be significantly lower on land cultivated under a lease contract compared to land owned by the farmers themselves. The results also indicate that land improvements could not be reversed by land markets, because land owners would otherwise have carried out land improvements even if not farming by themselves. To reveal the causality between land tenure and land improvements, the dynamic optimisation problem was solved by a stochastic dynamic programming routine with known parameters for one-period returns and transition equations. The model parameters represented Finnish soil quality and production conditions. The decision rules were solved for alternative likelihood scenarios over the continuation of the fixed-term lease contract. The results suggest that as the probability of non-renewal of the lease contract increases, farmers quickly reduce investments in irreversible land improvements and, thereafter, yields gradually decline. The simulations highlighted the observed trends of a decline in land improvements on land parcels that are cultivated under lease contracts. Land tenure has resulted in the neglect of land improvement in Finland. This study aimed to analyze whether these challenges could be resolved by a tax policy that encourages land sales. Using Finnish data, real estate tax and a temporal relaxation on the taxation of capital gains showed some potential for the restructuring of land ownership. Potential sellers who could not be revealed by traditional logit models were identified with the latent class approach. Those landowners with an intention to sell even without a policy change were sensitive to temporal relaxation in the taxation of capital gains. In the long term, productivity and especially productivity growth are necessary conditions for the survival of farms and the food industry in Finland. Technical progress was found to drive the increase in productivity. The scale had only a moderate effect and for the whole study period (1976–2006) the effect was close to zero. Total factor productivity (TFP) increased, depending on the model, by 0.6–1.7% per year. The results demonstrated that the increase in productivity was hindered by the policy changes introduced in 1995. It is also evidenced that the increase in land leasing is connected to these policy changes. Land institutions and land tenure questions are essential in agricultural and rural policies on all levels, from local to international. Land ownership and land titles are commonly tied to fundamental political, economic and social questions. A fair resolution calls for innovative and new solutions both on national and international levels. However, this seems to be a problem when considering the application of EU regulations to member states inheriting divergent landownership structures and farming cultures. The contribution of this study is in describing the consequences of fitting EU agricultural policy to Finnish agricultural land tenure conditions and heritage.

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The purpose of the study was to analyse factors affecting the differences in land prices between regions. The key issue was to find out the policy effects on farmland prices. In addition to comprehensive literature review, a theoretical analysis as well as modern panel and spatial econometric techniques were utilized. The study clearly pointed out the importance of taking into account the possible spatial dependence. The data were exceptionally large, comprising more than 6 000 observations. Thus, it allowed a thorough econometric estimation including the possibility to take into account the spatial nature of the data. This study supports the view that there are many other factors that affect farmland prices besides pure agricultural returns. It was also found that the support clearly affects land prices. However, rather than assuming the discount rates for support and market returns to be similar, the rough analysis refers to the discount rate for support being a little lower. If this were true it would indicate that farmers rely more on support income than market returns. The results support the view presented in literature that land values are more responsive to government payments when these payments are perceived to be permanent. An important result of this study is that the structural differences between regions and the structural change in agriculture seemed to have a considerable role in affecting land prices. Firstly, the present structure affects the competition in the land market: the more dense farms are in the region the more there are potential buyers, and the land price increases. Secondly, the change in farm structure (especially in animal husbandry) connected to the policy changes that increase area-based support affects land prices. The effect comes from two sources. Growing farms need more land for the manure, and the proportion of retiring farmers may be lower. The introduction of the manure density variable proved to be an efficient way to aggregate the otherwise very difficult task of taking into account the environmental pressure caused by structural change in animal husbandry. Finally, infrastructure also has a very important role in determining the price level of agricultural land. If other industries are prospering in the surrounding area, agricultural viability also seems to improve. The non-farm opportunities offered to farm families make continuing and developing farming more tempting.

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Farms and rural areas have many specific valuable resources that can be used to create non-agricultural products and services. Most of the research regarding on-farm diversification has hitherto concentrated on business start-up or farm survival strategies. Resource allocation and also financial success have not been the primary focus of investigations as yet. In this study these specific topics were investigated i.e. resource allocation and also the financial success of diversified farms from a farm management perspective. The key question addressed in this dissertation, is how tangible and intangible resources of the diversified farm affect the financial success. This study’s theoretical background deals with resource-based theory, and also certain themes of the theory of learning organisation and other decision-making theories. Two datasets were utilised in this study. First, data were collected by postal survey in 2001 (n = 663). Second, data were collected in a follow-up survey in 2006 (n = 439). Data were analysed using multivariate data analyses and path analyses. The study results reveal that, diversified farms performed differently. Success and resources were linked. Professional and management skills affected other resources, and hence directly or indirectly influenced success per se. In the light of empirical analyses of this study, tangible and intangible resources owned by the diversified farm impacted on its financial success. The findings of this study underline the importance of skills and networks for entrepreneur(s). Practically speaking all respondents of this study used either agricultural resources for non-farm businesses or non-farm resources for agricultural enterprises. To share resources in this way was seen as a pragmatic opportunity recognised by farmers. One of the downsides of diversification might be the phenomenon of over-diversification, which can be defined as the situation in which a farm diversifies beyond its optimal limit. The empirical findings of this study reveal that capital and labour resource constrains did have adverse effects on financial success. The evidence indicates that farms that were capital and labour resource constrained in 2001 were still less profitable than their ‘no problems’ counterparts five years later.

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Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia kuluttajien hintakäsityksiä funktionaalisista elintarvikkeista sekä euron käyttöönoton vaikutuksia niihin. Teoriaosassa tarkasteltiin funktionaalisen elintarvikkeen käsitettä ja sen hintaan liittyviä kysymyksiä erikoistuotteen näkökulmasta sekä kuluttajan hintakäsityksen muodostumisessa tärkeää osaa näyttelevää referenssihintaa ja sen vaikutuksia sekä teoreettista taustaa, erityisesti adaptaatiotasoteoriaa. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin euron mahdollisia vaikutuksia referenssihintaan sekä referenssihinnan roolia kuluttajan hintakäsityksen muodostumisessa. Työn empiirinen osa koostui kahdesta kyselytutkimuksesta, jotka suoritettiin ennen euron käyttöönottoa joulukuussa 2001 ja sen jälkeen huhtikuussa 2002. Ensimmäiseen kyselyyn vastasi 182 ja toiseen 135 vastaajaa. Vastaajat olivat pääkaupunki- sekä Hämeenlinnan seudulta. Tutkimuksen kohteena olevat tuotteet olivat Gefilus®-piimä ja -mehut, ja kohderyhmänä niiden käyttäjät. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osassa selvitettiin funktionaalisten elintarvikkeiden käyttö- ja ostotottumuksia sekä mielipidettä niiden hintatasosta suhteessa terveysvaikutuksiin ja tavallisiin elintarvikkeisiin. Referenssihintoja tutkimuksen kohteena oleville tuotteille tutkittiin sopivana, korkeimpana ja alhaisimpana hyväksyttävänä hintana.Euron vaikutuksia hintakäsityksiin tutkittiin vastausten eroissa kyselyjen välillä. Euron käyttöönoton aiheuttamia referenssihintojen muutoksia tarkasteltiin hintaherkkyysmittari avulla. Lisäksi tutkittiin euron käyttöönoton aiheuttamia muutoksia ostokäyttäytymisessä. Faktori- ja ryhmittelyanalyyseja käytettiin vastaajien ryhmittelyyn. Funktionaalisia elintarvikkeita pidettiin vastaajien joukossa kalliina suhteessa niiden terveysvaikutuksiin tai tavallisten, ei-funktionaalisten, tuotteiden hintaan. Tutkimuksen kohteena olleiden tuotteiden, Gefilus®-piimän ja -mehujen, hintatasoa pidettiin myös kalliina. Gefilus®-mehujen hintaa pidettiin yleisesti liian kalliina. Euron käyttöönotto aiheutti muutoksia vastaajien referenssihinnoissa. Euron käyttöönoton voitiin havaita vaikuttaneen kuluttajien hintakäsityksiin siten, että hinnat vaikuttivat aikaisempaa halvemmilta. Lisäksi euron käyttöönotto oli vaikeuttanut hintojen arviointia. Lähes kaikki vastaajat olivat sitä mieltä, että euron käyttöönoton jälkeen hinnat olivat nouseet. Euron käyttöönotto oli myös lisännyt pankkikortin käyttöä maksuvälineenä käteisen sijaan. Avainsanat: funktionaalinen elintarvike, terveysvaikutteinen elintarvike, hintakäsitys, referenssihinta, euro

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This thesis studies the use of natural resources for leisure time activities. The method used is Material Input per Service Unit (MIPS method). Leisure time has an increasing effect on the material flows of households, and that way has a bigger pressure on the environment. The most popular way of spending spare time in Finland is to watch TV and to listen to music or radio. Regardless of these, this thesis takes a closer look at boating, playing a musical instrument and visiting a theatre and tries to quantify their material flows. MIPS calculations of this thesis are case-studies and do not tell the whole truth about the hobbies. The aim was to have an overview about the magnitude of the activities. In the boating calculations, inside the system boundaries there are the boat itself, transport of the boat, outboard motor, gasoline consumption of the outboard motor, travelling to and from the harbour, and the harbour infrastructure. Calculations of playing a music instrument consider the instrument itself, music school and its maintenance, and travelling to the school. In the case of theatre the included things are theatre house and its maintenance, decor and costumes of the plays, transport of the decor, and travelling of the audience. The results of this thesis suggest that the biggest material flow of boating comes from travelling to and from the harbour and from the harbour infrastructure. The gasoline consumption of the outboard motor also makes a difference. One hour of boating with a rowing boat consumes 1 kg of abiotic materials. Boating with an outboard motorboat consumes astonishing 113 kg of abiotic resources. Visiting a music lesson for one hour consumes 9 kg of abiotic resources when travelling there by bus. One hour in a theatre play consumes 17 kg of abiotic materials when travelling by bus. Transport has a significant role on the resource consumption of leisure time activities.

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There exists various suggestions for building a functional and a fault-tolerant large-scale quantum computer. Topological quantum computation is a more exotic suggestion, which makes use of the properties of quasiparticles manifest only in certain two-dimensional systems. These so called anyons exhibit topological degrees of freedom, which, in principle, can be used to execute quantum computation with intrinsic fault-tolerance. This feature is the main incentive to study topological quantum computation. The objective of this thesis is to provide an accessible introduction to the theory. In this thesis one has considered the theory of anyons arising in two-dimensional quantum mechanical systems, which are described by gauge theories based on so called quantum double symmetries. The quasiparticles are shown to exhibit interactions and carry quantum numbers, which are both of topological nature. Particularly, it is found that the addition of the quantum numbers is not unique, but that the fusion of the quasiparticles is described by a non-trivial fusion algebra. It is discussed how this property can be used to encode quantum information in a manner which is intrinsically protected from decoherence and how one could, in principle, perform quantum computation by braiding the quasiparticles. As an example of the presented general discussion, the particle spectrum and the fusion algebra of an anyon model based on the gauge group S_3 are explicitly derived. The fusion algebra is found to branch into multiple proper subalgebras and the simplest one of them is chosen as a model for an illustrative demonstration. The different steps of a topological quantum computation are outlined and the computational power of the model is assessed. It turns out that the chosen model is not universal for quantum computation. However, because the objective was a demonstration of the theory with explicit calculations, none of the other more complicated fusion subalgebras were considered. Studying their applicability for quantum computation could be a topic of further research.

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Tässä työssä selvitetään lentosääennusteiden käyttöä lennon suunnittelun ja toteutuksen perusteena. Tuodaan esille määräyksiä ja lentosäätietojen käyttöä kaikissa lennon vaiheissa. Perehdytään ennustettujen olosuhteiden ja ennusteiden laadun merkitykseen lentojen toteutuksessa. Selvitetään lentosääennusteisiin liittyviä lentoliikenteen kustannuksia. Työn aineistona käytettiin joulukuu 2006 - heinäkuu 2007 välisenä aikana eri pituisina jaksoina kerättyä 185 liikennelennon lennonsuunnittelumateriaalia ja 126 satunnaisella otoksella otettuja Suomen GAFOR -ennusteita. Liikennelennot toteutettiin Suomen ja Euroopan alueella. Työssä todennettiin METAR –lentopaikkasanoman avulla TAF -lentopaikka-, TREND -laskeutumis-, GAFOR -yleisilmailuennusteita. Yleisestä sääpalvelusta saatua materiaalia käsiteltiin EXCEL –taulukkolaskentaohjelmalla Lentosääennusteita käsiteltiin usean eri käyttäjäryhmän kannalta. Reittilentomittauksilla tutkittiin SIGMET –varoituspalvelun, SWC –merkitsevän sään ja yläilmakehän tuulen sekä lämpötilan ennusteita. TAF –pilvikorkeusennusteiden keskimääräinen hyvyysluku oli lähes sama pilvikorkeudesta riippumatta. Suhteellisen hyvissä olosuhteissa toimivat käyttäjät saivat ennusteista paljon hyötyä. Vaakanäkyvyysennusteiden keskimääräinen hyvyysluku oli suurempi hyvissä kuin huonoissa olosuhteissa. Huonojen olosuhteiden ennusteet olivat lentotoiminnalle enemmän harmillisia kuin hyödyllisiä. Ennustustyö olisi tarvinnut apuvälinettä. Tutkittiin TREND –ennusteiden ominaista osuvuutta. NOSIG –ennuste oli suhteellisen usein julkaistu vaikka sitä seurasi olosuhteen muutos. BECMG -ennuste toteutui pääsääntöisesti ennusteajan alkupuolella. Ajoittaisten olosuhdemuutosten aikana TEMPO -ennusteita julkaistiin hyvin, mutta ennusteen osuvuus vaihteli. Tässä muodossa jaettu ennustetieto ei palvele kovin hyvin päätöstilannetta, jossa on arvioitava polttoaineen riittävyys lennon loppuosalle. GAFOR -pintatuuliennusteet olivat onnistuneita kuten TAF -ennusteissa. Vaakanäkyvyys- ja pilvikorkeusolosuhteissa vertailupisteissä oli 10% havainnoista ennustettua huonompaa olosuhdetta, jos käytettiin vain GAFOR –ennusteen perusosaa lennonsuunnittelussa ja 6% havainnoista, jos käytettiin koko ennustetta. Ilma-aluksen päällikön on valvottava näkölento-olosuhteiden kehitystä lennon aikana ja varmistettava aina näkölento-olosuhteinen lentoreitti laskupaikalle. Lentosääennusteet ovat osa lentotoimintaa mahdollistavaa järjestelmää. Ennusteet hallitsevat vaihtelevasti olosuhteita ja luonnollisesti aiheuttavat ongelmallisia tilanteita. Käyttäjiä sitovat määräykset on luotu, jotta toiminta olisi turvallista. Laadukkaita ennusteita tarvitaan isoilla liikennepaikoilla lentoliikenteen kapasiteetin hallintaan. Pienillä lentopaikoilla laitevarustus ei vielä takaa lentotoimintaa kaikissa olosuhteissa. Näkölentotoimintaa harjoitetaan jatkuvasti sekä hyvissä että kohtalaisen huonoissa olosuhteissa.

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Mahdollisimman tarkka tieto varatun hiukkasen energianmenetyksestä sen kulkiessa näytteessä on usein hyvin olennaista varteenotettavien tutkimustulosten aikaansaamiseksi monilla eri fysiikan suuntautumisaloilla. Aihe onkin hyvin laajalti tutkittu. Kehityksen kuitenkin edetessä yhä pienempiin mittasuhteisiin ja tarkempiin arvoihin on tärkeää, että myös ionien energianmenetyksestä väliaineessa saadaan yhä tarkempaa tietoa. Takaisinsirontaspektrometriassa tarkastellaan näytteestä sironneita ammusioneja. Takaisinsironnan avulla voidaan tunnistaa näytteen sisältämät alkuaineet, selvittää syvyysjakauma ja näytteen alkuaineiden suhteelliset runsaudet. Menetelmään liittyvät ilmiöt ovat varsin monimutkaisia ja niiden teoreettinen mallintaminen siten haasteellista. Kun tavoitteena on simuloida mahdollisimman tarkasti tilannetta, jossa kiihdytetty ioni etenee näytteessä ei analyyttinen ratkaisumalli välttämättä ole paras vaihtoehto. Tilannetta kuvaamaan onkin kehitetty useita eri laskennallisia menetelmiä. Tässä työssä tarkasteltiin sitä kuinka paljon kaksikertasironnan huomioon ottaminen vaikuttaa tuloksiin takaisinsirontaa simuloitaessa. Useimmat takaisinsironnan mallinnusohjelmat ottavat huomioon ainoastaan yksikertasironnan. Tämä on varsin ymmärrettävää, sillä jo toisen sirontatapahtuman huomioon ottaminen ja mallintaminen analyyttisesti lisää huomattavasti simulaation laskutapahtumien lukumäärää ja hidastaa siten itse simulaatiota. Työtä varten kirjoitettiin ohjelma, jolla simuloituja tuloksia verrattiin sekä näytteistä mitattuihin että toisella simulaatio-ohjelmalla tuotettuihin spektreihin. Vertailusta kävi selvästi ilmi kaksikertasironnan merkitys takaisinsirontaa simuloitaessa. Yksikertasironnan tuoma informaatio päättyy energiaan, jolla näytteen takareunasta sironnut ioni havaitaan ilmaisimessa. Toisen sirontatapahtuman huomioon ottaminen tuo lisäinformaatiota etenkin spektrin häntäalueella. Laaditulla ohjelmalla pystyttiin nyt käsittelemään ainoastaan erikoistapausta, jossa ionisuihku ammuttiin kohtisuoraan näytteeseen. Looginen jatkotoimenpide työn parissa olisi laajentaa ohjelma käsittämään muutkin ionisuihkun tulokulmat.

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Tässä työssä on suunniteltu mittauslaitteisto ja toteutettu diodien vuotovirtamittaukset matalissa lämpötiloissa. Suunnittelun pääpaino oli tuottaa mittauslaitteisto, joka kestäisi mittausolosuhteitten matalan lämpötilan (80 K) ja toisaalta myös lämpötilavaihtelut huoneen lämpötilasta mataliin lämpötiloihin. Lisäksi mittauslaitteiston oli kestettävä myös tutkimusprojektin myöhemmissä vaiheissa mukaan tulevaa protonisäteilytystä, mikä asetti omat valintaperusteensa materiaaleille. Mittauslaitteiston kohinaa pyrittiin vaimentamaan kontaktipintojen kultapinnoitteilla ja kiinnittämällä huomiota virtajohtimien eristyksiin. Työssä mitattiin erilailla prosessoitujen piidiodien vuotovirtoja eri lämpötiloissa. Mitatut diodit olivat sekä etukäteen säteilytettyjä että säteilyttämättömiä ja työn yhtenä päämääränä oli verrata säteilytyksen vaikutuksia vuotovirran lämpötilakorrelaatioon. Diodien piimateriaaleja oli valmistettu magneettisella Czochralski-menetelmällä sekä Float Zone-menetelmällä, lisäksi osaa diodeista oli muokattu erilaisilla lämpökäsittelyillä parempien säteilynkesto-ominaisuuksien aikaansaamiseksi. Mittauksissa diodin lämpötila laskettiin jäähdytyslaitteistolla systeemin minimilämpötilaan ja diodin ominaiskäyrä mitattiin välillä 0-450 V. Lämpötilaa nostettiin asteittain ja ominaiskäyrät mitattiin määrätyissä lämpötiloissa, minkä jälkeen tuloksia verrattiin teoreettisiin arvioihin vuotovirran lämpötilakäyttäytymisestä. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta teoreettisten arvojen vastaavan kokeellisia, mittauslaitteiston erottelukyvyn kynnykselle asti (10-11A), mutta tämän jälkeen mahdollinen lämpötilan laskun aiheuttama virranlasku hukkuu mittalaitteiston kohinan sekaan. Säteilytettyjen diodien kohdalla lämpötilan laskeminen madalsi vuotovirtaa 6 dekadia huoneenlämmöstä 190 K lämpötilaan, kunnes mittauskynnys ylittyi. Säteilyttämättömillä diodeilla vuotovirta oli jo huoneenlämpötilassa erittäin pientä ja lämpötilan laskiessa minimiarvoonsa vuotovirta pieneni n. 2 dekadia, kunnes mittalaitteiston mittatarkkuus tuli vastaan.

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Due to the recent development in CCD technology aerial photography is now slowly changing from film to digital cameras. This new aspect in remote sensing allows and requires also new automated analysis methods. Basic research on reflectance properties of natural targets is needed so that computerized processes could be fully utilized. For this reason an instrument was developed at Finnish Geodetic Institute for measurement of multiangular reflectance of small remote sensing targets e.g. forest understorey or asphalt. Finnish Geodetic Institute Field Goniospectrometer (FiGIFiGo) is a portable device that is operated by 1 or 2 persons. It can be reassembled to a new location in 15 minutes and after that a target's multiangular reflectance can be measured in 10 - 30 minutes (with one illumination angle). FiGIFiGo has effective spectral range approximately from 400 nm to 2000 nm. The measurements can be made either outside with sunlight or in laboratory with 1000 W QTH light source. In this thesis FiGIFiGo is introduced and the theoretical basis of such reflectance measurements are discussed. A new method is introduced for extraction of subcomponent proportions from reflectance of a mixture sample, e.g. for retrieving proportion of lingonberry's reflectance in observation of lingonberry-lichen sample. This method was tested by conducting a series of measurements on reflectance properties of artificial samples. The component separation method yielded sound results and brought up interesting aspects in targets' reflectances. The method and the results still need to be verified with further studies, but the preliminary results imply that this method could be a valuable tool in analysis of such mixture samples.

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Proteiinit ovat elämälle välttämättömiä orgaanisia yhdisteitä, jotka koostuvat yhdestä tai useammasta aminohappoketjusta. Proteiinien toiminnan määrää niiden kolmiulotteinen rakenne, joka taas riippuu pitkälti proteiinien aminohappojärjestyksestä, sekvenssistä. Proteiinien tunnettujen sekvenssien määrä kasvaa DNA-sekvensoinnin tuloksena selvästi nopeammin kuin selvitettyjen kolmiulotteisten rakenteiden, konformaatioiden, määrä. Proteiinien rakenteitakin tunnetaan jo lähes 45 000, joten niiden tilastollisella analyysillä on yhä merkittävämpi osuus uusien proteiinien rakenteen määrittämisessä, ennustamisessa ja suunnittelussa. Työssä etsittiin pentapeptidejä (viiden aminohapon pituisia ketjuja), joilla on sama konformaatio kaikissa tunnetuissa proteiinien rakenteissa. Näitä rakennuspalikoita voisi käyttää suoraviivaisessa proteiinien suunnittelussa halutun kolmiulotteisen rakenteen aikaansaamiseksi. Aineistona käytettiin proteiinitietopankin joulukuussa 2007 sisältämiä rakenteita, joihin kuului lähes 45 000 proteiinin kolmiulotteista rakennetta. Aineiston laajuuden takia rakennuspalikoita etsittiin kahdessa vaiheessa vertailemalla pentapeptidien rakenteen keskeisten atomien (CA, CB, O, C ja N) sijaintia proteiinien aminohappoketjuissa. Työssä löytyi yli 9000 rakennuspalikkaa, pentapeptidiä, joista jokaisella oli sama konformaatio yli 12 eri rakennetiedostossa, niissä ilmoitettujen tarkkuuksien rajoissa. Löydetyistä rakennuspalikoista 48:lla oli täysin sama konformaatio kaikkialla, mistä ne löydettiin. Näistä useimmin esiintyneitä voi käyttää suoraan proteiinien rakenneanalyysissä valmiina kolmiulotteisen rakenteen osina. Eri konformaatioihin laskostuvia identtisiä pentapeptidejä löytyi yli 266 000 kappaletta. Rakennuspalikoiden stabiiliudesta johtuen ne saattavat olla tärkeitä proteiinien fysikaalisen mallinnuksen tutkimus- ja vertailukohteina. Käytännön kannalta työn lupaavin tulos oli se, että rakennuspalikoita löytyi eri vasta-aineiden rakennetiedostoista. Ehkäpä juuri vasta-aineita voitaisiin suunnitella työssä esitetyillä menetelmillä.

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Aim of this study is to investigate composition of the crust in Finland using seismic wide-angle velocity models and laboratory measurements on P- and S-wave velocities of different rock types. The velocities adopted from wide-angle velocity models were compared with laboratory velocities of different rock types corrected for the crustal PT conditions in the study area. The wide-angle velocity models indicate that the P-wave velocity does not only increase step-wise at boundaries of major crustal layers, but there is also gradual increase of velocity within the layers. On the other hand, the laboratory measurements of velocities indicate that no single rock type is able to provide the gradual downward increasing trends. Thus, there must be gradual vertical changes in rock composition. The downward increase of velocities indicates that the composition of the crust becomes gradually more mafic with increasing depth. Even though single rock types cannot simulate the wide-angle model velocities, it can be done with a mixture of rock types. There are a large number of rock type mixtures giving the correct P-wave velocities. Therefore, the inverse solution of rock types and their proportions from velocities is a non-unique problem if only P-wave velocities is available. Amount of the possible rock type mixtures can be limitted using S-wave velocities, reflection seismic results and other geological and geophysical results of the study area. Crustal model FINMIX-2 is presented in this study and it suggest that the crustal velocity profiles can be simulated with rock type mixtures, where the upper crust consists of felsic gneisses and granitic-granodioritic rocks with a minor contribution of quartzite, amphibolite and diabase. In the middle crust the amphibolite proportion increases. The lower crust consists of tonalitic gneiss, mafic garnet granulite, hornblendite, pyroxenite and minor mafic eclogite. This composition model is in agreement with deep crustal kimberlite-hosted xenolith data in eastern Finland and reflectivity of the FIRE (Finnish Reflection Experiment). According to FINMIX-2 model the Moho is deeper and the crustal composition is a more mafic than an average global continental model would suggest. Composition models of southern Finland are quite similar than FINMIX-2 model. However, there are minor differencies between the models, which indicates areal differences of composition. Models of northern Finland shows that the crustal thickness is smaller than southern Finland and composition of the upper crust is different. Density profiles calculated from the lithological models suggest that there is practically no density contrast at Moho in areas of the high-velocity lower crust. This implies that crustal thickness in the central Fennoscandian Shield may have been controlled by the densities of the lower crustal and upper mantle rocks.

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Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) was constructed, and its applicability to industrial, biochemical, and pharmaceutical applications was studied. The effect of several parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, temperature and the reactants mixing ratios on the particle sizes, molar masses, and the formation of aggregates of macromolecules was determined by AsFlFFF. In the case of industrial application AsFlFFF proved to be a valuable tool in the characterization of the hydrodynamic particle sizes, molar masses and phase transition behavior of various poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymers as a function of viscosity and phase transition temperatures. The effect of sodium chloride salt and the molar ratio of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes on the hydrodynamic particle sizes of poly (methacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride) and poly (ethylene oxide)-block-poly (sodium methacrylate) and their complexes were studied. The particle sizes of PNIPAM polymers, and polyelectrolyte complexes measured by AsFlFFF were in agreement with those obtained by dynamic light scattering. The molar masses of PNIPAM polymers obtained by AsFlFFF and size exclusion chromatography agreed also well. In addition, AsFlFFF proved to be a practical technique in thermo responsive behavior studies of polymers at temperatures up to about 50 oC. The suitability of AsFlFFF for biological, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications was proved, upon studying the lipid-protein/peptide interactions, and the stability of liposomes at different temperatures. AsFlFFF was applied to the studies on the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between cytochrome c (a basic peripheral protein) and anionic lipid, and oleic acid, and sodium dodecyl sulphate surfactant. A miniaturized AsFlFFF constructed in this study was exploited in the elucidation of the effect of copper (II), pH, ionic strength, and vortexing on the particle sizes of low-density lipoproteins.

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Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a chemical, gas-phase thin film deposition method. It is known for its ability for accurate and precise thickness control, and uniform and conformal film growth. One area where ALD has not yet excelled is film deposition at low temperatures. Also deposition of metals, besides the noble metals, has proven to be quite challenging. To alleviate these limitations, more aggressive reactants are required. One such group of reactants are radicals, which may be formed by dissociating gases. Dissociation is most conveniently done with a plasma source. For example, dissociating molecular oxygen or hydrogen, oxygen or hydrogen radicals are generated. The use of radicals in ALD may surmount some of the above limitations: oxide film deposition at low temperatures may become feasible if oxygen radicals are used as they are highly reactive. Also, as hydrogen radicals are very effective reducing agents, they may be used to deposit metals. In this work, a plasma source was incorporated in an existing ALD reactor for radical generation, and the reactor was used to study five different Radical Enhanced ALD processes. The modifications to the existing reactor and the different possibilities during the modification process are discussed. The studied materials include two metals, copper and silver, and three oxides, aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide and tantalum oxide. The materials were characterized and their properties were compared to other variations of the same process, utilizing the same metal precursor, to understand what kind of effect the non-metal precursor has on the film properties and growth characteristics. Both metals were deposited successfully, and silver for the first time by ALD. The films had low resistivity and grew conformally in the ALD mode, demonstrating that the REALD of metals is true ALD. The oxide films had exceptionally high growth rates, and aluminium oxide grew at room temperature with low cycle times and resulted in good quality films. Both aluminium oxide and titanium dioxide were deposited on natural fibres without damaging the fibre. Tantalum oxide was also deposited successfully, with good electrical properties, but at slightly higher temperature than the other two oxides, due to the evaporation temperature required by the metal precursor. Overall, the ability of REALD to deposit metallic and oxide films with high quality at low temperatures was demonstrated.

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The literature part of the thesis mainly reviews the results of the use of titanium catalysts for ethene and caprolactone polymerisation. The behaviour of titanium catalysts bearing phenoxy-imino ligands has been the focus of more detailed investigations in ethene polymerisation. Reasons for the production of multimodal polyethene for a range of catalysts are also given. The experimental part of the thesis is divided into two sections based on the monomers used in the polymerisations: Part A (ethene) and part B (caprolactone). Part A: Titanium(IV) complexes bearing phenoxy-imino ligands are known to possess high ethene polymerisation activities after MAO activation. Depending on the ligand, the activities of the catalysts in polymerisation can vary between 1 and 44000 kgPE/(mol*cat*h*bar). Depending on the polymerisation temperature and the electronic and steric properties of the catalyst ligands, low to high molar mass values and uni- and multimodal polydispersity values can been observed. In order to discover the reasons for these differences, 22 titanium(IV) complexes containing differently substituted phenoxy-imino derivatives as di- and tetradentate ligands were synthesised with high yields and used as homogeneous catalysts in ethene polymerisations. Computational methods were used to predict the geometry of the synthesised complexes and their configuration after activation. Based on the results obtained, the geometry of the catalyst together with the ligand substituents seem to play a major role in defining the catalytic activity. Novel titanium(IV) complexes bearing malonate ligands were also synthesised. Malonates are considered to be suitable ligand pre-cursors since they can be produced by the simple reaction of any primary or secondary alcohol with malonylchloride, and thus they are easily modifiable. After treatment with MAO these complexes had polymerisation activities between 10 and 50 kgPE/(mol*cat*h*bar) and surprisingly low polydispersity values when compared with similar types of catalysts bearing the O?O chelate ligand. Part B: One of the synthesis routes in the preparation of the above mentioned phenoxy-imino titanium dichloride complexes involved the use of Ti(NMe2)4 with a range of salicylaldimine type compounds. On reaction, these two compounds formed an intermediate product selectively and quantitatively which was active in the ring-opening polymerisation of caprolactone. Several mono-anionic alcoholates were also combined with Ti(NMe2)4 in different molar ratios and used as catalysts. Full conversion of the monomer was achieved within 15 minutes with catalysts having a co-ordination number of 4 while after 22 hours full conversion was achieved with catalysts having a co-ordination number of 6.