945 resultados para sol-gets (xerogels)


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The aim of catalysis research is to apply the catalyst successfully in economically important reactions in an environmentally friendly way. The present work focuses on the modification of structural and surface properties of ceria and ceria-zirconia catalysts by the incorporation of transition metals. The applications of these catalysts in industrially important reactions like ethylbenzene oxidation, alkylation of aromatics are also investigated.Sol-gel method is effective for the preparation of transition metal modified ceria and ceria-zirconia mixed oxide since it produces catalyst with highly dispersed incorporated metal. Unlike that of impregnation method plugging of pores is not prominent for sol-gel derived catalyst materials. This prevents loss of surface area on metal modification as evident for BET surface area measurements.The powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the cubic structure of transition metal modified ceria and ceria-zirconia catalysts. The thermal stability is evident from TGA/DTA analysis. DR UV-vis spectra provide information on the coordination environment of the incorporated metal. EPR analysis ofCr, Mn and Cu modified ceria and a ceria-zirconia catalyst reveals the presence of different oxidation states of incorporated metal.Temperature programmed desorption of ammonia and thermogravimetric desorption of 2,6-dimethyl pyridine confirms the enhancement of acidity on metal incorporation. High a-methyl styrene selectivity in cumene cracking reaction implies the presence of comparatively more number of Lewis acid sites with some amount of Bronsted acid sites. The formation of cyclohexanone during cyclohexanol decomposition confirms the presence of basic sites on the catalyst surface.Mn and Cr modified catalysts show better activity towards ethylbenzene oxidation. A redox mechanism through oxometal pathway is suggested.All the catalysts were found to be active towards benzylation of toluene and a-xylene. The selectivity towards monoalkylated products remains almost 100%. The catalytic activity is correlated with the Lewis acidity of the prepared systems.The activity of the catalysts towards methylation of phenols depends on the strength acid sites as well as the redox properties of the catalysts. A strong dependence of methylation activity on the total acidity is illustrated.

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The present thesis develops from the point of view of titania sol-gel chemistry and an attempt is made to address the modification of the process for better photoactive titania by selective doping and also demonstration of utilization of the process for the preparation of supported membranes and self cleaning films.A general introduction to nanomaterials, nanocrystalline titania and sol-gel chemistry are presented in the first chapter. A brief and updated literature review on sol-gel titania, with special emphasis on catalytic and photocatalytic properties and anatase to rutile transformation are covered. Based on critical assessment of the reported information the present research problem has been defined.The second chapter describes a new aqueous sol-gel method for the preparation of nanocrystalline titania using titanyl sulphate as precursor. This approach is novel since no earlier work has been reported in the same lines proposed here. The sol-gel process has been followed at each step using particle size, zeta potential measurements on the sol and thermal analysis of the resultant gel. The prepared powders were then characterized using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, BET surface area analysis and transmission electron microscopy.The third chapter presents a detailed discussion on the physico-chemical characterization of the aqueous sol-gel derived doped titania. The effect of dopants such as tantalum, gadolinium and ytterbium on the anatase to rutile phase transformation, surface area as well as their influence on photoactivity is also included. The fourth chapter demonstrates application of the aqueous sol-gel method in developing titania coatings on porous alumina substrates for controlling the poresize for use as membrane elements in ultrafiltration. Thin coatings having ~50 nm thickness and transparency of ~90% developed on glass surface were tested successfully for self cleaning applications.

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Fine particles of lithium ferrite were synthesized by the sol-gel method. By subsequent heat treatment at different temperatures, lithium ferrites of different grain sizes were prepared. A structural characterization of all the samples was conducted by the x-ray diffraction technique. A grain size of around 12 nm was observed for Li0.5Fe2.5O4 obtained through the sol-gel method. Magnetic properties of lithium ferrite nanoparticles with grain size ranging from 12 to 32 nm were studied. Magnetization measurements showed that Li0.5Fe2.5O4 fine particles exhibit a deviation from the predicted magnetic behaviour. The as-prepared sample of lithium ferrite showed a maximum saturation magnetization of 75 emu g−1. Variation of coercivity is attributed to the transition from multi-domain to single domain nature. Dielectric permittivity and ac conductivity of all the samples were evaluated as a function of frequency, temperature and grain size. Variation of permittivity and ac conductivity with frequency reveals that the dispersion is due to the Maxwell–Wagner type interfacial polarization

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Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone el desarrollo de un conjunto de estrategias para educar en valores. Se realiza en el CPR Gibalto en Riofr??o, Granada. Los objetivos son: conocer el propio cuerpo y posibilidades de acci??n, adquiriendo una autonom??a progresiva en sus actividades habituales; observar y explorar el entorno familiar, social y natural; ayudar a descubrir las caracter??sticas especiales f??sicas y ps??quicas de cada ni??o-a; reconocerse y adaptarse como sujeto irrepetible; respetarse a s?? mismo y a los dem??s.

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El empleo de la filmografía como fuente de transmisión de conocimientos no es per se novedoso. En realidad, los conocimientos más especializados a los que parece se dirigen los estudios de la ESO y del Bachiller, que sustituyen al conocimiento general tan estilado en otras épocas, dificulta que un porcentaje elevado de alumnos universitarios hayan leído las piezas esenciales de la literatura española y comparada, y tengan el hábito de consultar, sino diariamente, con cierta frecuencia, el periódico. Es difícil, pues, buscar un ejemplo que les resulte familiar acudiendo a la literatura y a la prensa escrita. A ello se suma el impulso imparable de la televisión y, más recientemente, el acceso cómodo a través de Internet a películas prácticamente de estreno o a trailers de las mismas. El cine está más próximo al alumno, a la época que le toca vivir, y en él se encuentran múltiples referencias que permiten aproximar la materia que se debe explicar a la realidad del receptor de la información

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Estudi de l’afectació del cop de sol a les pomes de varietat fuji, sobretot tenint en compte que l’aspecte visual té una repercussió econòmica molt important

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Publicación en forma de cómic para alumnado entre 11 y 14 años, dirigida a concienciar a los escolares sobre la realidad social de la población con discapacidad asociada a limitaciones en la movilidad. Desarrolla de forma amena y fácilmente comprensible, las dificultades de accesibilidad, desplazamiento, movilidad, acceso y alcance que tiene el alumnado, y en general las personas con dicha discapacidad, así como las alternativas y mecanismos que dan respuesta y solucionan estas dificultades.

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Seleccionado en la convocatoria: Ayudas para desarrollar proyectos de convivencia, Gobierno de Arag??n 2008-09

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Seleccionado en la convocatoria: Ayudas para proyectos de temática educativa, Gobierno de Aragón 2010-11

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Incluye: cartilla didáctica 'La naturaleza en Escorón'. Seleccionado en la convocatoria: Ayudas para proyectos de temática educativa, Gobierno de Aragón 2008-09

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Entrevista a l’estudiant d’arquitectura a l’Escola Politècnica Superior Adrià Bofarull Solé guanyador del premi Ramon Muntaner 2008 de literatura juvenil

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Las relaciones políticas bilaterales entre la República Popular Democrática de Corea (Corea del Norte) y la República de Corea (Corea del Sur) se resumen en un constructo social de desconfianza y enemistad, remanente de la Guerra Fría, que ha puesto en riesgo la seguridad del noreste asiático. La ausencia de interacción y la necesidad de mediación por parte de otros actores, parecían la característica latente hasta la gestión e implementación de la Política de Sol Naciente surcoreana, la cual se plantea con la pretensión de alcanzar la reunificación nacional en la península, a partir de la reconciliación y compromiso entre las dos Coreas. Desde la perspectiva constructivista de las Relaciones Internacionales, la reunificación nacional implica la reconsideración de una identidad colectiva coreana, capaz de transformar las identidades irreconciliables precedentes, heredadas del tutelaje de la Unión Soviética y los Estados Unidos; la Guerra de Corea y la reinterpretación de la primera identidad colectiva de la Nación coreana unida.

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Resumen tomado de la publicación

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Resumen tomado de la publicación en catalán. Este artículo forma parte del monográfico 'La cocina, un mundo de transformaciones'