Intervenci??n educativa en un centro de responsabilidad penal de menores

Resumen tomado del autor

La educación en la reconstrucción de identidades

El artículo forma parte de un monográfico titulado Jóvenes sin red.

Intervenci??n socioeducativa en adolescentes con problemas de comportamiento y conductas antisociales

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Perfil de menores infractores procedentes de reagrupaciones familiares

Se analizan las caracter??sticas personales, familiares, escolares y sociales de menores infractores procedentes de reagrupaciones familiares que desarrollaron alg??n tipo de medida judicial en la Asociaci??n Centro Trama de Oviedo en 2013. Se estudia el marco legal de la justicia del menor y leyes de inmigraci??n, las diferentes medidas judiciales en medio abierto, que son a las que est??n sometidos los menores objeto de estudio, el origen, principios, programas y servicios que la Asociaci??n Centro Trama desarrolla en Asturias y se hace una revisi??n actualizada de la literatura sobre el tema. Se pretende establecer un perfil de estos menores, identificar los factores de riesgo y poder realizar propuestas de intervenci??n que ayuden a paliar las situaciones desfavorecedoras

Neurophysiological indicators of emotional processing in youth psychopathy

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Evaluaci??n de un programa de intervenci??n con familias para la reducci??n de conductas antisociales en los menores

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Parental incarceration, attachment and child psychopathology

Theory and evidence relating parental incarceration, attachment, and psychopathology are reviewed. Parental incarceration is a strong risk factor for long-lasting psychopathology, including antisocial and internalizing outcomes. Parental incarceration might threaten children's attachment security because of parent-child separation, confusing communication about parental absence, restricted contact with incarcerated parents, and unstable caregiving arrangements. Parental incarceration can also cause economic strain, reduced supervision, stigma, home and school moves, and other negative life events for children. Thus, there are multiple possible mechanisms whereby parental incarceration might increase risk for child psychopathology. Maternal incarceration tends to cause more disruption for children than paternal incarceration and may lead to greater risk for insecure attachment and psychopathology. Children's prior attachment relations and other life experiences are likely to be of great importance for understanding children's reactions to parental incarceration. Several hypotheses are presented about how prior insecure attachment and social adversity might interact with parental incarceration and contribute to psychopathology. Carefully designed longitudinal studies, randomized controlled trials, and cross-national comparative research are required to test these hypotheses.

Physiological and behavioral patterns of corruption

We study the behavior and emotional arousal of the participants in an experimental auction, leading to an asymmetric social dilemma involving an auctioneer and two bidders. An antisocial transfer (bribe) which is beneficial for the auctioneer (official) is paid, if promised, by the winner of the auction. Some pro-social behavior on both the auctioneers' and the bidders' sides is observed even in the absence of any punishment mechanism (Baseline, Treatment 0). However, pro-social behavior is adopted by the vast majority of subjects when the loser of the auction can inspect the transaction between the winner and the auctioneer (Inspection, Treatment 1). The inspection and punishment mechanism is such that, if a bribe is (not) revealed, both corrupt agents (the denouncing bidder) lose(s) this period's payoffs. This renders the inspection option unprofitable for the loser and is rarely used, especially towards the end of the session, when pro-social behavior becomes pervasive. Subjects' emotional arousal was obtained through skin conductance responses. Generally speaking, our findings suggest that stronger emotions are associated with decisions deviating from pure monetary reward maximization, rather than with (un)ethical behavior per se. In fact, using response times as a measure of the subject's reflection during the decision-making process, we can associate emotional arousal with the conflict between primary or instinctive and secondary or contemplative motivations and, more specifically, with deviations from the subject's pure monetary interest.

Evidence for interplay between genes and maternal stress in utero: monoamine oxidase A polymorphism moderates effects of life events during pregnancy on infant negative emotionality at 5 weeks

The low activity variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) functional promoter polymorphism, MAOA-LPR, in interaction with adverse environments (G × E) is associated with child and adult antisocial behaviour disorders. MAOA is expressed during foetal development so in utero G × E may influence early neurodevelopment. We tested the hypothesis that MAOA G × E during pregnancy predicts infant negative emotionality soon after birth. In an epidemiological longitudinal study starting in pregnancy, using a two stage stratified design, we ascertained MAOA-LPR status (low vs. high activity variants) from the saliva of 209 infants (104 boys and 105 girls), and examined predictions to observed infant negative emotionality at 5 weeks post-partum from life events during pregnancy. In analyses weighted to provide estimates for the general population, and including possible confounders for life events, there was an MAOA status by life events interaction (P = 0.017). There was also an interaction between MAOA status and neighbourhood deprivation (P = 0.028). Both interactions arose from a greater effect of increasing life events on negative emotionality in the MAOA-LPR low activity, compared with MAOA-LPR high activity infants. The study provides the first evidence of moderation by MAOA-LPR of the effect of the social environment in pregnancy on negative emotionality in infancy, an early risk for the development of child and adult antisocial behaviour disorders.

Evidence for interplay between genes and parenting on infant temperament in the first year of life: monoamine oxidase A polymorphism moderates effects of maternal sensitivity on infant anger proneness

Background The low expression polymorphism of the MAOA gene in interaction with adverse environments (G × E) is associated with antisocial behaviour disorders. These have their origins in early life, but it is not known whether MAOA G × E occurs in infants. We therefore examined whether MAOA G × E predicts infant anger proneness, a temperamental dimension associated with later antisocial behaviour disorders. In contrast to previous studies, we examined MAOA G × E prospectively using an observational measure of a key aspect of the infant environment, maternal sensitivity, at a specified developmental time point. Methods In a stratified epidemiological cohort recruited during pregnancy, we ascertained MAOA status (low vs. high expression alleles) from the saliva of 193 infants, and examined specific predictions to maternal report of infant temperament at 14 months from maternal sensitivity assessed at 29 weeks of age. Results Analyses, weighted to provide general population estimates, indicated a robust interaction between MAOA status and maternal sensitivity in the prediction of infant anger proneness (p = .003) which became stronger once possible confounders for maternal sensitivity were included in the model (p = .0001). The interaction terms were similar in males (p = .010) and females (p = .016), but the effects were different as a consequence of an additional sex of infant by maternal sensitivity interaction. Conclusions This prospective study provides the first evidence of moderation by the MAOA gene of effects of parenting on infant anger proneness, an important early risk for the development of disruptive and aggressive behaviour disorders.

Exposição materna ao álcool e incidência de sinais característicos da Síndrome do Álcool Fetal em adolescentes infratores e em escolares de Porto Alegre

A Síndrome do Álcool Fetal (SAF) se refere a um conjunto de malformações que podem estar presentes em crianças, filhas de mães que consumiram bebida alcoólica durante a gestação. Esta síndrome apresenta um conjunto distinto de anomalias onde as mais freqüentes são fissura palpebral estreita, lábio superior fino, filtro liso, restrição de crescimento e anomalias do sistema nervoso central. A exposição pré-natal ao álcool pode trazer sérias conseqüências que permanecem a vida toda. Sua incidência, nos Estados Unidos, chega a 1 em cada 100 nascimentos, mas esta estimativa varia de país para país devido a diferenças culturais, genéticas e do método de avaliação. O cérebro é o órgão mais vulnerável do corpo aos efeitos da exposição pré-natal ao álcool. O dano causado ao sistema nervoso central por tal exposição resulta em danos neurológicos permanentes, incluindo anomalias de comportamento e atraso de desenvolvimento. A redução no intelecto é a manifestação comportamental mais comum observada do dano causado ao sistema nervoso central. Apesar disto, o déficit de comportamento social está se tornando uma seqüela frequentemente encontrada em indivíduos expostos. Recentemente, vários estudos têm sugerido que crianças com SAF apresentam dificuldades emocionais e comportamentais que podem levar a uma série de problemas secundários. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o consumo de álcool materno durante a gestação e verificar a presença de sinais relacionados à SAF em adolescente e jovem adultos, de escolas públicas, e comparar com uma amostra de indivíduos institucionalizados. Também, analisar fatores de risco ambiental que possam estar relacionados com o comportamento antisocial observado nestes adolescentes. Cento e quarenta e cinco estudantes (controles) e 262 adolescentes da Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Edudativo - FASE (probandos) foram avaliados em relação a características maternas, história familiar, consumo materno de álcool durante a gestação, exame físico e teste de QI. Quase 40% dos controles e 49% dos probandos tiveram exposição pré-natal ao álcool. Todas as análises estatísticas foram feitas comparando as variáveis previamente citadas com a quantidade de ingesta materna de álcool durante a gestação: nenhuma, esporádica e muita. Entre os estudantes, não encontramos diferenças significantes nas características gestacionais e de ambiente familiar quando comparadas entre os padrões de consumo materno de álcool. No que diz respeito aos sinais físicos da SAF, as seguintes medidas foram estatisticamente diferentes: perímetro cefálico e fissura palpebral. Em relação aos adolescentes institucionalizados, diferenças foram encontradas entre as características de ambiente familiar: não amamentar é mais comum entre as mulheres que bebem, bem como ter um membro da família condenado ou preso. A violência doméstica, criminalidade familiar, abuso infantil e alcoolismo familiar são as quatro variáveis que predizem o uso de álcool durante a gestação. Quando comparamos ambos os grupos juntos como uma única amostra constatou-se que algumas características do ambiente familiar eram muito importantes, como criminalidade familiar e abuso infantil; as medidas antropométricas não foram diferiram entre expostos e não expostos, exceto pelo perímetro cefálico. Estas particularidades do ambiente familiar estão influenciando o comportamento anti-social de modo a tornar os efeitos do consumo materno de álcool menos evidente entre os caracteres físicos. Mesmo assim, todos os indivíduos com sinais de SAF mostraram características similares: crescimento e desenvolvimento pobre, algumas dismorfias faciais e baixo escore no teste de QI.

A importância do holding na reorganização afetivo-social de crianças que manifestam tendência anti-social

This study aims to understand as the children who show expressive behaviors of antisocial trends at Núcleo de Ação Social da Praia do Meio in Natal-RN city, linked to Secretaria Municipal do Trabalho e Assistência Social-SEMIT, which experience the relation with the social educator in role of caregiver. This matter was investigated within an interpretation and approach qualitative view of the social phenomena, using the Thematic Analysis technique of drawings and stories which express the relation with the caregiver gotten in sessions of playful interactions between child and researcher in order to understand the child experiences with the social educator. The used theoretical referential is by D. W. Winnicott who associates the social trend to a failure of environment in child holding. The subjects expressed the need of a firm and protective environment and they look for this in NASPM educators. Moreover, they show as solitude and vulnerability take part their lives due to the lack of emotional holding on family that favors the involvement with violent groups. But, it is worth pointing out that the children value the Nucleus environment when has offered them a safe holding which can be positive the established linking with it. Such conclusion points out to the possibility, recognized theoretically, that exists from these children to resume the way of healthy development

Obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality disorder - Evidence from the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity 2000

Background Previous studies indicate that most individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have comorbid personality disorders (PDs), particularly from the anxious cluster. However, the nature and strength of this association remains unclear, as the majority of previous studies have relied heavily on clinical populations. We analysed the prevalence of screen positive personality disorder in a representative sample of adults with OCD living in private households in the UK. Methods A secondary analysis of data from the 2000 British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. The prevalence of PD, as determined by the SCID-II questionnaire, was compared in participants with OCD, with other neuroses and non-neurotic controls. Within the OCD group we also analysed possible differences relating to sex and subtypes of the disorder. Results the prevalence of any screen positive PD in the OCD group (N = 108) was 74%, significantly greater than in both control groups. The most common screen positive categories were paranoid, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, schizoid and schizotypal. Compared to participants with other neuroses, OCD cases were more likely to screen positively for paranoid, avoidant, schizotypal, dependent and narcissistic PDs. Men with OCD were more likely to screen positively for PDs in general, cluster A PDs, antisocial, obsessive-compulsive and narcissistic categories. The presence of comorbid neuroses in people with OCD had no significant effect on the prevalence of PD. Conclusions Personality pathology is highly prevalent among people with OCD who are living in the community and should be routinely assessed, as it may affect help-seeking behaviour and response to treatment.