Estudo da Mortalidade Materna no Município de São Paulo durante o Ano de 1996

Objetivos: estabelecer uma lista das doenças que provocaram óbito materno por ordem de freqüência. Métodos: no ano de 1996 foram registrados 65.406 óbitos no Município de São Paulo, sendo que 26.778 foram mulheres. Destas, 4.591 se encontravam na faixa entre 10 e 49 anos. Realizamos uma análise deste último grupo, tendo por crivo o campo "Causa da Morte" da Declaração de Óbito, onde tentamos estabelecer alguma correlação entre a patologia ali descrita e o ciclo gravídico-puerperal. Separamos para um estudo mais aprofundado 293 Declarações de Óbito, das quais selecionamos, após pesquisa hospitalar e/ou visita domiciliar, um total de 119 casos positivos para morte materna. Os casos positivos para morte materna foram então tabulados, agrupados e analisados por idade e patologia, utilizando-se os grandes grupos de assistência. Resultados: dos 119 casos positivos para morte materna não havia referência ao estado gravídico-puerperal em 53 deles, ou seja, 40,54% de subnotificação. Os casos foram agrupados por patologia, sendo que encontramos um predomínio de casos de eclâmpsia/pré-eclâmpsia (18,02%), seguidos pelos casos decorrentes de complicações hemorrágicas de terceiro trimestre e puerpério (12,61%), complicações de aborto (12,61%), infecção puerperal (9,91%) e cardiopatias (9,91%). Conclusões: pela primeira vez estamos divulgando o Coeficiente de Mortalidade Materna Tardio para o Município de São Paulo, que foi de 51,33/100.000 nascidos vivos. Utilizamos para divulgação oficial, porém, o Coeficiente de Mortalidade Materna para óbitos até 42 dias de puerpério, que para o Município de São Paulo foi de 48,03/100.000 nascidos vivos. Lembramos que a este valor não se deve aplicar nenhum fator de correção, tendo em vista termos feito uma busca ativa de casos.

Testing pigs of non-technified rearing farms for serum antibodies against Taenia solium in a region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract: Taenia solium is a zoonotic tapeworm of great importance in developing countries, due to the occurrence of human taeniasis and cysticercosis. Pigs have an important role in the biological cycle of the parasite as intermediate hosts. The scientific literature has been describing risk factors associated with the occurrence of this disease that must be avoided in countries with poor sanitation, in order to reduce the exposure of swine to the parasite eggs. This research focused on testing pigs of non-technified rearing farms for serum antibodies against Taenia solium in the region of Jaboticabal municipality, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The found prevalence was 6.82% (CI 95% 4.18 - 9.45) at animal level and 28.87% (CI 95% 16.74 - 40.40) at herd level. These figures are probably associated with low technification adoption during animal rearing in the studied area, which increased the exposure of the animals to risk factors associated with the occurrence of Taenia solium complex. The results found based on serological evidences of swine cysticercosis in the studied region serves as a warning to public sanitary authorities to improve public health and control T. solium.

Ecological distribution of Cyanophyceae in lotic ecosystems of São Paulo State

A hundred seventy two stream reaches from six distinct natural regions (parts of biomes or geological areas) in São Paulo State (Atlantic Rainforest, Cerrado, Hard Water regions, Northwest region, Subtropical Rainforest, and Tropical Rainforest) were searched for the most representative macroscopic Cyanophyceae of phytobenthic communities. Selected ecological parameters were analyzed in each stream segment: conductance, current velocity, oxygen saturation, pH, turbidity, and water temperature. Algal abundance was evaluated as percentage cover. Thirthy four cyanophyte taxa were identified and Phormidium retzii was the most widespread species throughout the State, occurring in all studied regions, except in hard water areas, and was negatively correlated to conductance. The subtropical Rainforest region presented the highest mean species richness per site, whereas the tropical Rainforest region had the highest abundance (percentage cover) of blue-green algae. Correlation tests revealed that conductance was significantly and negatively related to variations in abundance and richness of cyanophyte in streams of São Paulo State. This relationship probably reflects the ability of blue-green algae to grow at medium to low ion content and to take advantage under nutrient stress conditions.

The succession dynamics of a macroalgal community after a flood disturbance in a tropical stream from São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil

The succession dynamics of a macroalgal community in a tropical stream (20º58' S and 49º25' W) was investigated after disturbance by a sequence of intensive rains. High precipitation levels caused almost complete loss of the macroalgal community attached to the substratum and provided a strong pressure against its immediate re-establishment. After this disturbance, a weekly sampling program from May 1999 to January 2000 was established to investigate macroalgal recolonization. The community changed greatly throughout the succession process. The number of species varied from one to seven per sampling. Global abundance of macroalgal community did not reveal a consistent temporal pattern of variation. In early succession stages, the morphological form of tufts dominated, followed by unbranched filaments. Latter succession stages showed the almost exclusive occurrence of gelatinous forms, including filaments and colonies. The succession trajectory was mediated by phosphorus availability in which community composition followed a scheme of changes in growth forms. However, we believe that deterministic and stochastic processes occur in lotic ecosystems, but they are dependent on the length of time considered in the succession analyses.

Corticolous green algae from tropical forest remnants in the northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil

The algae inhabit a wide variety of terrestrial environments and substrates; however the taxonomic knowledge for tropical regions is still scarce. This survey was conducted in ten forest remnants in São Paulo State where visible growths of algae and bryophytes were collected and studied for the main algal components of the communities. Results reveal the occurrence of nine species of green algae, distributed through the class Trebouxiophyceae (one species), Charophyceae (one species) and Ulvophyceae (seven species). Desmococcus olivaceus (Persoon ex Archerson) J. R. Laundon and Printzina effusa (Krempelhüber) Thompson & Wujek are new records for Brazil. The most frequent organisms found in the areas pertain to Trentepohliales that is mainly represented by Trentepohlia species. On the basis of results found, it is recommended that such communities receive more attention in future investigations to improve the knowledge about this important group of primary producers.

Corticolous cyanobacteria from tropical forest remnants in northwestern São Paulo State, Brazil

Cyanobacteria are common in aquatic environments but are also well-adapted to terrestrial habitats where they are represented by a diversified flora. The present study aimed to contribute to our taxonomic knowledge of terrestrial cyanobacteria by way of a floristic survey of the main components of corticolous communities found in seasonal semideciduous forest fragments. Samples of visible growths of Cyanobacteria, algae, and bryophytes found on tree bark were randomly collected and their taxonomies examined. Eighteen species of Cyanobacteria were found belonging to the genera Aphanothece, Chroococcus, Lyngbya, Phormidium, Porphyrosiphon, Hapalosiphon, Hassalia, Nostoc, Scytonema, and Stigonema. Many genera and species observed in the present work have been reported in previous surveys of the aerophytic flora in several regions of the world, although six species were described only on the basis of populations found in the forest fragments studied, which highlights the importance of taxonomic studies of cyanobacteria in these habitats.

Determination of trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) in royal jelly from São Paulo State, Brazil

The 10-HDA content in Brazilian samples (São Paulo State) of royal jelly (RJ) was analyzed using an HPLC method based on the work by BLOODWORTH et al. [2]. The chromatographic conditions were: isocratic system, reversed phase C18-H column, auto sampler, diode array UV-VIS detector adjusted to 225nm, mobile phase composed by methanol/water (45:55) at pH= 2.5 adjusted with phosphoric acid; a-naphtol was used as internal standard, and the running time was 30min. By statistical analysis of the results, the 10-HDA contents of the samples analyzed seem to have two ranges: 1.8% and 3% (w/w), that would be useful to qualify the RJ. This is the first data regarding 10-HDA content of Brazilian RJ.

Chemical and physical characterization of mume fruit collected from different locations and at different maturity stages in São Paulo State

Prunus mume is widely studied due to its health benefits regarding increase of blood fluidity and consequent improvement of the cardiovascular system and the prevention or even the fight against different types of cancer. However, in Brazil this culture is found only among oriental descendants. The present study aimed to characterize mume fruit collected from three different locations in the State of São Paulo regarding general aspects such as pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TTS), pectin content and yield of pulp and chemical characteristics: total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity. Mume fruit were collected unripe and analyzed until maturation about 88 days after flowering. Fruit collected in Botucatu came from a commercial mume fruit producer and had average weight of 16.9 g, while in fruit from other locations weight varied from 5.7-6.9 g. TSS ranged from 9.5 to 10.0 Brix, total solids was 10.2-12.2% and pH showed values between 2.5 and 2.7 for all locations. TTA expressed in citric acid decreased from 4.0-5.7 g (100g- 1) at unripe stage to 2.0-3.8 g (100g- 1) in mature-stage fruit. Pectin content decreased from 11.2 to 10.8% during fruit maturation, TPC content was 147-226 mg catechin (g- 1) on a dry matter basis and the antioxidant capacity was 96-169 µMol Trolox (g- 1) on a dry matter basis or 21-34 µMol Trolox (g- 1) on a wet matter basis.

La valoración de la prueba testimonial; el paradigmático caso del Coronel Luis Alfonso Plazas Vega

De acuerdo a la coyuntura social por la que atraviesa actualmente la administración de justicia colombiana, en cuanto a la proliferación de injusticias y errores judiciales causados por la valoración probatoria positiva de los falsos testigos, nace nuestro estudio y la respectiva crítica a la estimación superficial que se realiza a la prueba testimonial por parte de algunos de nuestros jueces, y la aceptación sin mayor control que efectúa la Fiscalía General de la Nación. En ese sentido, se realiza una exhaustiva pero concisa investigación al respecto de todos y cada uno de los factores relevantes a la hora de valorar al deponente y su testimonio como medio probatorio, de suerte que establece los diferentes requisitos formales y sustanciales de los cuales debe gozar, tanto el testigo como su declaración, para que puedan ser tomados en cuenta a la hora de tomar una decisión judicial en materia penal. Con base en lo anterior, nuestra monografía consta de una parte teórica y una parte teóricopractica, en la cual se tomó como ejemplo principal, el paradigmático caso del Coronel ® Luis Alfonso Plazas Vega, toda vez que es un proceso que actualmente se encuentra en sede de casación, y aun no tiene un pronunciamiento definitivo por parte de la honorable Corte Suprema de Justicia, por lo cual es posible realizar una crítica constructiva y propia en lo que concierne a la valoración de la prueba testimonial, en el entendido en que no existe una decisión inequívoca. Finalmente, lo que se pretende con este trabajo es explicar de una manera sencilla y de fácil entendimiento la labor que deben realizar los jueces de la República y la Fiscalía, que aunque no es la que toma la decisión, también debería realizar un mínima valoración, o por lo menos una verificación al momento de aportar y darle credibilidad a testigos que son favorables a su teoría del caso. De forma tal que, la administración de justicia debe llevar a cabo una valoración probatoria, específicamente encaminada al estándar probatorio que se le debe atribuir al testimonio, teniendo en cuenta los factores externos e internos que afecten la declaración, y por los cuales se vea influenciada la misma; todo esto, con el fin de evitar los errores judiciales que se han generado a lo largo de nuestra historia, los cuales han conllevado a innumerables injusticias creando gran polémica y un desasosiego por parte de la sociedad civil.

Assessment the Health Hazard from (222)Rn in Old Metalliferous Mines in San Luis, Argentina

Radon levels in two old mines in San Luis, Argentina, are reported and analyzed. The radiation dose and environmental health risk of (222)Rn concentrations to both guides and visitors were estimated. CR-39 nuclear track detectors were used for this purpose. The values for the (222)Rn concentration at each monitoring site ranged from 0.43 +/- 0.04 to 1.48 +/- 0.12 kBq m(-3) in the Los Cndores wolfram mine and from 1.8 +/- 0.1 to 6.0 +/- 0.5 kBq center dot m(-3) in the La Carolina gold mine, indicating that, in this mine, the radon levels exceed up to four times the action level of 1.5 kBq m(-3) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The patterns of the radon transport process revealed that the La Carolina gold mine can be interpreted as a gas confined into a single tube with constant cross-section and air velocity. Patterns of radon activity, taking into account the chimney-effect winds, were used to detect tributary currents of air from shafts or larger fissures along the main adit of the Los Cndores mine, showing that radon can be used as an important tracer of tributary air currents stream out from fissures and smaller voids in the rock of the mine.

Occupational exposure to radon and natural gamma radiation in the La Carolina, a former gold mine in San Luis Province, Argentina

Radon and gamma radiation level measurements were carried out inside the La Carolina mine, one of the oldest gold mining camps of southern South America, which is open for touristic visits nowadays. CR-39 track-etch detectors and thermoluminescent dosimeters of natural CaF(2) and LiF TLD-100 were exposed at 14 points along the mine tunnels in order to estimate the mean (222)Rn concentration and the ambient dose equivalent during the summer season (November 2008 to February 2009). The values for the (222)Rn concentration at each monitoring site ranged from 1.8 +/- 0.1 kBq m(-3) to 6.0 +/- 0.5 kBq m(-3), with a mean value of 4.8 kBq m(-3), indicating that these measurements exceed in about three times the upper action level recommended by ICRP for workplaces. The correlations between radon and gamma radiation levels inside the mine were also investigated. Effective doses due to (222)Rn and gamma rays inside the mine were determined, resulting in negligible values to tourists. Considering the effective dose to the mine tourist guides, values exceeding 20 mSv of internal contribution to the effective doses can be reached, depending on the number of working hours inside the mine. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Petrology and geochemistry of the banded iron formation in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas of San Luis (Argentina): Implications for the evolution of the Nogoli Metamorphic Complex

The metamorphosed banded iron formation from the Nogoli Metamorphic Complex of western Sierra de San Luis, Eastern Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina (Nogoli area, 32 degrees 55`S-66 degrees 15`W) is classified as an oxide facies iron formation of Algoma Type, with a tectonic setting possibly associated with an island arc or back arc, on the basis of field mapping, mineral and textural arrangements and whole rock geochemical features. The origin of banded iron formation is mainly related to chemical precipitation of hydrogenous sediments from seawater in oceanic environments. The primary chemical precipitate is a result of solutions that represent mixtures of seawater and hydrothermal fluids, with significant dilution by maficultramafic volcanic and siliciclastic materials. Multi-stage T(DM) model ages of 1670, 1854 and 1939 Ma and positive, mantle-like xi Nd((1502)) values of +3.8, +1.5 and +0.5 from the banded iron formation are around the range of those mafic to ultramafic meta-volcanic rocks of Nogoli Metamorphic Complex, which are between 1679 and 1765 Ma and +2.64 and +3.68, respectively. This Sm and Nd isotopic connection suggests a close genetic relationship between ferruginous and mafic-ultramafic meta-volcanic rocks, as part of the same island arc or back arc setting. A previous Sm-Nd whole rock isochron of similar to 1.5 Ga performed on mafic-ultramafic meta-volcanic rocks led to the interpretation that chemical sedimentation as old as Mesoproterozoic is possible for the banded iron formation. A clockwise P-T path can be inferred for the regional metamorphic evolution of the banded iron formation, with three distinctive trajectories: (1) Relict prograde M(1)-M(3) segment with gradual P and T increase from greenschist facies at M(1) to amphibolite facies at M(3). (2) Peak P-T conditions at high amphibolite-low granulite facies during M(4). (3) Retrograde counterpart of M(4), that returns from amphibolite facies and stabilizes at greenschist facies during M(5). Each trajectory may be regarded as produced by different tectonic events related to the Pampean? (1) and the Famatinian (2 and 3) orogenies, during the Early to Middle Paleozoic. The Nogoli Metamorphic Complex is interpreted as part of a greenstone belt within the large Meso- to Neoproterozoic Pampean Terrane of the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Os bailes do Palácio de Mármore na cidade industrial: o Moinho São Jorge e o patrimônio industrial de Santo André (1950-2000) (Parte 1)

Pautado nessa perspectiva de valorização do patrimônio industrial na região do ABC, esse texto volta-se para as relações entre indústria, lazer e memória. Tem como foco o tema do lazer e do entretenimento como uma das construções patrimoniais da sociedade industrial. O Palácio de Mármore do Moinho São Jorge representa um caso em que tais relações se conjugam. Dessa forma, propõe-se com esse artigo, apontar as relações existentes entre industrialização e lazer no ABC no período de 1950/60, tomando como ponto de partida as lembranças das pessoas que viveram à época.

Inovação e desenvolvimento local: uma análise sobre São José dos Campos

Tese apresentada ao Programa de Doutorado em Administração da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul