DNA-Mediated Charge Transport Devices for Protein Detection

Detection of biologically relevant targets, including small molecules, proteins, DNA, and RNA, is vital for fundamental research as well as clinical diagnostics. Sensors with biological elements provide a natural foundation for such devices because of the inherent recognition capabilities of biomolecules. Electrochemical DNA platforms are simple, sensitive, and do not require complex target labeling or expensive instrumentation. Sensitivity and specificity are added to DNA electrochemical platforms when the physical properties of DNA are harnessed. The inherent structure of DNA, with its stacked core of aromatic bases, enables DNA to act as a wire via DNA-mediated charge transport (DNA CT). DNA CT is not only robust over long molecular distances of at least 34 nm, but is also especially sensitive to anything that perturbs proper base stacking, including DNA mismatches, lesions, or DNA-binding proteins that distort the π-stack. Electrochemical sensors based on DNA CT have previously been used for single-nucleotide polymorphism detection, hybridization assays, and DNA-binding protein detection. Here, improvements to (i) the structure of DNA monolayers and (ii) the signal amplification with DNA CT platforms for improved sensitivity and detection are described.

First, improvements to the control over DNA monolayer formation are reported through the incorporation of copper-free click chemistry into DNA monolayer assembly. As opposed to conventional film formation involving the self-assembly of thiolated DNA, copper-free click chemistry enables DNA to be tethered to a pre-formed mixed alkylthiol monolayer. The total amount of DNA in the final film is directly related to the amount of azide in the underlying alkylthiol monolayer. DNA monolayers formed with this technique are significantly more homogeneous and lower density, with a larger amount of individual helices exposed to the analyte solution. With these improved monolayers, significantly more sensitive detection of the transcription factor TATA binding protein (TBP) is achieved.

Using low-density DNA monolayers, two-electrode DNA arrays were designed and fabricated to enable the placement of multiple DNA sequences onto a single underlying electrode. To pattern DNA onto the primary electrode surface of these arrays, a copper precatalyst for click chemistry was electrochemically activated at the secondary electrode. The location of the secondary electrode relative to the primary electrode enabled the patterning of up to four sequences of DNA onto a single electrode surface. As opposed to conventional electrochemical readout from the primary, DNA-modified electrode, a secondary microelectrode, coupled with electrocatalytic signal amplification, enables more sensitive detection with spatial resolution on the DNA array electrode surface. Using this two-electrode platform, arrays have been formed that facilitate differentiation between well-matched and mismatched sequences, detection of transcription factors, and sequence-selective DNA hybridization, all with the incorporation of internal controls.

For effective clinical detection, the two working electrode platform was multiplexed to contain two complementary arrays, each with fifteen electrodes. This platform, coupled with low density DNA monolayers and electrocatalysis with readout from a secondary electrode, enabled even more sensitive detection from especially small volumes (4 μL per well). This multiplexed platform has enabled the simultaneous detection of two transcription factors, TBP and CopG, with surface dissociation constants comparable to their solution dissociation constants.

With the sensitivity and selectivity obtained from the multiplexed, two working electrode array, an electrochemical signal-on assay for activity of the human methyltransferase DNMT1 was incorporated. DNMT1 is the most abundant human methyltransferase, and its aberrant methylation has been linked to the development of cancer. However, current methods to monitor methyltransferase activity are either ineffective with crude samples or are impractical to develop for clinical applications due to a reliance on radioactivity. Electrochemical detection of methyltransferase activity, in contrast, circumvents these issues. The signal-on detection assay translates methylation events into electrochemical signals via a methylation-specific restriction enzyme. Using the two working electrode platform combined with this assay, DNMT1 activity from tumor and healthy adjacent tissue lysate were evaluated. Our electrochemical measurements revealed significant differences in methyltransferase activity between tumor tissue and healthy adjacent tissue.

As differential activity was observed between colorectal tumor tissue and healthy adjacent tissue, ten tumor sets were subsequently analyzed for DNMT1 activity both electrochemically and by tritium incorporation. These results were compared to expression levels of DNMT1, measured by qPCR, and total DNMT1 protein content, measured by Western blot. The only trend detected was that hyperactivity was observed in the tumor samples as compared to the healthy adjacent tissue when measured electrochemically. These advances in DNA CT-based platforms have propelled this class of sensors from the purely academic realm into the realm of clinically relevant detection.

Estudo comparativo da citotoxicidade de cimentos obturadores sobre culturas de células endoteliais da linhagem ECV 304

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, in vitro, a citotoxicidade dos cimentos endodônticos Densell Endo, Pulp-Fill, Endofill, Sealer 26, Pulp Canal Sealer e GuttaFlow após 12, 24 e 72 horas de tempo de contato, utilizando-se uma linhagem de células endoteliais ECV-304. Para a avaliação da viabilidade celular, utilizou-se o teste de citotoxicidade MTT. Para cada cimento foram preparados 12 corpos de prova que foram distribuídos em seis grupos experimentais de acordo com as marcas comerciais, sendo quatro para cada tempo. Foi criado um grupo controle que não foi submetido à ação de cimento. Para avaliação do efeito dos cimentos sobre as células endoteliais, os corpos de prova foram inseridos nos poços da placa cultura, incubados a 37C em presença de 5% de CO2 e 100% de umidade. Os testes MTT foram realizados, em quadruplicata, após 12, 24 e 72 horas de contato das amostras com o tapete celular. Foi utilizada a prova Two-Way Anova com o teste Post Hoc de Bonferroni com nível de significância de 5%. Na análise de 12 horas, foi possível observar que o cimento GuttaFlow apresentou média de absorbância de 0,055, seguido do Sealer 26 (média = 0,038). Os cimentos Pulp Canal Sealer e Densell Endo apresentaram a mesma média de absorbância (0,031). O Pulp Fill e o Endofill foram os cimentos que apresentaram maior citotoxicidade (média de absorbância = 0,024 e 0,021, respectivamente). O grupo controle apresentou média de absorbância de 0,158. Em 24 horas observou-se que os cimentos GuttaFlow e Sealer 26 apresentaram as maiores médias de absorbância (0,041 e 0,037, respectivamente), seguidos pelo cimento Pulp Canal Sealer que apresentou média de absorbância de 0,035. Já os cimentos Densell Endo e Pulp Fill apresentaram médias de absorbância de 0,033 e 0,032, respectivamente. O cimento Endofill apresentou uma média de 0,026 e o grupo controle de 0,086. Quando analisados em 72 horas, o cimento Pulp Canal Sealer obteve média de absorbância de 0,049, seguido dos cimentos GuttaFlow e Pulp Fill, ambos com 0,048. Os cimentos Densell Endo, Sealer 26 e Endofill apresentaram respectivamente, médias de 0,044, 0,040 e 0,036. O grupo controle diferenciou-se significativamente de todos os grupos em todos os tempos. Quando analisadas as médias gerais de absorbância dos grupos analisados observou-se que o cimento GuttaFlow se apresentou como o cimento com menor índice de citotoxicidade, apresentando média de absorbência de 0,048. Logo após, apresentando médias de absorbância iguais (0,038) encontraram-se os cimentos Pulp Canal Sealer e Sealer 26; seguidos do Densell Endo e do Pulp Fill, com 0,036 e 0,035, respectivamente. O grupo controle apresentou média de absorbância de 0,098. Portanto, tendo como base os resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir que o cimento Endofill foi o que apresentou maior citotoxicidade e o cimento GuttaFlow, o menos citotóxico.

Influência de pré-tratamentos de células epiteliais com penicilina e eritromicina na aderência e na viabilidade intracelular de Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A difteria é uma síndrome toxêmica causada pelo Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Embora programas de imunização mantenham a doença sob controle em países desenvolvidos, a difteria ainda permanece endêmica em diversas partes do mundo, especialmente em indivíduos parcialmente imunizados para toxina diftérica. Junto a isso, nos últimos 20 anos, tem-se observado a ocorrência crescente de quadros de infecções sistêmicas causados por cepas atoxinogênicas. A penicilina e eritromicina são as principais drogas de escolha no tratamento destas infecções, entretanto, a escassez de trabalhos reavaliando a terapia de escolha e a influência dos antibióticos no processo de interação bacteriana com células epiteliais humanas são escassos, logo compreendem aspectos que justificam o presente estudo. O objetivo principal deste projeto consiste na análise da influência do pré-tratamento de células epiteliais Hep-2 com os antimicrobianos penicilina e eritromicina na colonização e viabilidade intracelular de amostras de C. diphtheriae. As monocamadas foram submetidas ao tratamento prévio com doses séricas terapêuticas de penicilina (5g mL1) e eritromicina (1,92 g mL1) por 24 horas e os antibióticos foram removidos por lavagens com PBS antes da interação com a suspensão bacteriana (MOI de 107). Três horas após a infecção, o padrão de aderência foi investigado como também, realizada a análise das bactérias viáveis associadas e internalizadas nas monocamadas. O pré-tratamento com penicilina induziu a formação de perfil de aderência difuso (AD) pelas amostras estudadas. Microorganismos que normalmente apresentam padrão de aderência localizado (AL) passaram a expressar perfil (AD) após pré-tratamento das camadas com ambos antimicrobianos. A expressão do tipo agregativo (AA) não foi influenciada pela presença de eritromicina. A penicilina e a eritromicina reduziram o número de bactérias viáveis associadas às células HEp-2 na maioria das oportunidades. Entretanto, a penicilina interferiu em maior magnitude nesse processo. As três amostras invasoras de C. diphtheriae (HC01, HC04 e BR5015), apresentaram maior capacidade de sobrevivência no compartimento intracelular, independente do pré-tratamento. A expressão dos perfis de aderência assim como a capacidade de sobrevivência no compartimento intracelular frente aos antimicrobianos testados mostraram-se independentes da produção de toxina e dos percentuais de associação com as células HEp-2. Foi observada uma maior eficiência da eritromicina na eliminação de bactérias viáveis internalizadas reforçando a utilização clínica da eritromicina tanto no tratamento de pacientes quanto na erradicação do estado de portador. Novos estudos serão desenvolvidos para investigar alterações na expressão de fatores de virulência por amostras de C. diphtheriae na interação com células HEp-2 pré-tratadas com antimicrobianos e a influência sobre a evolução clínica das infecções por corinebactérias

Investigation on thermal stability of TiO2 films for application at high temperature

The thermal stability of electron beam deposited TiO2 monolayers and TiO2/SiO2 high reflectors (HR) during 300 to 1100 degrees C annealing is studied. It is found that the optical loss of film increases with the increase in annealing temperature, due to the phase change, crystallisation and deoxidising of film. Scattering loss dominates the optical property degradation of film below 900 degrees C, while the absorption is another factor at 1100 degrees C. The increase in refractive index and decrease in physical thickness of TiO2 layer shift the spectra of HR above 900 degrees C. The possible crack mechanism on the surface of HR during annealing is discussed. Guidance for application on high temperature stable optical coatings is given.

Ação do Glucantime sobre macrófagos de camundongos

Os antimoniais pentavalentes, tais como o Glucantime, são geralmente usados como fármacos de primeira escolha para o tratamento das leishmanioses, no entanto seu mecanismo de ação não é completamente esclarecido. Atua contra formas amastigotas intracelulares de Leishmania sp, comprometendo o potencial redox levando danos ao DNA do parasito. Alguns trabalhos sugerem que o Glucantime aumenta a capacidade fagocítica e a produção de TNF-alfa por fagócitos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade do Glucantime modular a atividade do macrófago, a principal célula hospedeira da Leishmania. Inicialmente, a toxicidade do Glucantime foi testada sobre macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos BALB/c, tratando as monocamadas in vitro por 48 horas. A viabilidade celular foi avaliada pelo método do MTT. A capacidade do Glucantime (0,1, 1 e 10 mg/ml) modular os macrófagos foi avaliada tratando as monocamadas de macrófagos peritoneais por 24 horas antes da infecção com Leishmania braziliensis. Após 48 horas de incubação com meio de cultura foi avaliado o índice de infecção por contagem. Antes e após a infecção foram analisados a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) pelo método de Griess, espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROS) por fluorimetria usando a sonda H2DCFDA e a produção de citocinas por ELISA. Para avaliar se o Glucantime seria capaz de modular macrófagos in vivo, camundongos suíços foram tratados por 5 dias consecutivos com 8 mg de Glucantime pela via intraperitoneal. Macrófagos peritôneais foram avaliados quanto a sua capacidade de controlar a infecção in vitro com L. braziliensis. Os resultados mostraram que nas concentrações até 10 mg/ml, o Glucantime não alterou a viabilidade dos macrófagos in vitro. O pré-tratamento dos macrófagos com Glucantime nas concentrações de 0.1mg/mL, 1mg/mL e 10mg/mL, foi capaz de reduzir o índice de infecção em 49%, 74% e 85%, respectivamente. Em macrófagos não infectados a produção de NO foi aumentada na concentração de 10mg/ml de Glucantime. O tratamento com 1 e 10 mg/ml de Glucantime foi capaz de aumentar significativamente a produção de EROs (p<0,05 e p<0.01, respectivamente) e a produção IL-12 (p<0,05), mas a IL-10 não foi alterada. Não houve alterações significativas desses parâmetros em relação ao controle após a infecção com L. braziliensis. Os macrófagos oriundos dos animais tratados com Glucantime foram capazes de reduzir o índice de infecção por L. braziliensis (p<0,05). Esses resultados sugerem que o Glucantime é capaz de ativar os macrófagos e esse efeito pode contribuir para o mecanismo de ação desse fármaco.

Estudo in vitro de derivados sintéticos da Isoniazida e da Pirazinamida sobre Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

As leishmanioses são um grupo de doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania spp que afetam 98 países. No Brasil, no ano de 2013, foram relatados 3.253 casos de leishmaniose visceral e 18.226 casos de Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana. O tratamento de primeira escolha continua sendo realizado com antimoniais pentavalentes, e em casos de insucessos os fármacos de segunda escolha são a pentamidina e a anfotericina B. Tais medicamentos causam intensos efeitos adversos e ultimamente têm surgido cepas resistentes aos mesmos. Em áreas endêmicas têm sido cada vez mais comum o surgimento da co-infecção Leishmania com Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O tratamento para a tuberculose com pirazinamida (PZA) e isoniazida (INZ), controla a leishmaniose. Esses dados sugerem atividade anti-leishmania da PZA e da INZ. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade in vitro da INZ e da PZA e seus compostos derivados (série G e série R, respectivamente) sobre Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. As moléculas foram testadas em monocamadas de macrófagos peritoneais de camunongos infectados com L. (V) braziliensis durante 48h. Todas as moléculas testadas inibiram o índice de infecção de forma dose dependente em comparação aos controles. As moléculas da série R foram mais ativas do que a PZA, porém o resultado foi significativo somente para a R02 (p < 0,005). Apenas a molécula R05 (76,64M) foi relativamente tóxica para macrófagos. Os compostos mais ativos foram R02, G01 e G02, cujos índices de seletividade foram 14,31, 19 e 30, respectivamente. A dosagem de nitrito foi feita em sobrenadantes de monocamadas de macrófagos peritoniais infectados e tratados com as substâncias nas concentrações 10 e 100M. A G01 e a G02 estimularam a produção de NO2 nas duas concentrações, entretanto o resultado foi estatisticamente significativo para a G02 em 100M (p < 0,0001), a G05 só estimulou óxido nítrico na maior concentração. Todos os compostos da série R estimularam NO2, contudo, o resultado foi estatisticamente significativo para a R03 e R05 a 100M (p < 0,001). Adicionalmente, foi realizado uma análise preditiva in sílico de parâmetros farmacocinéticos das moléculas mais ativas in vitro, utilizando o software admetSAR. Os dados obtidos mostraram que de forma semelhante às suas moléculas originais a G01, G02 e R02 apresentaram alta capacidade de serem absorvidas pelo trato gastrointestinal, baixo potencial hepatotoxico e carcinogênico. Juntos, esses dados demonstram que essas moléculas são seletivamente tóxicas para o parasito com potencial para serem testadas pela via oral em estudos em modelo experimental de infecção.

Transplantable neural progenitor populations derived from Rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells

Cell-based therapies using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the treatment of neural disease will require the generation of homogenous donor neural progenitor (NP) populations. Here we describe an efficient culture system containing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and G5 supplement for the production of highly enriched (88.3% +/- 8.1%)populations of NPs from rhesus monkey ESCs. Additional purification resulted in NP preparations that were 98% nestin positive. Moreover, NPs, as monolayers or neurospheres, could be maintained for prolonged periods of time in media containing HGF+G5 or G5 alone. In vitro differentiation and in vivo transplantation assays showed that NPs could differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The kinds and quantities of differentiated cells derived from NPs were closely correlated with their niches in vivo. Glial differentiation was predominant in periventricular areas, whereas cells migrating into the cortex were mostly neurons. Cell counts showed that 2 months after transplantation, approximately 25% of transplanted NPs survived and 65% - 80% of the surviving transplanted cells migrated along the ventricular wall or in a radial fashion. Subcloning demonstrated that several clonal lines derived from NPs expressed nestin and differentiated into three neural lineages in vitro and in rat brains in vivo. In contrast, some subcloned lines showed restricted differentiation both in vitro and in vivo in rat brains. These observations set the stage for obtaining highly enriched NPs and evaluating the efficacy of NP-based transplantation therapy in the nonhuman primate and will provide a platform for probing the molecular mechanisms that control neural induction.

Solution-phase exfoliation of graphite for ultrafast photonics

We exfoliate graphite in both aqueous and non-aqueous environments through mild sonication followed by centrifugation. The dispersions are enriched with monolayers. We mix them with polymers, followed by slow evaporation to produce optical quality composites. Nonlinear optical measurements show similar to 5% saturable absorption. The composites are then integrated into fiber laser cavities to generate 630 fs pulses at 1.56 mu m. This shows the viability of solution phase processing for graphene based photonic devices. (C) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Nonautonomous contact guidance signaling during collective cell migration.

Directed migration of groups of cells is a critical aspect of tissue morphogenesis that ensures proper tissue organization and, consequently, function. Cells moving in groups, unlike single cells, must coordinate their migratory behavior to maintain tissue integrity. During directed migration, cells are guided by a combination of mechanical and chemical cues presented by neighboring cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix. One important class of signals that guide cell migration includes topographic cues. Although the contact guidance response of individual cells to topographic cues has been extensively characterized, little is known about the response of groups of cells to topographic cues, the impact of such cues on cell-cell coordination within groups, and the transmission of nonautonomous contact guidance information between neighboring cells. Here, we explore these phenomena by quantifying the migratory response of confluent monolayers of epithelial and fibroblast cells to contact guidance cues provided by grooved topography. We show that, in both sparse clusters and confluent sheets, individual cells are contact-guided by grooves and show more coordinated behavior on grooved versus flat substrates. Furthermore, we demonstrate both in vitro and in silico that the guidance signal provided by a groove can propagate between neighboring cells in a confluent monolayer, and that the distance over which signal propagation occurs is not significantly influenced by the strength of cell-cell junctions but is an emergent property, similar to cellular streaming, triggered by mechanical exclusion interactions within the collective system.

Electroless-plated gold films for sensitive surface plasmon resonance detection of white spot syndrome virus

The paper describes the rapid and label-free detection of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device based on gold films prepared by electroless plating. The plating condition for obtaining films suitable for SPR measurements was optimized. Gold nanoparticles adsorbed on glass slides were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Detection of the WSSV was performed through the binding between WSSV in solution and the anti-WSSV single chain variable fragment (scFv antibody) preimmobilized onto the sensor surface. Morphologies of the as-prepared gold films, gold films modified with self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers, and films covered with antibody were examined using an atomic force microscope (AFM). To demonstrate the viability of the method for real sample analysis, WSSV of different concentrations present in a shrimp hemolymph matrix was determined upon optimizing the surface density of the antibody molecules. The SPR device based on the electroless-plated gold films is capable of detecting concentration of WSSV as low as 2.5 ng/mL in 2% shrimp hemolymph, which is one to two orders of magnitude lower than the level measurable by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Infection and propagation of lymphocystis virus isolated from the cultured flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in grass carp cell lines

The causative agent of lymphocystis disease that frequently occurs in cultured flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in China is lymphocystis virus (LV). In this study, 13 fish cell lines were tested for their susceptibility to LV. Of these, 2 cell lines derived from the freshwater grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus proved susceptible to the LV, and 1 cell line, GCO (grass carp ovary), was therefore used to replicate and propagate the virus. An obvious cytopathic effect (CPE) was first observed in cell monolayers at 1 d post-inoculation, and at 3 d this had extended to about 75% of the cell monolayer. However, no further CPE extension was observed after 4 d. Cytopathic characteristics induced by the LV were detected by Giemsa staining and fluorescence microscopic observation with Hoechst 33258 staining. The propagated virus particles were also observed by electron microscopy. Ultrastructure analysis revealed several distinct cellular changes, such as chromatin compaction and margination, vesicle formation, cell-surface convolution, nuclear fragmentation and the occurrence of characteristic 'blebs' and cell fusion. This study provides a detailed report of LV infection and propagation in a freshwater fish cell line, and presents direct electron microscopy evidence for propagation of the virus in infected cells. A possible process by which the CPEs are controlled is suggested.

Evolution of surface morphology and photoluminescence characteristics of 1.3-mu m In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Evolution of surface morphology and optical characteristics of 1.3-mu m In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photoluminescence (PL). After deposition of 16 monolayers (ML) of In0.5Ga0.5As, QDs are formed and elongated along the [110] direction when using sub-ML depositions, while large size InGaAs QDs with better uniformity are formed when using ML or super-ML depositions. It is also found that the larger size QDs show enhanced PL efficiency without optical nonlinearity, which is in contrast to the elongated QDs.

Influence of InAs deposition. thickness on the structural and optical properties of InAs quantum wires

The influence of InAs deposition thickness on the structural and optical properties of InAs/InAlAs quantum wires (QWR) superlattices (SLS) was studied. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that with increasing the InAs deposited thickness, the size uniformity and spatial ordering of InAs QWR SLS was greatly improved, but threading dislocations initiated from InAs nanowires for the sample with 6 monolayers (MLs) InAs deposition. In addition, the zig-zag features along the extending direction and lateral interlink of InAs nanowires were also observed. The InAs nanowires, especially for the first period, were laterally compact. These structural features may result in easy tunneling and coupling of charge carriers between InAs nanowires and will hamper their device applications to some extent. Some suggestions are put forward for further improving the uniformity of the stacked InAs QWRs, and for suppressing the formation of the threading dislocations in InAs QWR SLS.

Metamorphic growth of 1.25-1.29 mu m InGaAs quantum well lasers on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy

We demonstrate 1.25-1.29 mu m metamorphic laser diodes grown on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using an alloy-graded buffer layer (GBL). Use of Be in the GBL is effective to reduce surface/interface roughness and improves optical quality. The RMS surface roughness of the optimized metamorphic laser is only two atomic monolayers for 1 x 1 mu m(2). Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirm that most dislocations are blocked in the GBL. Ridge waveguide lasers with 4 mu m wide ridge were fabricated and characterized. The average threshold current under the pulsed excitation is in 170-200 mA for a cavity length of 0.9-1.5 mm. This value can be further reduced to about 100 mA by high-reflectivity coating. Lasers can work in an ambient temperature up to at least 50 degrees C. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Extremely low density InAs quantum dots with no wetting layer

Extremely low density InAs quantum dots (QDs) are grown by molecular beam droplet epitaxy, The gallium deposition amount is optimized to saturate exactly the excess arsenic atoms present on the GaAs substrate surface during growth, and low density InAs/GaAs QDs (4x10(6) cm(-2)) are formed by depositing 0.65 monolayers (ML) of indium. This is much less than the critical deposition thickness (1.7 ML), which is necessary to form InAs/GaAs QDs with the conventional Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. The narrow photoluminescence line-width of about 24 meV is insensitive to cryostat temperatures from 10 K to 250 K. All measurements indicate that there is no wetting layer connecting the QDs.