A Política de Cooperação em Cabo Verde

A presente Dissertação analisa a política de cooperação em Cabo Verde, tema de extrema importância na vida do país, visto que Cabo Verde é um país que, desde a sua independência em 1975 até à actualidade, graças a uma utilização prudente e criteriosa dos recursos provenientes da cooperação por parte dos sucessivos governos do país, tem alcançado os objectivos traçados, ou seja, projectar o seu desenvolvimento e para lá caminhar. A dependência em relação à Ajuda Publica ao Desenvolvimento em sectores fulcrais para o desenvolvimento de Cabo Verde, principalmente na educação e na saúde, demonstra até que ponto o progresso dos indicadores do desenvolvimento humano conseguido pelo país se encontra ligado ao apoio concedido pela comunidade internacional. Assim, ter relações com outros é uma necessidade porque os Estados não podem viver no isolamento e Cabo Verde não foge a esta regra. Esta realidade é ainda mais importante para Cabo Verde, por ser um pequeno Estado insular em desenvolvimento, para o qual as relações com o exterior são deveras indispensável para a sua própria sobrevivência. Neste quadro, a análise focaliza-se, principalmente, nas relações de cooperação para o desenvolvimento levados a cabo por Cabo Verde, tanto a nível bilateral, como multilateral, envolvendo as mais diversas instituições e países.

A Aviação Civil Em Cabo Verde, A Sua Evolução Histórica Rumo A Uma Política De Liberalização Do Espaço Aéreo

Este trabalho pretende mostrar a evolução histórica da aviação civil em Cabo Verde, os benefícios socio-económicos de uma política de liberalização dos transportes aéreos com os Estados Unidos, com o continente Africano e esperemos que brevemente seja rubricado um acordo de Opens Skies com a União Europeia. Aponta o valor do Turismo e o papel dos transportes aéreos na inserção de Cabo Verde na economia mundial. Trata-se de um trabalho de fim do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Direito Aéreo, no ISCJS e que defende que uma das vias para que o país atinja os objectivos do século XXI, seja pela via de uma política de Open Skyes no ramo dos transportes aéreos. Sobe o ponto de vista do Direito Aéreo, o trabalho mostra que uma das características principais do transporte aéreo é a padronização/harmonização das normas técnicas e económicas. No que concerne ao ambiente regulatório, o transporte aéreo encontra-se dividido em três níveis: nacional, bilateral, multilateral. A nível nacional, a autoridade de aviação civil nacional de Cabo Verde (AAC) é a responsável pela regulação do acesso básico ao mercado interno por companhias aéreas internacionais. No que tange a regulação bilateral não existe uma autoridade reguladora específica. Assim sendo, a regulação bilateral é remetida aos costumes. Na regulação multilateral destacam-se o papel da OACI (Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional) e a IATA (Internacional Air Transport Association). Sobre a regulação económica, a OACI estipulou dez princípios, tendo como o acesso básico aos mercados, através das liberdades do ar, tráfego e exploração, como base para determinar o nível da competição internacional. Apesar da tendência de liberalização total dos acessos básicos aos mercados internacionais, cada Estado será soberano para determinar o nível de competição internacional que deseja no seu território.

Intervenções Externas Humanitárias: Legitimidade e Limites. O caso dos estados “frágeis”, “falhados” ou “colapsados”

Este artigo se centra em uma análise crítica das intervenções externas humanitárias, principalmente no panorama pós-Guerra Fria, nos denominados Estados “frágeis”, “falhados” ou “colapsados”. Incide, concretamente, sobre as causas e as consequências da emergência das intervenções externas militares unilaterais nos finais da década de 90 do século passado, abordando os casos mais emblemáticos e controversos, como os ocorridos em Kosovo, Afeganistão, Iraque e, mais recentemente, na Líbia e no Mali. Ele procura traçar, também, de forma embrionária, os caminhos que podem levar à ultrapassagem dos limites apresentados pela solução multilateral e unilateral no tque ange às intervenções externas militares de cariz humanitário.

Price regulation of plastic money: A critical assessment of Spanish rules

Recent decisions by the Spanish national competition authority (TDC) mandate paymentsystems to include only two costs when setting their domestic multilateral interchange fees(MIF): a fixed processing cost and a variable cost for the risk of fraud. This artificiallowering of MIFs will not lower consumer prices, because of uncompetitive retailing; but itwill however lead to higher cardholders fees and, likely, new prices for point of saleterminals, delaying the development of the immature Spanish card market. Also, to the extent that increased cardholders fees do not offset the fall in MIFs revenue, the task of issuing new cards will be underpaid relatively to the task of acquiring new merchants, causing an imbalance between the two sides of the networks. Moreover, the pricing scheme arising from the decisions will cause unbundling and underprovision of those services whose costs are excluded. Indeed, the payment guarantee and the free funding period will tend to be removed from the package of services currently provided, to be either provided by third parties, by issuers for a separate fee, or not provided at all, especially to smaller and medium-sized merchants. Transaction services will also suffer the consequences that the TDC precludes pricing them in variable terms.

The overhang hangover

We revisit the debt overhang question. We first use non-parametric techniques to isolate a panel of countries on the downward sloping section of a debt Laffer curve. In particular, overhang countries are ones where a threshold level of debt is reached in sample, beyond which (initial) debt ends up lowering (subsequent)growth. On average, significantly negative coefficients appear when debt face value reaches 60 percent of GDP or 200 percent of exports, and when its present value reaches 40 percent of GDP or 140 percent of exports. Second, we depart from reduced form growth regressions and perform direct tests of the theory on the thus selected sample of overhang countries. In the spirit of event studies, we ask whether, as overhang level of debt is reached: (i)investment falls precipitously as it should when it becomes optimal to default, (ii) economic policy deteriorates observably, as it should when debt contracts become unable to elicit effort on the part of the debtor, and (iii) the terms of borrowing worsen noticeably, as they should when it becomes optimal for creditors to pre-empt default and exact punitive interest rates. We find a systematic response of investment, particularly when property rights are weakly enforced, some worsening of the policy environment, and a fall in interest rates. This easing of borrowing conditions happens because lending by the private sector virtually disappears in overhang situations, and multilateral agencies step in with concessional rates. Thus, while debt relief is likely to improve economic policy (and especially investment) in overhang countries, it is doubtful that it would ease their terms of borrowing, or the burden of debt.

Síria i la responsabilitat de protegir: la crisi d'un principi?

A partir de l’any 2011 i fins l’actualitat, l’onada de protestes i revoltes ciutadanes batejada com “la Primavera Àrab” ha sacsejat el panorama polític de la regió del Mediterrani i de les relacions internacionals. El present treball analitza com el cas de la guerra civil síria (iniciada el març de 2011 i que constitueix un cas enormement complex a causa de la fragmentació de l’oposició, l’elevat nombre d’actors interns i externs que hi intervenen i la seva varietat d’interessos, entre d’altres factors) ha posat en evidència l’efectivitat de la Responsabilitat de Protegir per frenar violacions sistemàtiques dels Drets Humans, tal i com ha evidenciat la incapacitat de la Comunitat Internacional d’actuar de manera cohesionada i efectiva en aquests més de dos anys. A més a més, la impossibilitat de portar a terme una intervenció militar multilateral emparada en el marc de la Responsabilitat de Protegir a causa de factors com el bloqueig del Consell de Seguretat i la incertesa que envolta les possibilitats d’èxit i els mecanismes que s’haurien de seguir durant l’actuació i reconstrucció de l’Estat fa evident la necessitat d’una redefinició del principi perquè aquest doni resposta a aquestes qüestions i pugui constituir un instrument realment efectiu.

The global welfare impact of China: Trade integration and technological change

This paper evaluates the global welfare impact of China's trade integration and technological change in a multi-country quantitative Ricardian-Heckscher-Ohlin model.We simulate two alternative growth scenarios: a "balanced" one in which China's productivity grows at the same rate in each sector, and an "unbalanced" one in whichChina's comparative disadvantage sectors catch up disproportionately faster to theworld productivity frontier. Contrary to a well-known conjecture (Samuelson 2004),the large majority of countries experience significantly larger welfare gains whenChina's productivity growth is biased towards its comparative disadvantage sectors.This finding is driven by the inherently multilateral nature of world trade.

Pasado, presente y futuro: el GATT, las áreas de libre comercio y ¿la Organización Mundial del Comercio?

Para la mayoría de los economistas, la firma del acuerdo final de la Ronda Uruguay en abril de 1994 en Marrakech (Marruecos) comporta una sustancial mejora en las perspectivas referentes a las relaciones comerciales entre los distintos países. Esta mejora tiene como base la liberalización comercial que suponen los acuerdos alcanzados y, en especial, la creación de una nueva institución: la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC). La OMC tiene como objetivo recoger el testigo del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) en la defensa de un sistema de comercio más libre, transparente y multilateral (Sutherland, 1994). Su creación significa la adecuación al siglo XXI de los acuerdos de Bretton Woods1 concernientes al ámbito comercial que, durante los últimos 50 años, con mayor o menor éxito han regido las relaciones comerciales de carácter multilateral entre las diferentes naciones. Además, en un mundo donde el declive del GATT, desde principios de la década de los ochenta, ha conllevado la proliferación de áreas regionales de comercio, la OMC constituye un elemento imprescindible para hacer frente tanto a actitudes unilaterales que pretenden la realización de un comercio administrado como al incremento del proteccionismo en las transacciones interregionales.

¿Continuarán muriendo de hambre millones de personas en el siglo XXI?

A partir de la constatación de que la magnitud de la subnutrición constituye uno de los grandes problemas a escala planetaria para las organizaciones multilaterales de desarrollo, en este artículo se pretende (a) ofrecer una panorámica general de lo que las más recientes estimaciones estadísticas nos dicen del alcance del hambre en el mundo; (b) proponer una reflexión sobre las incongruencias de los diagnósticos emitidos por décadas para explicarla desde la Economía y la Sociología del Desarrollo, insistiendo en la recurrencia a la presión demográfica y al tradicionalismo como causas principales; (c) analizar las principales consecuencias de las líneas de intervención impulsadas a tenor de esos diagnósticos; y (d) sondear la viabilidad de quienes señalan razones estructurales profundas para explicar la persistencia de la subnutrición.

The impact of FTAs on MENA trade in agricultural and industrial products

This paper analyses the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on Middle East and North African Countries (MENA) trade for the period 1994-2010. The analysis distinguishes between industrial and agricultural trade to take into account the different liberalisation schedules. An augmented gravity model is estimated using up-to-date panel data techniques to control for all time-invariant bilateral factors that influence bilateral trade as well as for the so-called multilateral resistance factors. We also control for the endogeneity of the agreements and test for self-selection bias due to the presence of zero trade in our sample. The main findings indicate that North-South-FTAs and South-South- FTAs have a differential impact in terms of increasing trade in MENA countries, with the former being more beneficial in terms of exports for MENA countries, but both showing greater global market integration. We also find that FTAs that include agricultural products, in which MENA countries have a clear comparative advantage, have more favourable effects for these countries than those only including industrial products. JEL code: F10, F15

Tiedonvaihdolla kilpailuetua: Tiedonvaihdon toteuttaminen ostopalvelurajapinnassa

Tutkimus rakentaa konstruktiivisella tutkimusotteella monenkeskisen tie-donvaihdon mallin, missä sovelletaan Toyotan tuotantojärjestelmässään käyttämiä toimittajaohjauksen ja tiedonvaihdon prosesseja, sekä tiedosta ja tiedonvaihdosta käytyä tieteellistä keskustelua ja tutkimuksia. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen osuus selvittää tiedon luonteen vaikutusta tiedon jakamisen ja tiedonvaihdon toteutukseen ja toteaa, että tiedonvaihdon menetelmiin tulee sisältyä muodollisia kanavia eksplisiittisen tiedon ja vastaavasti epämuodollisia kanavia hiljaisen tiedon jakamiseen joko käsitteellistettynä tai hiljaisessa muodossaan. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osa koostuu viiden palveluntuottajaverkostossa toimivan tulos- tai kehitysvastuullisen henkilön haastatteluista. Teemahaastattelut selvittävät konstruktiivisen tutkimusotteen vaatimusten mukaisesti olisiko haastateltava valmis ottamaan konstruktion esittämän mallin käyttöön omalla vastuualueellaan. Tutkimuksen tuloksena Case-yrityksen palveluntuottajaverkostossa voi-daan saada hyötyä toteuttamalla operatiiviseen ongelmanratkaisuun mo-nenkeskisen tiedonvaihdon käytäntöjä. Nykyinen verkoston ohjausmalli ja kilpailutilanne eivät toistaiseksi anna tilaa muille monenkeskisen tiedonvaihdon toimintamalleille.

A Bridge Builder or a Raconteur? How Japan Manoeuvres the Global Development Discourse within the TICAD Process

Japan has been a major actor in the field of development cooperation for five decades, even holding the title of largest donor of Official Development Assistance (ODA) during the 1990s. Financial flows, however, are subject to pre-existing paradigms that dictate both donor and recipient behaviour. In this respect Japan has been left wanting for more recognition. The dominance of the so called ‘Washington Consensus’ embodied in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank has long circumvented any indigenous approaches to development problems. The Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) is a development cooperation conference that Japan has hosted since 1993 every five years. As the main organizer of the conference Japan has opted for the leading position of African development. This has come in the wake of success in the Asian region where Japan has called attention to its role in the so called ‘Asian Miracle’ of fast growing economies. These aspirations have enabled Japan to try asserting itself as a major player in directing the course of global development discourse using historical narratives from both Asia and Africa. Over the years TICAD has evolved into a continuous process with ministerial and follow-up meetings in between conferences. Each conference has produced a declaration that stipulates the way the participants approach the question of African development. Although a multilateral framework, Japan has over the years made its presence more and more felt within the process. This research examines the way Japan approaches the paradigms of international development cooperation and tries to direct them in the context of the TICAD process. Supplementing these questions are inquiries concerning Japan’s foreign policy aspirations. The research shows that Japan has utilized the conference platform to contest other development actors and especially the dominant forces of the IMF and the World Bank in development discourse debate. Japan’s dominance of the process is evident in the narratives found in the conference documents. Relative success has come about by remaining consistent as shown by the acceptance of items from the TICAD agenda in other forums, such as the G8. But the emergence of new players such as China has changed the playing field, as they are engaging other developing countries from a more equal level.

Driver of Demand in Cargo and Passenger Traffic Between Penta Ports

Maritime transport moves around 6 billion tonnes of freight every year. The freight consists of liquid bulks (45%), dry bulks (23%) and general cargo (32%). Freight traffic and transports chains vary according to region, commodity and the origin and the destination of freight. In the European Union the ports sector handles over 90% of the trade with third countries. The share of intra-EU trade is approximately 30% of the total transportation and the number of passengers is over 200 million every year. The Baltic Sea has more than 50,000 vessels a year pass the Skaw at the northernmost tip of Denmark on their way into or out of the Baltic. Roughly 60% to 70% of these vessels are cargo vessels and 17% to 25% tankers. Ports and maritime transport play a crucial role in global commerce today. Today’s business environment is changing rapidly, and the constant changes create challenges for the transport industry and maritime traffic. Ports have to adapt to continuous changes in economic structures, logistics demands, and people’s travel and leisure patterns. In order to ensure the competitiveness of sea connections, the ports need to fully enhance multilateral cross-border understanding and cooperation. In this report the focus is on liner traffic between five ports in the Central Baltic Region: Stockholm, Tallinn, Helsinki Turku and Naantali. The report defines the drivers of the demand for cargo and passenger traffic and highlights the most important factors. The economic situation and foreign trade of each county are elaborated on with detailed information about the flows of traffic between the five ports. Based on expert interviews, the main characteristics of each port, including strengths and weaknesses, are presented. The report is based on primary and secondary data. Primary data was received through interviews and mail surveys. Secondary data was attained through a literature research, statistics, data given by the PENTA ports and webpages. The report is divided into two main parts: the drivers creating the demand for transport and the results of current cargo and passenger flows between PENTA ports.

From network pictures to network insight in solution business – the role of internal communication

Operating in business-to-business markets requires an in-depth understanding on business networks. Actions and reactions made to compete in markets are fundamentally based on managers‘ subjective perceptions of the network. However, an amalgamation of these individual perceptions, termed a network picture, to a common company level shared understanding on that network, known as network insight, is found to be a substantial challenge for companies. A company‘s capability to enhance common network insight is even argued to lead competitive advantage. Especially companies with value creating logics that require wide comprehension of and collaborating in networks, such as solution business, are necessitated to develop advanced network insight. According to the extant literature, dispersed pieces of atomized network pictures can be unified to a common network insight through a process of amalgamation that comprises barriers/drivers of multilateral exchange, manifold rationality, and recursive time. However, the extant body of literature appears to lack an understanding on the role of internal communication in the development of network insight. Nonetheless, the extant understanding on the amalgamation process indicates that internal communication plays a substantial role in the development of company level network insight. The purpose of the present thesis is to enhance understanding on internal communication in the amalgamation of network pictures to develop network insight in the solution business setting, which was chosen to represent business-to-business value creating logic that emphasizes the capability to understand and utilize networks. Thus, in solution business the role of succeeding in the amalgamation process is expected to emphasize. The study combines qualitative and quantitative research by means of various analytical methods including multiple case analysis, simulation, and social network analysis. Approaching the nascent research topic with differing perspectives and means provides a broader insight on the phenomenon. The study provides empirical evidence from Finnish business-to-business companies which operate globally. The empirical data comprise interviews (n=28) with managers of three case companies. In addition the data includes a questionnaire (n=23) collected mainly for the purpose of social network analysis. In addition, the thesis includes a simulation study more specifically achieved by means of agent based modeling. The findings of the thesis shed light on the role of internal communication in the amalgamation process, contributing to the emergent discussion of network insights and thus to the industrial marketing research. In addition, the thesis increases understanding on internal communication in the change process to solution business, a supplier‘s internal communication in its matrix organization structure during a project sales process, key barriers and drivers that influence internal communication in project sales networks, perceived power within industrial project sales, and the revisioning of network pictures. According to the findings, internal communication is found to play a substantial role in the amalgamation process. First, it is suggested that internal communication is a base of multilateral exchange. Second, it is suggested that internal communication intensifies and maintains manifold rationality. Third, internal communication is needed to explicate the usually differing time perspectives of others and thus it is suggested that internal communication has role as the explicator of recursive time. Furthermore, the role of an efficient amalgamation process is found to be emphasized in solutions business as it requires a more advanced network insight for cross-functional collaboration. Finally, the thesis offers several managerial implications for industrial suppliers to enhance the amalgamation process when operating in solution business.

Yksilön muutokseen suhtautuminen psykologisen omistajuuden näkökulmasta

Työntekijöiden kokema psykologinen omistajuus ja muutokseen suhtautuminen kietoutuvat yhteen tämän tutkimuksen tarkastelussa. Organisaatiot kohtaavat nykypäivänä jatkuvaa muutostarvetta ja työntekijöiden muutokseen suhtautumisella on merkittävä vaikutus muutoshankkeiden onnistuneessa läpiviennissä. Toisaalta työtä kohtaan koetut psykologisen omistajuuden tunteet nähdään merkittävänä työhön ja työn kokemiseen liittyvänä tunteena. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena onkin ymmärtää miten työntekijöiden kokema psykologinen omistajuus ilmenee työntekijöiden muutokseen suhtautumisessa. Tutkimuksen tarkastelu tapahtuu organisatorisessa kontekstissa, merkityksen luomisen viitekehyksessä. Tutkimus suoritettiin fenomenografisena tapaustutkimuksena liiketoiminnan tukipalveluita tarjoavassa asiantuntijaorganisaatiossa. Tutkimuksen lopputuloksen muodostavat neljä erilaista kuvauskategoriaa, jotka kuvaavat kohdeorganisaation työntekijöiden työtään kohtaan kokemia psykologisen omistajuuden tunteita ja sitä kuinka nämä tunteet näyttäytyvät heidän muutokseen suhtautumisessa. Psykologinen omistajuus ja muutokseen suhtautuminen ovat monitahoisia ilmiöitä, joissa yksilön kokemukseen vaikuttavat useat eri tekijät. Psykologista omistajuutta tunteva yksilö on lähtökohtaisesti valmiimpi kohtaamaan muutoksia psykologisen omistajuuden tunteiden ja muutosvalmiuden pohjautuessa monelta osin samoihin tekijöihin. Toisaalta voimakkaat psykologisen omistajuuden tunteet voivat olla yksilöä uuvuttavia, mikä saa muutokset näyttäytymään taakkana myönteisistä aikomuksista huolimatta.