Ischemic A/D transition of mitochondrial complex I and its role in ROS generation

Mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is a key enzyme in cellular energy metabolism and provides approximately 40% of the proton-motive force that is utilized during mitochondrial ATP production. The dysregulation of complex I function – either genetically, pharmacologically, or metabolically induced – has severe pathophysiological consequences that often involve an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Slow transition of the active (A) enzyme to the deactive, dormant (D) form takes place during ischemia in metabolically active organs such as the heart and brain. The reactivation of complex I occurs upon reoxygenation of ischemic tissue, a process that is usually accompanied by an increase in cellular ROS production. Complex I in the D-form serves as a protective mechanism preventing the oxidative burst upon reperfusion. Conversely, however, the D-form is more vulnerable to oxidative/nitrosative damage. Understanding the so-called active/deactive (A/D) transition may contribute to the development of new therapeutic interventions for conditions like stroke, cardiac infarction, and other ischemia-associated pathologies. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the mechanism of A/D transition of mitochondrial complex I considering recently available structural data and site-specific labeling experiments. In addition, this review discusses in detail the impact of the A/D transition on ROS production by complex I and the S-nitrosation of a critical cysteine residue of subunit ND3 as a strategy to prevent oxidative damage and tissue damage during ischemia–reperfusion injury.

Endocrine disruption in the terrestrial isopod porcellio scaber

Nas últimas décadas tem-se assistido a uma preocupação crescente relativamente às possíveis consequências da exposição a compostosxenóbioticos capazes de modular ou causar disrupção do sistema endócrino, os denominados Compostos Disruptores Endócrinos (CDEs). A maioria dos estudos efectuados tem-se centrado principalmente nos efeitos dos CDEs em vertebrados, enquanto que os seus efeitos em invertebrados têmsido negligenciados, embora este grupo represente mais de 95% de todas asespécies animais. Isópodes como o Porcellio scaber, combinam características associadas às mudas e aos processos reprodutivos mediados por mecanismos endócrinosconhecidos com um modo de vida terrestre, tornando-os potenciais espécies sentinela para estudos de disrupção endócrina (DE) em ambientes terrestres. Neste estudo, isópodes machos adultos, machos e fêmeas juvenis e casais foram expostos a concentrações crescentes dedois CDEs, vinclozolina (Vz) e bisfenol A (BPA). Testou-se a hipótese nula que a Vz e o BPA não interferem com o desenvolvimento e reprodução deste isópode terrestre. Foi investigadaa possível ligação entre os efeitos causados pelos compostos propostos e DE assim como a ligação a outros potenciais mecanismos de toxicidade.Parâmetros como concentração de 20-hidroxiecdisona (20E), muda, crescimento, rácios sexuais ediversos parâmetros reprodutivos foram estudados. Adicionalmente, de modo a estudar os alvos moleculares destes tóxicos, analisou-se a expressão proteica do intestino, hepatopâncreas e testículos do isópode após exposição aos químicos. Os resultados demonstram que a Vz e o BPA estimulam o aumento dos níveis de 20E de um modo dependente da dose. Excepção feita para a concentração mais baixa de BPA testada (10 mg/kg solo), para a qual concentrações significativamente mais altas de 20E foram determinadas, sugerindo a ocorrência dos “efeitos de baixas doses típicos de DE” já demonstrados por outros autores. O BPA também distorceu o rácio sexual favorecendo asfêmeas na concentração mais baixa. A mortalidade devido à ecdise incompleta foi relacionada com o hiper-ecdisonismo nas concentrações mais elevadas de Vz. Mais ainda, a Vz tende a atrasar a muda e o BPA a induzi-la. Não obstante, ambos os compostos provocam toxicidade no desenvolvimento,uma vez que foi encontrada uma diminuição generalizada nos parâmetros de crescimento. Os juvenis mostraram ser mais sensíveis à exposição aos tóxicos que os adultos. Estes compostos provocaram ainda toxicidade reprodutiva, com um decréscimo generalizado do “output” reprodutivo. A toxicidadecausada pelos ecdisteróides e o seu papel na síntese de vitelogenina são alguns dos factores chave que poderão influenciar negativamente a reprodução.A Vz e o BPA afectaram a expressão de proteínas envolvidas nometabolismo energético e induziram várias respostas de stress. Interferiram ainda com proteínas intimamente ligadas com o sucesso reprodutivo. Conclui-se assim,que ambos os CDEs propostos provocam toxicidade nodesenvolvimento e na reprodução de P. scaber, tendo sido evidenciada umaligação a DE. Alvos moleculares de natureza não-endócrina foram também revelados, através da expressão diferencial de algumas proteínaspreviamente descritas para invertebrados aquáticos e mesmo alguns vertebrados.

Metabonomics of human amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnostics

O trabalho apresentado nesta tese teve como principais objectivos contribuir para o conhecimento da composição do líquido amniótico humano (LA), colhido no 2º trimestre de gravidez, assim como investigar possíveis alterações na sua composição devido à ocorrência de patologias pré-natais, recorrendo à metabonómica e procurando, assim, definir novos biomarcadores de doenças da grávida e do feto. Após uma introdução descrevendo o estado da arte relacionado com este trabalho (Capítulo 1) e os princípios das metodologias analíticas usadas (Capítulo 2), seguida de uma descrição dos aspectos experimentais associados a esta tese (Capítulo 3), apresentam-se os resultados da caracterização da composição química do LA (gravidez saudável) por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), assim como da monitorização da sua estabilidade durante o armazenamento e após ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento (Capítulo 4). Amostras de LA armazenadas a -20°C registaram alterações significativas, tornando-se estas menos pronunciadas (mas ainda mensuráveis) a -70°C, temperatura recomendada para o armazenamento de LA. Foram também observadas alterações de composição após 1-2 ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento (a ter em conta aquando da reutilização de amostras), assim como à temperatura ambiente (indicando um período máximo de 4h para a manipulação e análise de LA). A aquisição de espectros de RMN de 1H de alta resolução e RMN acoplado (LC-NMR/MS) permitiu a detecção de 75 compostos no LA do 2º trimestre, 6 dos quais detectados pela primeira vez no LA. Experiências de difusão (DOSY) permitiram ainda a caracterização das velocidades de difusão e massas moleculares médias das proteínas mais abundantes. O Capítulo 5 descreve o estudo dos efeitos de malformações fetais (FM) e de cromossomopatias (CD) na composição do LA do 2º trimestre de gravidez. A extensão deste trabalho ao estudo dos efeitos de patologias no LA que ocorrem no 3º trimestre de gravidez é descrita no Capítulo 6, nomeadamente no que se refere ao parto pré-termo (PTD), pré-eclampsia (PE), restrição do crescimento intra-uterino (IUGR), ruptura prematura de membranas (PROM) e diabetes mellitus gestacional (GDM). Como complemento a estes estudos, realizou-se uma análise preliminar da urina materna do 2º trimestre para o estudo de FM e GDM, descrita no Capítulo 7. Para interpretação dos dados analíticos, obtidos por espectroscopia RMN de 1H, cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massa (UPLC-MS) e espectroscopia do infravermelho médio (MIR), recorreu-se à análise discriminante pelos métodos dos mínimos quadrados parciais e o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais ortogonal (PLS-DA e OPLS-DA) e à correlação espectral. Após análise por validação cruzada de Monte-Carlo (MCCV), os modelos PLS-DA de LA permitiram distinguir as FM dos controlos (sensibilidades 69-85%, especificidades 80-95%, taxas de classificação 80-90%), revelando variações metabólicas ao nível do metabolismo energético, dos metabolismos dos aminoácidos e glícidos assim como possíveis alterações ao nível do funcionamento renal. Observou-se também um grande impacto das FM no perfil metabólico da urina materna (medido por UPLC-MS), tendo no entanto sido registados modelos PLS-DA com menor sensibilidade (40-60%), provavelmente devido ao baixo número de amostras e maior variabilidade da composição da urina (relativamente ao LA). Foram sugeridos possíveis marcadores relacionados com a ocorrência de FM, incluindo lactato, glucose, leucina, valina, glutamina, glutamato, glicoproteínas e conjugados de ácido glucurónico e/ou sulfato e compostos endógenos e/ou exógenos (<1 M) (os últimos visíveis apenas na urina). No LA foram também observadas variações metabólicas devido à ocorrência de vários tipos de cromossomopatias (CD), mas de menor magnitude. Os perfis metabólicos de LA associado a pré- PTD produziram modelos que, apesar do baixo poder de previsão, sugeriram alterações precoces no funcionamento da unidade fetoplacentária, hiperglicémia e stress oxidativo. Os modelos obtidos para os grupos pré- IUGR pré- PE, pré- PROM e pré-diagnóstico GDM (LA e urina materna) registaram baixo poder de previsão, indicando o pouco impacto destas condições na composição do LA e/ou urina do 2º trimestre. Os resultados obtidos demonstram as potencialidades da análise dos perfis metabólicos do LA (e, embora com base em menos estudos, da urina materna) do 2º trimestre para o desenvolvimento de novos e complementares métodos de diagnóstico, nomeadamente para FM e PTD.

A influência da marcha com tripé nos parâmetros metabólicos em jovens e idosos

Introdução: Os parâmetros metabólicos durante a marcha normal e a sua regulação são importantes devido ao metabolismo oxidativo ser o principal meio através do qual o organismo humano gera energia para realizar as atividades do quotidiano. Nem sempre a marcha é realizada de forma independente e necessita do apoio de auxiliares de marcha, como o tripé, que tem por função ampliar a base de sustentação e melhorar o equilíbrio. Objetivo: Analisar a influência de utilização de um tripé na marcha, na despesa energética em jovens e idosos saudáveis Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional transversal numa amostra de 21 voluntários, com idade entre 18 a 25 anos e mais ou igual a 60 anos. Realizaram-se as avaliações com o Cosmed K4b2 (Cosmed, Rome, Italy), sendo através do mesmo que os dados foram recolhidos. Foi utilizado o teste de Friedman, com P <0,05. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos para o gasto energético nos jovens foram inferiores aos valores obtidos pelos idosos. Relativamente ao metabolismo energético o substrato energético utilizado pelos jovens foi o proteico e o lipídico pelos idosos. Entre sexos foram os homens quem tiveram um maior gasto energético. Conclusão: O uso do tripé durante a marcha não influencia o gasto energético em adultos jovens e/ou idosos saudáveis.

Reabilitação sustentável de edifício de habitação, em construção tradicional, no Baixo Alentejo

Dissertação de Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Especialização em Edificações

Deciphering the genome of Desulfovibrio gigas: the role of the hydrogenases

The work presented in this thesis describes the functional characterization of hydrogenases in the overall energy metabolism of the sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas. With the complete annotation of the D. gigas genome, we were able to verify that only the two previously described hydrogenases are present in this organism, the periplasmic [NiFe] HynAB and the cytoplasmic membrane-bound [NiFe] Ech.(...)

Sexual dimorphism in resource acquisition and deployment: both size and timing matter.

Background and Aims The males and females of many dioecious plant species differ from one another in important life-history traits, such as their size. If male and female reproductive functions draw on different resources, for example, one should expect males and females to display different allocation strategies as they grow. Importantly, these strategies may differ not only between the two sexes, but also between plants of different age and therefore size. Results are presented from an experiment that asks whether males and females of Mercurialis annua, an annual plant with indeterminate growth, differ over time in their allocation of two potentially limiting resources (carbon and nitrogen) to vegetative (below-and above-ground) and reproductive tissues.Methods Comparisons were made of the temporal patterns of biomass allocation to shoots, roots and reproduction and the nitrogen content in the leaves between the sexes of M. annua by harvesting plants of each sex after growth over different periods of time.Key Results and Conclusions Males and females differed in their temporal patterns of allocation. Males allocated more to reproduction than females at early stages, but this trend was reversed at later stages. Importantly, males allocated proportionally more of their biomass towards roots at later stages, but the roots of females were larger in absolute terms. The study points to the important role played by both the timing of resource deployment and the relative versus absolute sizes of the sinks and sources in sexual dimorphism of an annual plant.

Resting metabolic rate and protein turnover in apparently healthy elderly Gambian men.

Body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and whole body protein metabolism were studied in 26 young and 28 elderly Gambian men matched for body mass index during the dry season in a rural village in The Gambia. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (hood system) in the fasting state and after five successive meals. Rates of whole body nitrogen flux, protein synthesis, and protein breakdown were determined in the fed state from the level of isotopic enrichment of urinary ammonia over a period of 12 h after a single oral dose of [15N]glycine. Expressed in absolute value, REE was significantly lower in the elderly compared with the young group (3.21 +/- 0.07 vs. 4.04 +/- 0.07 kJ/min, P < 0.001) and when adjusted to body weight (3.29 +/- 0.05 vs. 3.96 +/- 0.05 kJ/min, P < 0.0001) and fat-free mass (FFM; 3.38 +/- 0.01 vs. 3.87 +/- 0.01 kJ/min, P < 0.0001). The rate of protein synthesis averaged 207 +/- 13 g protein/day in the elderly and 230 +/- 13 g protein/day in the young group, whereas protein breakdown averaged 184 +/- 13 g protein/day in the elderly and 203 +/- 13 g protein/day in the young group (nonsignificant). When values were adjusted for body weight or FFM, they did not reveal any difference between the two groups. It is concluded that the reduced REE adjusted for body composition observed in elderly Gambian men is not explained by a decrease in protein turnover.

Serum Leptin Concentration, Body Mass Index and Incident Heart Failure: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study

Background: Leptin is produced primarily by adipocytes. Although originally associated with the central regulation of satiety and energy metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that leptin may be an important factor for congestive heart faire (CHF). In the study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that leptin may influence CHF pathophysiology via a pathway of increasing body mass index (BMI). Methods: We studied 2,389 elderly participants aged 70 and older (M; 1161, F: 1228) without CHF and with serum leptin measures at the Health Aging, and Body Composition study. We analyzed the association between serum leptin level and risk of incident CHF using Cox hazard proportional regression models. Elevated leptin level was defined as more than the highest quartile (Q4) of leptin distribution in the total sample for each gender. Adjusted-covariates included demographic, behavior, lipid and inflammation variables (partially-adjusted models), and further included BMI (fully-adjusted models). Results: In a mean 9-year follow-up, 316 participants (13.2%) developed CHF. The partially-adjusted models indicated that men and women with elevated serum leptin levels (>=9.89 ng/ml in men and >=25 ng/ml in women) had significantly higher risks of developing CHF than those with leptin level of less than Q4. The adjusted hazard ratios (95%CI) for incident CHF was 1.49 (1.04 -2.13) in men and 1.71 (1.12 -2.58) in women. However, these associations became non-significant after adjustment for including BMI for each gender. The fully-adjusted hazard ratios (95%CI) were 1.43 (0.94 -2.18) in men and 1.24 (0.77-1.99) in women. Conclusion: Subjects with elevated leptin levels have a higher risk of CHF. The study supports the hypothesis that the influence of leptin level on risk of CHF may be through a pathway related to increasing BMI.

Measurement of 13CO2 in expired air as an index of compliance to a high carbohydrate diet naturally enriched in 13C.

The aim of this study was to determine whether breath 13CO2 measurements could be used to assess the compliance to a diet containing carbohydrates naturally enriched in 13C. The study was divided into two periods: Period 1 (baseline of 4 days) with low 13C/12C ratio carbohydrates. Period 2 (5 days) isocaloric diet with a high 13C/12C ratio (corn, cane sugar, pineapple, millet) carbohydrates. Measurements were made of respiratory gas exchange by indirect calorimetry, urinary nitrogen excretion and breath 13CO2 every morning in post-absorptive conditions, both in resting state and during a 45-min low intensity exercise (walking on a treadmill). The subjects were 10 healthy lean women (BMI 20.4 +/- 1.7 kg/m2, % body fat 24.4 +/- 1.3%), the 13C enrichment of oxidized carbohydrate and breath 13CO2 were compared to the enrichment of exogenous dietary carbohydrates. At rest the enrichment of oxidized carbohydrate increased significantly after one day of 13C carbohydrate enriched diet and reached a steady value (103 +/- 16%) similar to the enrichment of exogenous carbohydrates. During exercise, the 13C enrichment of oxidized carbohydrate remained significantly lower (68 +/- 17%) than that of dietary carbohydrates. The compliance to a diet with a high content of carbohydrates naturally enriched in 13C may be assessed from the measurement of breath 13CO2 enrichment combined with respiratory gas exchange in resting, postabsorptive conditions.

Sweet sixteen for ANLS.

Since its introduction 16 years ago, the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) model has profoundly modified our understanding of neuroenergetics by bringing a cellular and molecular resolution. Praised or disputed, the concept has never ceased to attract attention, leading to critical advances and unexpected insights. Here, we summarize recent experimental evidence further supporting the main tenets of the model. Thus, evidence for distinct metabolic phenotypes between neurons (mainly oxidative) and astrocytes (mainly glycolytic) have been provided by genomics and classical metabolic approaches. Moreover, it has become clear that astrocytes act as a syncytium to distribute energy substrates such as lactate to active neurones. Glycogen, the main energy reserve located in astrocytes, is used as a lactate source to sustain glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Lactate is also emerging as a neuroprotective agent as well as a key signal to regulate blood flow. Characterization of monocarboxylate transporter regulation indicates a possible involvement in synaptic plasticity and memory. Finally, several modeling studies captured the implications of such findings for many brain functions. The ANLS model now represents a useful, experimentally based framework to better understand the coupling between neuronal activity and energetics as it relates to neuronal plasticity, neurodegeneration, and functional brain imaging.

Skin fibroblast model to study an impaired glutathione synthesis: consequences of a genetic polymorphism on the proteome.

An impaired glutathione (GSH) synthesis was observed in several multifactorial diseases, including schizophrenia and myocardial infarction. Genetic studies revealed an association between schizophrenia and a GAG trinucleotide repeat (TNR) polymorphism in the catalytic subunit (GCLC) of the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). Disease-associated genotypes of this polymorphism correlated with a decrease in GCLC protein expression, GCL activity and GSH content. To clarify consequences of a decreased GCL activity at the proteome level, three schizophrenia patients and three controls have been selected based on the GCLC GAG TNR polymorphism. Fibroblast cultures were obtained by skin biopsy and were challenged with tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ), a substance known to induce oxidative stress. Proteome changes were analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and results revealed 10 spots that were upregulated in patients following t-BHQ treatment, but not in controls. Nine corresponding proteins could be identified by MALDI mass spectrometry and these proteins are involved in various cellular functions, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, and cytoskeletal reorganization. In conclusion, skin fibroblasts of subjects with an impaired GSH synthesis showed an altered proteome reaction in response to oxidative stress. Furthermore, the study corroborates the use of fibroblasts as an additional mean to study vulnerability factors of psychiatric diseases.

Oxygen tension controls the expression of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 in cultured mouse cortical astrocytes via a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-mediated transcriptional regulation.

The monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 is a high capacity carrier important for lactate release from highly glycolytic cells. In the central nervous system, MCT4 is predominantly expressed by astrocytes. Surprisingly, MCT4 expression in cultured astrocytes is low, suggesting that a physiological characteristic, not met in culture conditions, is necessary. Here we demonstrate that reducing oxygen concentration from 21% to either 1 or 0% restored in a concentration-dependent manner the expression of MCT4 at the mRNA and protein levels in cultured astrocytes. This effect was specific for MCT4 since the expression of MCT1, the other astrocytic monocarboxylate transporter present in vitro, was not altered in such conditions. MCT4 expression was shown to be controlled by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) since under low oxygen levels, transfecting astrocyte cultures with a siRNA targeting HIF-1α largely prevented MCT4 induction. Moreover, the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) induced MCT4 expression in astrocytes cultured in presence of 21% oxygen. In parallel, glycolytic activity was enhanced by exposure to 1% oxygen as demonstrated by the increased lactate release, an effect dependent on MCT4 expression. Finally, MCT4 expression was found to be necessary for astrocyte survival when exposed for a prolonged period to 1% oxygen. These data suggest that a major determinant of astrocyte MCT4 expression in vivo is likely the oxygen tension. This could be relevant in areas of high neuronal activity and oxygen consumption, favouring astrocytic lactate supply to neurons. Moreover, it could also play an important role for neuronal recovery after an ischemic episode.

Evidence for hypothalamic ketone body sensing: impact on food intake and peripheral metabolic responses in mice.

Monocarboxylates have been implicated in the control of energy homeostasis. Among them, the putative role of ketone bodies produced notably during high-fat diet (HFD) has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we aimed to determine the impact of a specific rise in cerebral ketone bodies on food intake and energy homeostasis regulation. A carotid infusion of ketone bodies was performed on mice to stimulate sensitive brain areas for 6 or 12 h. At each time point, food intake and different markers of energy homeostasis were analyzed to reveal the consequences of cerebral increase in ketone body level detection. First, an increase in food intake appeared over a 12-h period of brain ketone body perfusion. This stimulated food intake was associated with an increased expression of the hypothalamic neuropeptides NPY and AgRP as well as phosphorylated AMPK and is due to ketone bodies sensed by the brain, as blood ketone body levels did not change at that time. In parallel, gluconeogenesis and insulin sensitivity were transiently altered. Indeed, a dysregulation of glucose production and insulin secretion was observed after 6 h of ketone body perfusion, which reversed to normal at 12 h of perfusion. Altogether, these results suggest that an increase in brain ketone body concentration leads to hyperphagia and a transient perturbation of peripheral metabolic homeostasis.

Optimal slopes and speeds in uphill ski mountaineering: a laboratory study.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the energy cost of linear (EC) and vertical displacement (ECvert), mechanical efficiency and main stride parameters during simulated ski mountaineering at different speeds and gradients, to identify an optimal speed and gradient that maximizes performance. 12 subjects roller skied on a treadmill at three different inclines (10, 17 and 24 %) at three different speeds (approximately 70, 80 and 85 % of estimated peak heart rate). Energy expenditure was calculated by indirect calorimetry, while biomechanical parameters were measured with an inertial sensor-based system. At 10 % there was no significant change with speed in EC, ECvert and mechanical efficiency. At 17 and 24 % the fastest speed was significantly more economical. There was a significant effect of gradient on EC, ECvert and mechanical efficiency. The most economical gradient was the steepest one. There was a significant increase of stride frequency with speed. At steep gradients only, relative thrust phase duration decreased significantly, while stride length increased significantly with speed. There was a significant effect of gradient on stride length (decrease with steepness) and relative thrust phase duration (increase with steepness). A combination of a decreased relative thrust phase duration with increased stride length and frequency decreases ECvert. To minimize the energy expenditure to reach the top of a mountain and to optimize performance, ski-mountaineers should choose a steep gradient (~24 %) and, provided they possess sufficient metabolic scope, combine it with a fast speed (~6 km h(-1)).