Intangible Capital: four years of growth as an open-access scientific publication

Con este nuevo número, la revista Intangible Capital, inicia el cuarto volumen avanzando hacia el quinto año de publicación. Como ya es tradición en la revista, iniciamos este nuevo volumen evaluando el anterior y presentando las nuevas direcciones. Como principales aportaciones del 2007, se destacan hechos relevantes como la renovación de convenios para la indexación científica de la revista, el cambio de plataforma a OJS, la inclusión de un nuevo editor, la nueva composición del editorial board, el equipo de revisores, el cambio a un modelo bilingüe de revista, la nueva financiación obtenida y el trabajo que estamos realizando gran número de editores científicos de acceso abierto en España para el reconocimiento por parte de la Comisión Nacional Evaluadora de la Actividad Investigadora.This issue opens the fourth volume of the Intangible Capital journal, which makes its way towards the fifth year of publication. As usually, we start this volume by evaluating the previous one and tracing new directions. Among the main contributions during the year 2007, we consider important to highlight the following aspects: the renewal of the scientific indexation agreements, the platform change to OJS, the appointment of a new editor, new members included in the editorial board, the board of reviewers, the change towards a bilingual model, the new financing obtained and, the last but not the least, the work undertaken together with many scientific editors of open access Spanish journals for obtaining the positive evaluation of the CNEAI (National Commission for the Evaluation of the Research Activity) and thus, being a proof of scientific excellence

Lengua familiar y conocimiento de la lengua escolar en Cataluña al finalizar la Educación Infantil = Home Language and Knowledge of the School Language in Catalonia at the end of Nursery School

La infancia extranjera se escolariza en Cataluña en un programa de cambio de lengua del hogar a la escuela. Las investigaciones afirman que este alumnado tarda un mínimo de seis años en equiparar sus habilidades lingüístico-cognitivas con sus pares autóctonos, no así las habilidades conversacionales, las cuales se adquieren antes de los dos años de residencia. Sin embargo, no existen estudios sobre los efectos de la escolarización en el parvulario del alumnado alófono, así como de su lengua familiar, en relación con la adquisición de la lengua escolar. El artículo es un estudio comparativo de la adquisición del catalán de 567 autóctonos y 434 alófonos, al final del parvulario, en 50 escuelas de Cataluña que escolarizan a alumnado de origen extranjero. Las lenguas del alumnado autóctono son el catalán, el castellano y el bilingüismo catalán-castellano y las lenguas del alumnado alófono son el árabe, el soninké y el castellano. Los factores utilizados más relevantes han sido el nivel socioprofesional y educativo de las familias, el tiempo de residencia y el momento de escolarización del alumnado, el porcentaje de alumnado catalanohablante y de alumnado alófono en el aula y el contexto sociolingüístico del centro escolar. Los resultados muestran que el alumnado autóctono sabe más catalán que el alumnado alófono, pero las diferencias desaparecen respecto a algunos factores, de los cuales los más relevantes son los relacionados con las características del alumnado de las aulas. La lengua familiar del alumnado alófono no incide en sus resultados

Mehrsprachigkeit im europäischen Kontext. Zu einem vernachlässigten Forschungsfeld inter­dis­ziplinärer Mediävistik

Mittelalterliche Mehrsprachigkeit - gemeint ist sowohl das Verhältnis von Latein und Volkssprache als auch das Nebeneinander unterschiedlicher Volkssprachen oder volkssprachiger Varietäten - ist als bedeutender Aspekt vormoderner Textkultur und Spracherfahrung bisher nicht einmal innerhalb der Einzeldisziplinen ausreichend gewürdigt und systematisch erfasst worden. Zielführend wäre ein interdisziplinärer und methodenübergreifender Zugriff. Der Aufsatz bietet als Vorstudie dazu einen systematisierenden Überblick über prägende Sprachkontaktsituationen der westeuropäischen Sprachen und Literaturen vom 7. Jahrhundert bis ins Spätmittelalter und erarbeitet eine grundlegende Typologie. Die mittelalterliche Wahrnehmung von Sprache muss per se mit Multilingualität verbunden gewesen sein: erstens im Sinne einer fast überall gleichzeitigen Präsenz mehrerer gesprochener und geschriebener Volkssprachen, zweitens im Sinne der prinzipiellen Einbettung von Schriftlichkeit und Bildungskultur in eine anderssprachige (lateinische) Tradition, drittens im Sinne der intellektuell-mentalen Abbildung des Abstraktums ,,Sprache" auf das Lateinische, also eine Sprache, die niemals Muttersprache war. Sprach-, literatur- und kulturtheoretische Konsequenzen können nur angedeutet werden: Die Auswirkungen einer solchen neurologischen Prägung auf die - von ,,bilingual brains" getragenen - Textkulturen des Mittelalters könnten konzeptuelle Repräsentationen von Raum, Zeit, Emotionen oder Personalität betreffen.

Les creences populars entorn a l'aprenentatge d'una llengua estrangera (Anglès) abans dels vuit anys

L'avançament de l'edat d'aprenentatge obligatori d'una llengua estrangera deis 11 als 8 anys en el context educatiu espanyol, així com la demanda creixent per part deis pares d'introduir-ne l'ensenyament al més aviat possible, ja sigui al Primer Cicle de Primaria (6-7 anys) o encara més aviat, en l'Educació Infantil (3-5 anys), no solament indica un alt nivell de conscienciació de la necessitat de coneixement d'idiomes que el món actual exigeix, sinó que també evidencia la creença que existeix una edat privilegiada per aprendre llengües, que se situa en els primers anys de l'escolaritat.

La traducción y los textos bilingües (japonés-inglés) para estudiantes de japonés: análisis de las antologías de relatos cortos y de las revistas de idioma

El treball estudia els dos tipus de textos bilingües japonès-anglès (llibres i revistes) que existeixen per a estudiants de japonès. La primera part analitza quatre antologies des de la perspectiva de la paratextualitat i de la teoria funcionalista de Christiane Nord (1997). A continuació, s'estudien les tècniques de traducció, a partir dels desenvolupaments teòrics d'Amparo Hurtado i Lucía Molina (2002), en el conte «The Third Night» de Natsume Sôseki. A la segona part s'investiguen dues revistes d'idiomes mensuals, Nihongo Journal i Hiragana Times. Es tracta d’analitzar la influència del propòsit pedagògic en les traduccions. Se segueix el procediment ja emprat a la primera part, exceptuant l'anàlisi de les tècniques

Carnatic music: Svara, Gamaka, Motif and Raga identity

Over the last century in Karnatik music, the method ofunderstanding raga has been to break it down into its variouscomponents, svara, scale, gamaka, and phrases. In this paper, an attempt is made to define the abstract concept of raga in its entirety within the aesthetics of Karnatik music considering the various components and their symbiotic relationship. This paper also attempts to prove that theidentity of a raga exists as a whole. Section 2 explains theconcept of a fundamental musical note or svara. Section 3 illustrates the concept of gamaka or inflections. Section 4 delves into the concept of raga in detail and then flows into Section 5 which enunciates the identity of a raga in terms of svara, gamaka, and phraseology. The paper concludes in Section 6, and Section 7 gives the references.

Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities

Background: Recent research based on comparisons between bilinguals and monolinguals postulates that bilingualism enhances cognitive control functions, because the parallel activation of languages necessitates control of interference. In a novel approach we investigated two groups of bilinguals, distinguished by their susceptibility to cross-language interference, asking whether bilinguals with strong language control abilities ('non-switchers") have an advantage in executive functions (inhibition of irrelevant information, problem solving, planning efficiency, generative fluency and self-monitoring) compared to those bilinguals showing weaker language control abilities ('switchers"). Methods: 29 late bilinguals (21 women) were evaluated using various cognitive control neuropsychological tests [e.g., Tower of Hanoi, Ruff Figural Fluency Task, Divided Attention, Go/noGo] tapping executive functions as well as four subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The analysis involved t-tests (two independent samples). Non-switchers (n = 16) were distinguished from switchers (n = 13) by their performance observed in a bilingual picture-naming task. Results: The non-switcher group demonstrated a better performance on the Tower of Hanoi and Ruff Figural Fluency task, faster reaction time in a Go/noGo and Divided Attention task, and produced significantly fewer errors in the Tower of Hanoi, Go/noGo, and Divided Attention tasks when compared to the switchers. Non-switchers performed significantly better on two verbal subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Information and Similarity), but not on the Performance subtests (Picture Completion, Block Design). Conclusions: The present results suggest that bilinguals with stronger language control have indeed a cognitive advantage in the administered tests involving executive functions, in particular inhibition, self-monitoring, problem solving, and generative fluency, and in two of the intelligence tests. What remains unclear is the direction of the relationship between executive functions and language control abilities.

Conceptualisation et emploi du passé composé et de l'imparfait en français langue étrangère (L3) au Sri Lanka : l'impact du singhalais langue maternelle (L1) et de l'anglais langue seconde (L2)

Résumé: Notre étude chevauche deux domaines de recherche quasi indissociables : ceux de la linguistique et de la didactique des langues. Comme l'indique le sujet, elle examine la conceptualisation et l'emploi de deux notions aspecto-temporelles du français (le passé composé et l'imparfait), sous l'impact des connaissances grammaticales déjà acquises sur deux autres langues : le singhalais et l'anglais. Notre recherche relève des domaines de la psycholinguistique, de la linguistique acquisitionnelle et de la linguistique comparative. Toutefois, dans le cadre de cette étude, nous examinons ces notions grammaticales françaises et leurs équivalents présumés dans les deux autres langues comme étant des concepts relevant des langues à statuts sociaux spécifiques [à savoir, langue maternelle (L1), langue seconde (L2) et langue étrangère (L3)], dans un contexte particulier d'enseignement/apprentissage et d'acquisition de langue [à savoir, le contexte d'enseignement/apprentissage et d'acquisition du français langue étrangère (FLE) au Sri Lanka]. En ce sens, notre étude est également liée aux domaines de la sociolinguistique et de la didactique des langues, notamment, étrangères. Ce qui pourrait probablement distinguer cette recherche des autres, c'est qu'elle aborde certaines questions linguistiques et didactiques peu étudiées jusqu'ici. Entre autres, l'influence de deux langues sur l'enseignement/apprentissage d'une L3, l'enseignement/apprentissage des langues dans des contextes exolingues et le rôle des transferts dans la conceptualisation des notions grammaticales. Pourtant, lorsque nous avons choisi le contexte d'apprentissage du FLE au Sri Lanka comme terrain de recherche, nous avons également visé d'autres objectifs : examiner les systèmes verbaux de trois langues dont l'imbrication n'a pas encore été objet d'étude ; examiner le système verbal aspecto-temporel peu explicité du singhalais à la lumière des descriptions linguistiques occidentales ; vérifier certains préjugés concernant les liens de proximité et de distance entre les trois langues choisies et étudier les causes de ces préjugés. Notre corpus provient de plusieurs classes de FLE au Sri Lanka. Le public observé était constitué d'adolescents ou d'adultes bilingues ayant le singhalais en L1 et l'anglais en L2. Les cours choisis se distinguaient les uns des autres par plusieurs critères, mais travaillaient tous sur les notions du passé composé et de l'imparfait. A la conclusion de notre étude, nous avons constaté qu'un nombre important de nos hypothèses initiales se sont avérées véridiques. A titre d'exemples, les transferts entre les langues premières et la langue cible sont récurrents et non négligeables chez l'écrasante majorité des apprenants exolingues observés, et parfois, même chez leurs enseignants; si ces apprenants recourent à ces langues pour étayer leur apprentissage, ni leurs enseignants ni leurs manuels provenant de l'étranger ne les guident dans ce travail; les transferts ayant l'anglais pour origine l'emportent considérablement sur ceux provenant du singhalais. De même, suite à l'analyse contrastive des trois systèmes verbaux aspecto-temporels et à l'analyse du corpus, nous avons également eu un résultat imprévu : contrairement à une représentation répandue chez les apprenants singhalais, il existe des points convergents entre leur L1 et le français ; du moins, au niveau de l'emploi de certains temps du passé. Un fait dont on était jusqu'ici ignorants mais dont on peut sûrement profiter dans les cours de FLE au Sri Lanka. Suite à ces observations et à la fin de notre thèse, nous avons fait quelques recommandations didactiques afin d'améliorer les conditions d'enseignement/apprentissage des langues étrangères, au Sri Lanka et ailleurs. Abstract: Our research is related to the fields of both linguistics and didactics, two research areas which are almost inseparable. As the title shows, the thesis examines the issue of conceptualizing and using of two grammatical (aspectual and temporal) concepts of the French language (le passé composé and l'imparfait), under the influence of previously acquired grammatical knowledge of two other languages: Sinhalese and English. Thus, our research is linked to the domains of psycholinguistics, acquisitional linguistics and comparative linguistics. However, within the framework of this study, we will consider the above-mentioned two French grammatical concepts and their presumed equivalents in the other two languages as concepts belonging to three languages with specific social status [i.e. first language (L1), second language (L2) and foreign language (L3)], taught/learnt/acquired in a particular language teaching/learning context [the context of teaching/learning of French as a foreign language (FFL) in Sri Lanka]. In that sense, our study is also associated with the fields of sociolinguistics and language teaching, especially foreign language teaching. What could probably make this study outstanding is that it studies certain linguistic and didactic issues which have not yet been studied. For example, it examines, among other issues, the following: the influence of two languages (i.e. mother tongue -L1 & second language -L2) on the teaching/learning process of a third language (i.e. foreign language- L3); foreign language teaching and learning in an exolingual context (where the target language is not spoken outside the classroom); the role of language transfers in the process of grammatical notion conceptualization. However, in selecting the FFL teaching/learning context in Sri Lanka as our field of research, we had further objectives in mind : i.e. 1) studying the verb systems of three languages whose combination has never been studied before ; 2) studying the aspectual-temporal formation of the Sinhalese verb system (which is hardly taught explicitly) in the light of the linguistic descriptions of dominant European languages; 3) verifying certain preconceived ideas regarding the proximity and the distance between the three chosen languages, and 4) studying the causes for these preconceptions. Our corpus is obtained from a number of FFL classes in Sri Lanka. The observed student groups consisted of bilingual adolescents and adults whose first language (L1) was Sinhalese and the second language (L2) was English. The observed classes differed in many ways but in each of those classes, a common factor was that the students had been learning some aspect of the two grammatical concepts, le passé composé and l'imparfait. Having completed our study, we now see that a considerable number of our initial hypotheses are proven correct. For example, in the exolingual French language teaching/learning context in Sri Lanka where we carried out our research, language transfers between the first and target languages were recurrent and numerous in the work of the greater majority of the observed language learners, and even their teachers; these transfers were so frequent that they could hardly be ignored during the teaching/learning process ; although learners turned to their first languages to facilitate the learning process of a new language, neither their teachers, nor their text books helped them in this task; the transfers originating from English were far too numerous than those originating from Sinhalese; however, contrary to the popular belief among many Sinhalese learners of French, the contrastive analysis of the three aspectual-temporal verb systems and the study of our corpus helped us in proving that there are common linguistic features between the Sinhalese and the French languages ; at least, when it comes to using some of their past tenses. This is a fact which had been ignored up to now but which could probably be used to improve French teaching/learning in Sri Lanka. Taking all observations into account, we made some pedagogical recommendations in the concluding part of our thesis with the view of improving foreign language teaching/learning in Sri Lanka, and elsewhere.

Conocimiento del catalán y castellano por parte del alumnado inmigrante

A lo largo de la última década en Cataluña, la heterogeneidad identitaria, lingüística, cultural y étnica ha crecido de manera importante. En consecuencia, nuestras escuelas se han transformado en centros donde la pluralidad étnica, religiosa, cultural y lingüística es cada día más evidente. Pero, a diferencia de otros territorios del Estado, una de las características fundamentales de nuestro Sistema Educativo es su organización bajo los parámetros de la educación bilingüe. De esta manera, además de un profundo dominio del catalán, lengua propia de Cataluña y lengua usada como vehicular y de aprendizaje en la enseñanza, se persigue un buen conocimiento de la lengua castellana. En este contexto, diferentes estudios ponen en evidencia el papel clave del dominio de la lengua de la escuela tanto de cara a garantizar el éxito escolar como para la integración y la cohesión social. Con este marco de fondo, nos situamos en el caso del Instituto de Educación Secundaria (IES) de Guissona, en la comarca de la Segarra, donde por circunstancias diversas el fenómeno migratorio ha sido muy importante a lo largo de la última década. El objetivo de nuestra investigación es el análisis de las competencias lingüísticas del alumnado de dicho centro, tomando como referencia el nivel de competencia lingüística de sus iguales autóctonos.En concreto, a partir de una muestra de 28 niños y niñas inmigrantes que fueron comparados con un grupo de 93 escolares autóctonos de su misma edad y nivel escolar, nuestro trabajo analiza el desarrollo de diferentes habilidades en lengua catalana y castellana.

MPRO-Spanish: development and experiments with a linguistic parser for Spanish texts

This paper describes the main features and present results of MPRO-Spanish, a parser for morphological and syntactic analysis of unrestricted Spanish text developed at the IAI1. This parser makes direct use of X-phrase structure rules to handle a variety of patterns from derivational morphology and syntactic structure. Both analyses, morphological and syntactic, are realised by two subsequent modules. One module analyses and disambiguates the source words at morphological level while the other consists of a series of programs and a deterministic, procedural and explicit grammar. The article explains the main features of MPRO and resumes some of the experiments on some of its applications, some of which still being implemented like the monolingual and bilingual term extraction while others need further work like indexing. The results and applications obtained so far with simple and relatively complex sentences give us grounds to believe in its reliability.

Äidinkielisen ja vieraskielisen opetuksen vertailua äidinkielen hallinnan ja kognitiivisten prosessien toiminnan kautta

Pro gradu –tutkielmani tarkoituksena oli tarkastella eri puolilla maailmaa tehtyjen koulutuskokeilujen tuloksia suhteessa siihen, käyttävätkö ne opetuskielenä oppilaiden äidinkieltä vai oppilaille vierasta kieltä sekä pohtia syitä eri opetusohjelmien tuottamien tulosten eroille. Mahdollisena selityksenä eroille tarkastelin äidinkielellä ja vieraalla kielellä tapahtuvan prosessoinnin eroja. Tätä toimintaa tarkastelin kognitiivisen prosessoinnin eri osa-alueitten kautta. Tutkielmani on luonteeltaan teoreettinen ja perustuu sekä kielitieteen että psykologian materiaalien tarkasteluun. Tärkeimpiä lähdeteoksia ovat olleet Baker: Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism (1993); Bialystok: Bilingualism in development. Language, literacy and cognition (2001); Dutcher ja Tucker: The use of first and second languages in education. A review of international experience (1994); sekä Eysenck ja Keane: Cognitive psychology: a student’s handbook (2000). Opetusohjelmien tarkastelu osoitti, että vain sellainen ohjelma, joka ottaa huomioon ja kehittää oppilaan äidinkieltä voi toimia parhaalla tavalla. Opetus voi tällöin olla myös ainakin osittain vieraskielistä. Äidinkielen taidot näkyvät kaikkien oppimistulosten pohjalla. Käsittelemieni tutkimusten perusteella kognitiivisen prosessoinnin osa-alueet, kuten muisti ja automaattiset prosessit, toimivat äidinkielellä tehokkaammin kuin vieraalla kielellä. Äidinkielellä opitut taidot ovat myös siirrettävissä muille kielille, joten tämä selittäisi äidinkielisen opetuksen etuja.

More evidence concerning the aspect hypothesis: The acquisition of English progressive aspect by Catalan-Spanish instructed learners

A robust finding of studies investigating the Aspect Hypothesis is that learners at early stages of acquisition show a strong preference for using the progressive aspect as associated with activity verbs. As they advance in their acquisition of the second or foreign language, learners move from this prototypical association to associations traditionally considered to be more peripheral (e.g.-ing with accomplishments or achievements). Within this framework, the goal of this paper is to provide further evidence from groups of learners with different proficiency levels with regard to the acquisition of progressive aspect by tutored learners of English who are bilingual Catalan-Spanish. This is done by eliciting data by means of two different task types and by looking at both tokens and types. Our results are consistent with previous research according to which-ing morphology is closely associated with durative lexical aspect, although not necessarily with activity predicates. The study also shows that the type of task has an influence on the frequency and the distribution of learners" progressive forms.

Forecasting a language shift based on cellular automata

Language extinction as a consequence of language shifts is a widespread social phenomenon that affects several million people all over the world today. An important task for social sciences research should therefore be to gain an understanding of language shifts, especially as a way of forecasting the extinction or survival of threatened languages, i.e., determining whether or not the subordinate language will survive in communities with a dominant and a subordinate language. In general, modeling is usually a very difficult task in the social sciences, particularly when it comes to forecasting the values of variables. However, the cellular automata theory can help us overcome this traditional difficulty. The purpose of this article is to investigate language shifts in the speech behavior of individuals using the methodology of the cellular automata theory. The findings on the dynamics of social impacts in the field of social psychology and the empirical data from language surveys on the use of Catalan in Valencia allowed us to define a cellular automaton and carry out a set of simulations using that automaton. The simulation results highlighted the key factors in the progression or reversal of a language shift and the use of these factors allowed us to forecast the future of a threatened language in a bilingual community.

La colección Marca Hispanica, un ambicioso proyecto de traducción de José Agustín Goytisolo

In May 1985 José Agustín Goytisolo launched an ambitious project to translate into Spanish works originally written in Catalan. To this end, with a small group of collaborators he founded the Marca Hispanica collection. Its aim was to spread Catalan literature beyond its borders to reach millions of readers of Spanish through schools, teachers and language academies around the world. The initial idea was to make available in bilingual editions a hundred representative works of Catalan literature but, in the event, only twenty-two volumes were ever published. Based on access to unpublished documents, in this article we defend this endeavour, report on its progress and relate the circumstances, beyond the control of the participants, that led to its demise.