Matérias-primas da plataforma do Mondego para cerâmica

O presente trabalho divulga os resultados dos estudos levados a efeito nas matérias-primas argilosas que se integram tipologicamente na argila comum, ocorrentes na designada Plataforma do Mondego, Centro de Portugal, na região entre Miranda do Corvo, a SW, e Tábua, a NE. Para tal realizou-se a cartografia superficial dos sedimentos continentais do Cretácico e do Terciário, aí preservados, estabeleceram-se as colunas sedimentares, a nível regional e a nível local, nas áreas de maior potencial reconhecido e, caracterizaram-se as matérias-primas argilosas amostradas, em termos de composição, textura e aptidão cerâmica, objectivando a definição das zonas das jazidas com maior interesse industrial. A informação obtida e compilada, relativa ao caulino e ao feldspato é também apresentada, com vista a uma percepção da potencialidade destas matériasprimas cerâmicas ocorrentes na área. O estudo de caracterização dos materiais argilosos investigados teve como base 53 amostras obtidas em seis regiões da Plataforma do Mondego aqui definidas por motivo de organização do trabalho, segundo os critérios geográfico e geotectónico. As formações de Côja e de Campelo, do Terciário, constituem as unidades onde ocorrem litótipos produtivos, em termos de matéria-prima para a Cerâmica de Barro Vermelho ou Cerâmica de Construção. Relativamente às características texturais e composicionais, em síntese, apresentam-se os factos relevantes seguintes: A matéria-prima argilosa existente na área estudada materializa, granulometricamente, na maioria das amostras, silte, caindo os níveis amostrados com maior percentagem de argila, no domínio do silte argiloso. O défice em fracção argila implica limitações quanto à possibilidade de diversificação de produtos cerâmicos fabricados com estas matérias-primas tal-qual. Os diferentes métodos analíticos utilizados na caracterização mineralógica dos materiais amostrados confirmaram uma composição em termos dos minerais argilosos, consistindo de ilite/mica (em geral, o mais abundante), caulinite e esmectite, interestratificados e clorite. Os minerais não argilosos são quartzo (predominante), feldspato (sobretudo potássico) e hematite, com uma representação baixa. A mineralogia da fracção inferior a 2μm das amostras, não difere das amostras totais, salvo no teor mais elevado dos minerais argilosos e acentuada redução dos minerais não argilosos. Os resultados da análise química por fluorescência de raios X das amostras integrais correlacionam-se com as características mineralógicas observadas através das técnicas analíticas utilizadas. No respeitante às propriedades e comportamento cerâmico verifica-se: Os parâmetros relacionados com a plasticidade indicam que parte das pastas elaboradas com estes materiais argilosos têm uma trabalhabilidade aceitável, mas existem problemas de conformação e acentuada retracção num número significativo de amostras, devido à elevada plasticidade da maioria das amostras. A extrusão é satisfatória a óptima. A RMF e a retracção em seco assumem valores, respectivamente, moderados a baixos e moderados, embora seja necessário ter em conta o procedimento de extrusão dos provetes, sem dispositivo de vácuo. Todas as amostras foram sujeitas a cozedura a 900ºC, e um conjunto seleccionado foi cozido a 1000ºC e a 1100ºC. As fases mineralógicas ocorrentes após cozeduras a 900ºC e 1100ºC foram identificadas num conjunto de amostras, tendo-se evidenciado a coerência dessas fases, com a mineralogia das amostras em seco. Após cozedura a 900ºC, os valores de RMF das amostras satisfazem geralmente os valores mínimos, exigidos para o fabrico de tijolo, abobadilha e, com alguma frequência, de telha, como já se verificava com os valores daquela propriedade em seco. Os valores de retracção seco-cozido são em geral, modestos. A capacidade de absorção de água é maioritariamente elevada. A formação de vidro, sobretudo, condiciona o comportamento destas propriedades por cozedura dos provetes a 1000ºC e a 1100ºC. A coloração predominante em cru das matérias-primas argilosas amostradas é amarelo acastanhado a castanho avermelhado. Após cozedura a 900ºC, há um acentuado escurecimento e incremento no grau de vermelho. As cozeduras a 1000ºC e 1100ºC promovem escurecimento gradual, com ligeira influência na cor. O comportamento dos provetes após as cozeduras cerâmicas revelou-se homogéneo a cada uma das respectivas temperaturas, não se registando também defeitos significativos, nem eflorescências. A análise das amostras em termos composicionais e tecnológicos permitiu destacar as principais características e aspectos distintivos das matériasprimas, nas diferentes regiões definidas objectivando as diferentes potencialidades cerâmicas. Nesta abordagem comparativa foram consideradas só as amostras dos campos silte e silte arenoso, por serem aquelas com maior interesse para a Cerâmica de Construção. Nas colunas sedimentares das regiões de Tábua e Santa Quitéria constata-se a ocorrência de dois ritmos de sedimentação, que embora assumam características específicas em cada região, têm aspectos composicionais e tecnológicos em comum, traduzindo melhor aptidão cerâmica os ritmos inferiores. A conjugação da cartografia realizada com os estudos laboratoriais permite concluir que as regiões de Tábua e de Santa Quitéria serão as que têm maior potencial por explorar, em matéria-prima para Cerâmica de Construção, apesar da primeira já ser intensamente explorada. Na região de Tábua, as amostras têm como fases mineralógicas principais ilite e quartzo na mesma proporção média (35%) e caulinite (média=19%) que regista enriquecimento significativo na fracção argila (média=38%). As argilas desta região registam a cor em cru mais vermelha e pH mais ácido observados. O ritmo de sedimentação inferior, com esmectite e interestratificados e ligeiramente menos quartzoso, apresenta melhores propriedades cerâmicas. A composição mineralógica média das amostras da região de Santa Quitéria é próxima daquela da região de Tábua, mas menos caulinítica, em especial na sequência inferior, na qual o teor médio de caulinite na fracção argila (7%) é o mais baixo observado. Na região de Côja – Arganil, a actividade extractiva é significativa na bacia de Côja. Aqui, a exploração de novas áreas potenciais é condicionada pela cobertura conglomerática e por estruturas tectónicas e não tectónicas relacionadas com comportamento plástico. Na restante área desta região, os recursos argilosos são penalizados por material areno-conglomerático. As amostras desta região distinguem-se das restantes a nível textural pela maior fracção areia e mineralogicamente pela presença de clorite, teor reduzido de caulinite e elevado de feldspato. As potencialidades em barro vermelho na região de Sanguinheda não serão significativas, pois a Formação de Côja é predominantemente arcósica e a Formação de Campelo pouco espessa e conglomerática. As argilas com melhor aptidão cerâmica foram amostradas na região de Miranda do Corvo – Lousã. Na composição, estas amostras são as que contêm maior fracção de argila, maior teor de ilite e caulinite e menor de argilas expansivas. Registam os melhores valores nas características tecnológicas, nomeadamente a RMF e absorção de água. A consistência dos grupos amostrais e ritmos definidos em termos composicionais e tecnológicos é corroborada pelas técnicas de análise estatística multivariada aplicadas, que os identificam. As condições de amostragem na região de Tábua, permitiram a elaboração de uma coluna tipológica, na qual, a partir de uma caracterização expedita de amostras é possível identificar a sua afinidade com os ritmos argilosos definidos e, consequentemente, a sua situação na coluna sedimentar regional e aptidão cerâmica. A cartografia dos recursos argilosos potenciais, elaborada à escala 1:25.000, constitui um dos objectivos principais deste trabalho e nela constam unidades litológicas, nas quais são diferenciadas unidades argilosas tendo também em consideração a tipologia e guias mineralógicos resultantes da caracterização das amostras. As características composicionais destas unidades denotam diferente aptidão cerâmica e, portanto, permitem salientar as zonas com maior interesse económico.

Structural characterization and biological activity of polysaccharides from infusions used in the popular tradition

The use of plants with medicinal purposes is an ancient practice still very common in developing regions, and is rapidly spreading in industrialized countries. This fact is evidenced by the large number of ethnobotanical studies found in the literature referring that these plants are often used as decoctions and infusions. In most studies the reported biological activities are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, due to their antioxidant properties, and to polysaccharides, with its anti-tumoral properties. In “Trás-os-Montes” region, some of the most popular infusions used by the popular medicine are prepared with the dried leaves of Fraxinus angustifolia, the dried shoots of Mentha suaveolens, and the dried inflorescences of Pterospartum tridentatum. However, there are no studies about the polysaccharides present in these infusions. Thus, through the structural characterization of the polysaccharides present in the infusions of F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum, the present PhD thesis intends to evaluate the possible relation between polysaccharides and the immunostimulatory activity that these infusions might present. In a preliminary phase, infusions of F. angustifolia were prepared according to the popular tradition, and it was observed that the obtained water soluble material contained approximately 85% of material non-retained in C18 cartridges, with hydrophilic characteristics, with the remaining 15% comprising retained-material with hydrophobic characteristics. It was also shown that the infusions only contained between 2 and 4% of high molecular weight material (HMWM), which comprised approximately 30% of carbohydrate material. Sugar and methylation analysis of the HMWM suggested the presence of pectic polysaccharides, together with type II arabinogalactans, mannans, and xyloglucans. However, the amount of material obtained is to low for the fractionation, and structural analysis of the polysaccharides present. The 4 h decoction, divided in two periods of 2 h, with water renewal, allowed to increase the HMWM yield, relatively to the infusions traditional infusions. It was also observed that the decoction also allowed to increase the HMWM proportion of carbohydrate material, due to an increase in the proportion of uronic acid present, although the neutral sugar residues seemed to be detected in similar proportions. Therefore, in all the experiments subsequently performed, the HMWM used was obtained through the decoction of F. angustifolia dried leaves, M. suaveolens dried shoots, and P. tridentatum dried inflorescences. x After the fractionation, through ethanol precipitation, and anion exchange chromatography, of the polysaccharides from the HMWM obtained by the decoction of the vegetable material of the distinct studied plants, it was observed the presence of high proportions of pectic polysaccharides, containing type I arabinogalactans, together with minor proportions of type II arabinogalactans, mannans, and xyloglucans. The presence of pectic polysaccharides in the extracts from F. angustifolia was also evidenced through endo-polygalacturonase treatment, and ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS experiments. The detection of linked pentose and uronic acid residues, also seemed to suggest the presence of xylogalacturonan domains in the pectic polysaccharides from F. angustifolia. The extracts from F. angustifolia dried leaves also contained type II arabinogalactans that exhibited a higher structural diversity than those detected in the M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum extracts, particularly in the substitution degree of the galactan backbone, and in the extension of the (1→5)-Araf side chains. Moreover, for all the plants studied, it was also observed that the type II arabinogalactans, extracted during the 2nd 2h of the extraction process, exhibited a substitution degree of the galactan backbone higher than those extracted during the 1st 2h. The extracts from P. tridentatum dried inflorescences contained higher proportions of mannans, and also of xyloglucans, both presenting a substitution degree higher than those, which were detected in lower proportion in the extracts of F. angustifolia and M. suaveolens. Through ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS it was possible to evidence that the mannans present in the extracts of P. tridentatum presented acetyl groups on the O-2 of the mannosyl residues. It was also evidenced that the P. tridentatum mannans were more extensively acetylated than the mannans detected in the coffee infusion, LBG, and other non-conventional mannan sources. Moreover, it was detected the presence of oligosaccharides comprising hexose residues linked to non acetylated pentose residues, suggesting the possible presence of arabinose residues in the mannans from P. tridentatum extracts. The immunostimulatory activity of three fractions isolated from the extracts of F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum, was tested and an increase in the NO production by macrophages, without compromising their cellular viability, was observed. The type I, and type II arabinogalactans detected in the extracts from F. angustifolia, and M. suaveolens seem to have contributed for the observed immunostimulatory activity. For the fraction from P. tridentatum, the mannans acetylation, and the presence of type I, and type II arabinogalactans seemed to contribute for the macrophage immunostimulatory activity observed. The possible presence of storage xyloglucans from the inflorescences seeds, also seems to have contributed for the immunostimulatory activity registered when the macrophages were stimulated with higher extract concentrations. The results obtained allow to conclude that the extracts of F. angustifolia dried leaves, M. suaveolens dried shoots, and P. tridentatum dried inflorescences contained high proportions of pectic polysaccharides, exhibiting type I arabinogalactans, together with other polysaccharides, such as type II arabinogalactans, mannans, and xyloglucans. This polysaccharide mixture seems to have contributed to the immunostimulatory activity of fractions isolated from the extracts of the studied plants. Therefore, as the same type of polysaccharides seem to be present in the decoctions and in the infusions, it seems possible that the polysaccharides might contribute for the therapeutic properties frequently associated by the popular tradition to the infusions of these plants.

Describing vocal performance of Portuguese cantadeiras of Alto Minho

Portugal has strong musical traditions, which have been perpetrated by decades through folkloristic activities. In folk groups from Alto Minho (north of Portugal), folk singing is mostly performed by cantadeiras, amateur female solo singers who learn this style orally. Their vocal characteristics are distinctive when compared with other regions of the country; however, deep understanding of these vocal practices is still missing. The present work aims at studying Alto Minho cantadeira’s vocal performance in a multidimensional perspective, envisioning social, cultural and physiological understanding of this musical style. Thus, qualitative and quantitative data analyses were carried out, to: (i) describe current performance practices, (ii) explore existent perceptions about most relevant voice features in this region, (iii) investigate physiological and acoustic properties of this style, and (iv) compare this style of singing with other non-classical singing styles of other countries. Dataset gathered involved: 78 groups whose members were telephone interviewed, 13 directors who were asked to fill in a questionnaire on performance practices, 1 cantadeira in a pilot study, 16 cantadeiras in preliminary voice recordings, 77 folk group members in listening tests, and 10 cantadeiras in multichannel recordings, including audio, ELG, air flow and intra-oral pressure signals. Data were analysed through thematic content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics, hierarchical principal components, and multivariate linear regression models. Most representative voices have a high pitched and loud voice, with a bright timbre, predominance of chest register without excessive effort, and good text intelligibility with regional accent. High representativeness levels were obtained by few cantadeiras; these sing with high levels of subglottal pressure and vocal fold contact quotient, predominance of high spectrum energy and vocal loudness, corroborating indications of prevalence of pressed phonation. These vocal characteristics resemble belting in musical theatre and share similarities with country (USA) and ojikanje (Croatia) singing. Strategies that may contribute to the preservation of this type of singing and the vocal health of current cantadeiras are discussed, pointing at the direction of continuous education among folk groups, following practices that are already adopted elsewhere in Europe.

A presença da metafísica na ciência

Tese de doutoramento, História e Filosofia das Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Investigating the rates and impacts of near misses and related incidents among UK cyclists

The paper investigates the occurrence of non-injury incidents among cyclists in the UK, seeking to (i) generate a rate that can be compared with injury rates, (ii) analyse factors affecting incident rates, and (iii) analyse factors affecting the impact of incidents on cyclists. We collected data on non-injury cycling ‘incidents’ (near misses and other frightening and/or annoying incidents) from 1692 online diaries of cycle trip stages1 and incidents, participants having signed up in advance for a specific day. Following data cleaning and coding, a dataset was created covering 1532 diary days and 3994 records of incidents occurring within the UK. Incident rates were calculated and compared to injury risks for cyclists. Cross-tabulation and regression were used to identify factors affecting incident rates and the effect an incident has on the cyclist. Frightening or annoying non-injury incidents, unlike slight injuries, are an everyday experience for most people cycling in the UK. For regular cyclists ‘very scary’ incidents (rated as 3 on a 0–3 scale) are on average a weekly experience, with deliberate aggression experienced monthly. Per mile, non-injury incidents were more frequent for people making shorter and slower trips. People aged over 55 were at lower risk, as were those cycling at the weekend and outside the morning peak. Incidents that involved motor vehicles, especially those involving larger vehicles, were more frightening than those that did not. Near miss and other non-injury incidents are widespread in the UK and may have a substantial impact on cycling experience and uptake. Policy and research should initially target the most frightening types of incident, such as very close passes and incidents involving large vehicles. Further attention needs to be paid to the experiences of groups under-represented among cyclists, such as women making shorter trips.

Scalable and Efficient Configuration of TimeDivision Multiplexed Resources

Consumer-electronics systems are becoming increasingly complex as the number of integrated applications is growing. Some of these applications have real-time requirements, while other non-real-time applications only require good average performance. For cost-efficient design, contemporary platforms feature an increasing number of cores that share resources, such as memories and interconnects. However, resource sharing causes contention that must be resolved by a resource arbiter, such as Time-Division Multiplexing. A key challenge is to configure this arbiter to satisfy the bandwidth and latency requirements of the real-time applications, while maximizing the slack capacity to improve performance of their non-real-time counterparts. As this configuration problem is NP-hard, a sophisticated automated configuration method is required to avoid negatively impacting design time. The main contributions of this article are: 1) An optimal approach that takes an existing integer linear programming (ILP) model addressing the problem and wraps it in a branch-and-price framework to improve scalability. 2) A faster heuristic algorithm that typically provides near-optimal solutions. 3) An experimental evaluation that quantitatively compares the branch-and-price approach to the previously formulated ILP model and the proposed heuristic. 4) A case study of an HD video and graphics processing system that demonstrates the practical applicability of the approach.

Fruta com cheiro: The implementation of a new brand of fruit in the Portuguese market

‘’Fruta com Cheiro’’ is an idea for a new brand of fruit that would be introduced in the Portuguese market that would differentiate itself from the brands already in the market and from other non-branded fruit producers. In order to prove that the idea was valid and would have a place in the market, two methods of exploratory research were used – in-depth interviews and focus groups – to understand attitudes and behaviors regarding fruit selection and purchase and also people’s perceptions to ‘’Fruta com Cheiro’’. After these two steps, several considerations were made in relation to preliminary marketing aspects such as brand creation and positioning. There was also a final remark on the fact that this thesis is not a business plan and its purpose was to show how viable would the project be.

Stratégies de reproduction des mâles et des femelles chez le macaque rhésus (Macaca mulatta)

Contrairement à d’autres groupes animaux, chez les primates, la hiérarchie de dominance ne détermine pas systématiquement le succès reproductif des mâles. Afin de comprendre pourquoi, j’ai étudié les stratégies de reproduction des mâles et des femelles dans un groupe de macaques rhésus de la population semi-libre de Cayo Santiago (Porto Rico), collectant des données comportementales, hormonales et génétiques pendant deux saisons de reproduction. Les résultats se résument en cinq points. 1. Les nouveaux mâles qui ont immigré dans le groupe d’étude occupaient tous les rangs les plus subordonnés de la hiérarchie de dominance et ont monté en rang suite au départ de mâles plus dominants. Ainsi, l’acquisition d’un rang supérieur s’est faite passivement, en absence de conflits. Par conséquent, les mâles dominants étaient généralement d’âge mature et avaient résidé plus longtemps dans le groupe que les mâles subordonnés. 2. L’accès des mâles aux femelles est en accord avec le « modèle de la priorité d’accès » selon lequel le nombre de femelles simultanément en œstrus détermine le rang de dominance du mâle le plus subordonné qui peut avoir accès à une femelle (p. ex. le mâle de rang 4 s’il y a quatre femelles en œstrus). Bien que les mâles dominants aient eu plus de partenaires et aient monopolisé les femelles de qualité supérieure (dominance, parité, âge) pendant leur période ovulatoire (identifiée grâce au profil hormonal de la progestérone), le rang de dominance n’a pas déterminé le succès reproductif, les mâles intermédiaires ayant engendré significativement plus de rejetons que prédit. Il est possible que ces jeunes adultes aient produit un éjaculat de meilleure qualité que les mâles dominants d’âge mature, leur donnant un avantage au niveau de la compétition spermatique. 3. Les mâles dominants préféraient les femelles dominantes, mais cette préférence n’était pas réciproque, ces femelles coopérant plutôt avec les mâles intermédiaires, plus jeunes et moins familiers (c.-à-d. courte durée de résidence). Au contraire, les femelles subordonnées ont coopéré avec les mâles dominants. La préférence des femelles pour les mâles non familiers pourrait être liée à l’attrait pour un nouveau bagage génétique. 4. L’intensité de la couleur de la peau du visage des femelles pendant le cycle ovarien était corrélée au moment de la phase ovulatoire, une information susceptible d’être utilisée par les mâles pour maximiser leur probabilité de fécondation. 5. Les femelles retiraient des bénéfices directs de leurs liaisons sexuelles. En effet, les femelles en liaison sexuelle bénéficiaient d’un niveau de tolérance plus élevé de la part de leur partenaire mâle lorsqu’elles étaient à proximité d’une source de nourriture défendable, comparativement aux autres femelles. En somme, bien que les mâles dominants aient bénéficié d’une priorité d’accès aux femelles fertiles, cela s’est avéré insuffisant pour leur garantir la fécondation de ces femelles parce que celles-ci avaient plusieurs partenaires sexuels. Il semble que l’âge et la durée de résidence des mâles, corrélats de leur mode d’acquisition du rang, aient confondu l’effet du rang de dominance.

Intégration linguistique des immigrants au marché du travail au Québec

La présente étude a comme objectif d’analyser l’intégration linguistique des immigrants au marché du travail au Québec et les facteurs qui y sont associés. Nous le réalisons en examinant la place du français dans les pratiques linguistiques de la main-d’œuvre immigrée au travail. Nous constatons qu’au Québec, en 2007, environ la moitié des immigrants travaillent uniquement ou généralement en français, un quart a régulièrement recours à cette langue dans le cadre de son travail, alors que l’autre quart l’utilise occasionnellement ou ne l’utilise jamais au travail. Nos analyses permettent également d’estimer les effets bruts et nets des nombreux facteurs de l’usage du français au travail par les immigrants. Nous montrons que ce sont les facteurs linguistiques de l’entreprise, de l’entourage et du répondant lui-même qui se manifestent comme des déterminants importants de la langue de travail de celui-ci. Parmi les caractéristiques de l’entreprise, c’est la langue de sa haute direction qui, à travers des politiques d’embauche et des politiques internes, détermine en partie les pratiques linguistiques des travailleurs. La composition linguistique de l’entourage de l’immigrant au travail qui comprend son supérieur immédiat et ses collègues a, elle aussi, un impact important sur la langue employée au travail par celui-ci. Plus cet entourage est composé des personnes de langue maternelle française, plus le travailleur immigré utilisera cette langue au travail. Parmi les caractéristiques individuelles du répondant, sa langue d’études et ses compétences linguistiques ressortent. Les immigrants ayant une bonne connaissance du français l’emploient plus au travail que ceux en ayant une faible connaissance. En revanche, la connaissance de l’anglais a un impact négatif sur l’usage du français au travail. Selon nos analyses, parmi les facteurs non linguistiques qui sont associés significativement à la langue de travail des immigrants, il y a la localisation géographique de l’entreprise, l’origine des travailleurs immigrés, leur profession et l’âge à leur arrivée au Québec.

Studies on grain refinement and alloying additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-8Zn-4Al alloy

MAGNESIUM ALLOYS have strong potential for weight reduction in a wide range of technical applications because of their low density compared to other structural metallic materials. Therefore, an extensive growth of magnesium alloys usage in the automobile sector is expected in the coming years to enhance the fuel efficiency through mass reduction. The drawback associated with the use of commercially cheaper Mg-Al based alloys, such as AZ91, AM60 and AM50 are their inferior creep properties above 100ºC due to the presence of discontinuous Mg17A112 phases at the grain boundaries. Although rare earth-based magnesium alloys show better mechanical properties, it is not economically viable to use these alloys in auto industries. Recently, many new Mg-Al based alloy systems have been developed for high temperature applications, which do not contain the Mg17Al12 phase. It has been proved that the addition of a high percentage of zinc (which depends upon the percentage of Al) to binary Mg-Al alloys also ensures the complete removal of the Mg17Al12 phase and hence exhibits superior high temperature properties.ZA84 alloy is one such system, which has 8%Zn in it (Mg-8Zn-4Al-0.2Mn, all are in wt %) and shows superior creep resistance compared to AZ and AM series alloys. These alloys are mostly used in die casting industries. However, there are certain large and heavy components, made up of this alloy by sand castings that show lower mechanical properties because of their coarse microstructure. Moreover, further improvement in their high temperature behaviour through microstructural modification is also an essential task to make this alloy suitable for the replacement of high strength aluminium alloys used in automobile industry. Grain refinement is an effective way to improve the tensile behaviour of engineering alloys. In fact, grain refinement of Mg-Al based alloys is well documented in literature. However, there is no grain refiner commercially available in the market for Mg-Al alloys. It is also reported in the literature that the microstructure of AZ91 alloy is modified through the minor elemental additions such as Sb, Si, Sr, Ca, etc., which enhance its high temperature properties because of the formation of new stable intermetallics. The same strategy can be used with the ZA84 alloy system to improve its high temperature properties further without sacrificing the other properties. The primary objective of the present research work, “Studies on grain refinement and alloying additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-8Zn-4Al alloy” is twofold: 1. To investigate the role of individual and combined additions of Sb and Ca on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA84 alloy. 2. To synthesis a novel Mg-1wt%Al4C3 master alloy for grain refinement of ZA84 alloy and investigate its effects on mechanical properties.

A Modeling Analysis of Changing Global Land Use as affected by Changing Demands for Wood Products

The 21st century has brought new challenges for forest management at a time when globalization in world trade is increasing and global climate change is becoming increasingly apparent. In addition to various goods and services like food, feed, timber or biofuels being provided to humans, forest ecosystems are a large store of terrestrial carbon and account for a major part of the carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the land surface. Depending on the stage of the ecosystems and/or management regimes, forests can be either sinks, or sources of carbon. At the global scale, rapid economic development and a growing world population have raised much concern over the use of natural resources, especially forest resources. The challenging question is how can the global demands for forest commodities be satisfied in an increasingly globalised economy, and where could they potentially be produced? For this purpose, wood demand estimates need to be integrated in a framework, which is able to adequately handle the competition for land between major land-use options such as residential land or agricultural land. This thesis is organised in accordance with the requirements to integrate the simulation of forest changes based on wood extraction in an existing framework for global land-use modelling called LandSHIFT. Accordingly, the following neuralgic points for research have been identified: (1) a review of existing global-scale economic forest sector models (2) simulation of global wood production under selected scenarios (3) simulation of global vegetation carbon yields and (4) the implementation of a land-use allocation procedure to simulate the impact of wood extraction on forest land-cover. Modelling the spatial dynamics of forests on the global scale requires two important inputs: (1) simulated long-term wood demand data to determine future roundwood harvests in each country and (2) the changes in the spatial distribution of woody biomass stocks to determine how much of the resource is available to satisfy the simulated wood demands. First, three global timber market models are reviewed and compared in order to select a suitable economic model to generate wood demand scenario data for the forest sector in LandSHIFT. The comparison indicates that the ‘Global Forest Products Model’ (GFPM) is most suitable for obtaining projections on future roundwood harvests for further study with the LandSHIFT forest sector. Accordingly, the GFPM is adapted and applied to simulate wood demands for the global forestry sector conditional on selected scenarios from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Global Environmental Outlook until 2050. Secondly, the Lund-Potsdam-Jena (LPJ) dynamic global vegetation model is utilized to simulate the change in potential vegetation carbon stocks for the forested locations in LandSHIFT. The LPJ data is used in collaboration with spatially explicit forest inventory data on aboveground biomass to allocate the demands for raw forest products and identify locations of deforestation. Using the previous results as an input, a methodology to simulate the spatial dynamics of forests based on wood extraction is developed within the LandSHIFT framework. The land-use allocation procedure specified in the module translates the country level demands for forest products into woody biomass requirements for forest areas, and allocates these on a five arc minute grid. In a first version, the model assumes only actual conditions through the entire study period and does not explicitly address forest age structure. Although the module is in a very preliminary stage of development, it already captures the effects of important drivers of land-use change like cropland and urban expansion. As a first plausibility test, the module performance is tested under three forest management scenarios. The module succeeds in responding to changing inputs in an expected and consistent manner. The entire methodology is applied in an exemplary scenario analysis for India. A couple of future research priorities need to be addressed, particularly the incorporation of plantation establishments; issue of age structure dynamics; as well as the implementation of a new technology change factor in the GFPM which can allow the specification of substituting raw wood products (especially fuelwood) by other non-wood products.

Efecto de la hipoxia-reoxigenación y las radiaciones ionizantes en la captación de glucosa en líneas tumorales de seno y colon cocultivadas con células endoteliales.

La captación de glucosa y su conversión en lactato juega un papel fundamental en el metabolismo tumoral, independientemente de la concentración de oxígeno presente en el tejido (efecto Warburg). Sin embrago, dicha captación varía de un tipo tumoral a otro, y dentro del mismo tumor, situación que podría depender de las características microambientales tumorales (fluctuaciones de oxígeno, presencia de otros tipos celulares) y de factores estresores asociados a los tratamientos. Se estudió el efecto de la hipoxia-reoxigenación (HR) y las radiaciones ionizantes (RI) sobre la captación de glucosa, en cultivos de líneas tumorales MCF-7 y HT-29, cultivadas de forma aislada o en cocultivo con la línea celular EAhy296. Se encontró que la captación de glucosa en HR es diferente para lo descrito en condiciones de hipoxia permanente y que es modificada en el cocultivo. Se identificaron poblaciones celulares dentro de la misma línea celular, de alta y baja captación de glucosa, lo que implicaría una simbiosis metabólica de la célula como respuesta adaptativa a las condiciones tumorales. Se evaluó la expresión de NRF2 y la translocación nuclear de NRF2 y HIF1a, como vías de respuesta a estrés celular e hipoxia. La translocación nuclear de las proteínas evaluadas explicaría el comportamiento metabólico de las células tumorales de seno, pero no de colon, por lo cual deben existir otras vías metabólicas implicadas. Las diferencias en el comportamiento de las células tumorales en HR en relación con hipoxia permitirá realizar planeaciones dosimétricas más dinámicas, que reevalúen las condiciones de oxigenación tumoral constantemente.

Producció i caracterització de variants de la ribonucleasa pancreàtica humana dissenyades per a adquirir propietats citotòxiques

Amb la finalitat d'aprofundir en les bases moleculars de la citotoxicitat de les ribonucleases pancreàtiques, es van construir variants derivades de l'HP-RNasa seguint dues estratègies. En la primera, es van generar variants de l'enzim resistents a l'acció de l'inhibidor proteic de les ribonucleases (hRI), substituint residus implicats en la interfície de contacte entre la ribonucleasa i l'hRI. En la segona, es va addicionar el motiu RGD en regions de superfície de la proteïna implicades en la formació del complex amb l'hRI, a fi de promoure la seva interacció amb la membrana plasmàtica de les cèl·lules i a la vegada disminuir l'afinitat de les variants per l'hRI. Es va comprovar que només les variants portadores de substitucions múltiples adquirien la capacitat de resistència a l'hRI. L'estudi del percentatge d'inhibició de la síntesi proteica en cèl·lules incubades amb cadascuna de les variants va mostrar que només dues de les variants construïdes havien adquirit propietats citotòxiques. La citotoxicitat més elevada la va presentar una variant que no era resistent a l'hRI, amb valors que eren només entre 5 i 15 vegades inferiors als de l'onconasa. Aquest resultat demostrà que la sensibilitat a l'hRI no és necessàriament un paràmetre limitant per a la citotoxicitat de les ribonucleases. Cap de les variants que incorporava un motiu RGD presentà citotoxicitat, evidenciant que aquest motiu no és efectiu a fi de dotar les ribonucleases pancreàtiques de propietats citotòxiques. Es van estudiar les bases moleculars de la citotoxicitat de la variant més citotòxica. En primer lloc, l'anàlisi de la internalització per marcatge radioactiu d'aquesta variant en relació amb l'onconasa i amb altres variants de l'HP-RNasa no citotòxiques, va posar en evidència que només l'onconasa era internalitzada eficientment. Es descartava així la possibilitat que l'acció citotòxica de l'enzim estudiat fos conseqüència d'una major eficiència d'endocitosi. També es va comprovar que l'addició del motiu RGD no era capaç de promoure la internalització de les proteïnes amb més eficàcia. Per microscòpia confocal de fluorescència, les variants humanes només es van començar a detectar a l'interior de la cèl·lula a partir de les 24 h d'incubació. Totes les variants generades van presentar una eficiència catalítica superior al 50 % de l'activitat de la seva proteïna parental, PM5, indicant que probablement l'estructura del centre actiu no havia estat afectada de manera dràstica per les substitucions introduïdes. No obstant, en tots els casos es va produir una disminució en la termoestabilitat respecte a PM5. Aquest resultat indicà que la correlació descrita a la bibliografia entre l'increment de termoestabilitat i l'increment de citotoxicitat per les ribonucleases no sempre es compleix. Per microscòpia confocal es va comprovar que tant la proteïna més citotòxica, com una variant no citotòxica resistent a l'hRI, així com la proteïna parental, seguien la via de degradació lisosomal. Aquesta ruta de trànsit no va ser afectada per l'addició de drogues que alteren les vies de trànsit retrògrad (monensina i brefeldina A), però sí per l'addició de la bafilomicina A1, una droga que neutralitza el pH endosomal i que va actuar alentint el trànsit de les proteïnes als lisosomes. D'acord amb aquests resultats, els valors de citotoxicitat de les variants es van incrementar de manera significativa només en presència de bafilomicina A1, suggerint que les ribonucleases transloquen al citoplasma a partir d'algun punt de la via de trànsit endosomal. Es va comprovar que l'acció de la variant més citotòxica era deguda a que l'addició d'un segon motiu de tres Arg en PE5 dota a aquesta proteïna amb un senyal de transport nuclear. La fracció d'enzim que aconsegueix translocar al citoplasma a partir d'algun punt de la via endosomal previ als lisosomes, és conduït ràpidament al nucli de la cèl·lula per mitjà del mecanisme clàssic de transport actiu. Per la seva afinitat amb l'rRNA, l'enzim es concentra en el nuclèol, on probablement duu a terme la seva activitat catalítica. La interacció d'aquesta variant amb els receptors nucleocitoplasmàtics, les importines, impediria per altra banda el bloqueig de l'enzim per part de l'hRI. Els resultats obtinguts presenten una nova estratègia de disseny de ribonucleases citotòxiques, basada en l'addició de segments NLS a fi de promoure el transport nuclear dels enzims. Aquesta estratègia podria permetre superar limitacions que fins al moment han estat descrites com a limitants de la citotoxicitat de les ribonucleases pancreàtiques, com la sensibilitat a l'hRI o la baixa eficiència d'internalització.

Educação escolar indígena : uma análise da educação intercultural do povo Xukuru do Ororubá

Esta pesquisa procurou compreender a Educação Escolar Indígena (EEI), a partir da estadualização do ensino no Estado de Pernambuco, mais especificamente, do povo Xukuru do Ororubá, que tem suas terras nos municípios de Pesqueira e Porção, na região agreste de Pernambuco, bem como analisar interculturalidade dentro da cultura e costume desse povo. Os locais das entrevistas aconteceram nas terras do povo Xukuru, na Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (Campus Caruaru), e no Recife, na Secretaria de Educação do Estado de Pernambuco. A pesquisa foi conduzida através de entrevistas com oito professores indígenas, Xukuru do Ororubá e com dois professores indigenistas, em eventos culturais do povo Xukuru, em intervalos de aulas na Universidade e nas reuniões do Conselho Educacional Escolar Indígena (CEEIN) do Estado de Pernambuco. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que: quanto à estadualização do ensino, há um grau de satisfação por ter ocorrido a mudança de responsabilidade da esfera municipal para a estadual. Relativo à Interculturalidade, há uma desenvoltura categórica desses povos em respeitar a cultura do outro, sem que para isso seja desmerecida a sua. Não só o povo Xukuru, mas também os outros povos indígenas de Pernambuco tem se relacionado muito bem entres os mesmos como também com os demais estudantes não indígena na Universidade.

Cannabis constituents modulate ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced hyperphagia in rats

Rationale The hyperphagic effect of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9THC) in humans and rodents is well known. However, no studies have investigated the importance of ∆9THC composition and any influence other non-∆9THC cannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa may have. We therefore compared the effects of purified ∆9THC, synthetic ∆9THC (dronabinol), and ∆9THC botanical drug substance (∆9THC-BDS), a ∆9THC-rich standardized extract comparable in composition to recreationally used cannabis. Methods Adult male rats were orally dosed with purified ∆9THC, synthetic ∆9THC, or ∆9THC-BDS, matched for ∆9THC content (0.34–2.68 mg/kg). Prior to dosing, subjects were satiated, and food intake was recorded following ∆9THC administration. Data were then analyzed in terms of hourly intake and meal patterns. Results All three ∆9THC substances tested induced significant hyperphagic effects at doses ≥0.67 mg/kg. These effects included increased intake during hour one, a shorter latency to onset of feeding and a greater duration and consumption in the first meal. However, while some differences in vehicle control intakes were observed, there were significant, albeit subtle, differences in pattern of effects between the purified ∆9THC and ∆9THC-BDS. Conclusion All ∆9THC compounds displayed classical ∆9THC effects on feeding, significantly increasing short-term intake whilst decreasing latency to the first meal. We propose that the subtle adjustment to the meal patterns seen between the purified ∆9THC and ∆9THC-BDS are due to non-∆9THC cannabinoids present in ∆9THC-BDS. These compounds and other non-cannabinoids have an emerging and diverse pharmacology and can modulate ∆9THC-induced hyperphagia, making them worth further investigation for their therapeutic potential.