842 resultados para ecosystem services
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Coastal ecosystems and the services they provide are adversely affected by a wide variety of human activities. In particular, seagrass meadows are negatively affected by impacts accruing from the billion or more people who live within 50 km of them. Seagrass meadows provide important ecosystem services, including an estimated $1.9 trillion per year in the form of nutrient cycling; an order of magnitude enhancement of coral reef fish productivity; a habitat for thousands of fish, bird, and invertebrate species; and a major food source for endangered dugong, manatee, and green turtle. Although individual impacts from coastal development, degraded water quality, and climate change have been documented, there has been no quantitative global assessment of seagrass loss until now. Our comprehensive global assessment of 215 studies found that seagrasses have been disappearing at a rate of 110 square kilometers per year since 1980 and that 29% of the known areal extent has disappeared since seagrass areas were initially recorded in 1879. Furthermore, rates of decline have accelerated from a median of 0.9% per year before 1940 to 7% per year since 1990. Seagrass loss rates are comparable to those reported for mangroves, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests and place seagrass meadows among the most threatened ecosystems on earth.
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Managing protected areas implies dealing with complex social-ecological systems where multiple dimensions (social, institutional, economic and ecological) interact over time for the delivery of ecosystem services. Uni-dimensional and top-down management approaches have been unable to capture this complexity. Instead, new integrated approaches that acknowledge the diversity of social actors in the decision making process are required. In this paper we put forward a novel participatory assessment approach which integrates multiple methodologies to reflect different value articulating institutions in the case of a Natura 2000 network site in the Basque Country. It integrates within a social multi-criteria evaluation framework, both the economic values of ecosystem services through a choice experiment model and ecological values by means of a spatial bio-geographic assessment. By capturing confronting social and institutional conflicts in protected areas the participatory integrated assessment approach presented here can help decision makers for better planning and managing Natura 2000 sites.
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According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessments chapter Coastal Systems (Agardy and Alder 2005), 40% of the world population falls within 100 km of the coast. Agardy and Alder report that population densities in coastal regions are three times those of inland regions and demographic forecasts suggest a continued rise in coastal populations. These high population levels can be partially traced to the abundance of ecosystem services provided in the coastal zone. While populations benefit from an abundance of services, population pressure also degrades existing services and leads to increased susceptibility of property and human life to natural hazards. In the face of these challenges, environmental administrators on the coast must pursue agendas which reflect the difficult balance between private and public interests. These decisions include maintaining economic prosperity and personal freedoms, protecting or enhancing the existing flow of ecosystem services to society, and mitigating potential losses from natural hazards. (PDF contains 5 pages)
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36 p.
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Os programas de Pagamento por Servios Ambientais (PSA) correspondem a incentivos a quem ajuda a manter ou a produzir os servios ecossistmicos. O presente trabalho preocupou-se com a compreenso sobre a real contribuio destes programas de PSA para a gesto sustentvel dos recursos hdricos, destacando o caso do programa FUNBOAS - Fundo de Boas Prticas Scio Ambientais, criado pelo Comit de Bacias Hidrogrficas Lagos So Joo (CBHLSJ). Para atingir o objetivo proposto e entender os impactos do programa na microbacia, foram utilizadas informaes fornecidas pelo CBHLSJ e foram realizadas visitas em campo, onde amostras de gua foram coletadas para anlise de parmetros fsico-qumicos (pH, turbidez, NH3, P, OD, DQO e COT) e entrevistas com a populao local foram realizadas. O FUNBOAS um mecanismo de incentivo tcnico e financeiro aos que ajudam a conservar os recursos hdricos e alimentado com recursos oriundos da cobrana pelo uso da gua da bacia. De uma forma geral, foi possvel observar que o FUNBOAS possibilitou que os agricultores da microbacia beneficiada adotassem prticas de manejo mais sustentveis, colaborando para a prestao dos servios ecossistmicos. Os resultados das anlises de gua indicaram que ainda existem pontos crticos de contaminao na microbacia, onde necessrio que medidas sejam tomadas para recuperar a qualidade da gua do crrego. As entrevistas possibilitaram demonstrar que o FUNBOAS afetou o modo de vida dos produtores rurais da microbacia de forma positiva, melhorando a qualidade de vida das famlias beneficiadas. Tambm foi constatada a importncia da preservao das florestas nativas na conservao da qualidade da gua e dos trabalhos de educao ambiental na capacitao da populao e na conscientizao sobre a preservao dos recursos naturais. Alm disso, o monitoramento ambiental da qualidade da gua demonstrou ser uma ferramenta fundamental em programas de PSA em recursos hdricos, pois podem embasar a tomada de deciso, apontar pontos crticos de interveno e evidenciar os impactos das aes, servindo para o acompanhamento dos resultados alcanados pelo programa. De uma forma geral, os resultados alcanados por esta pesquisa permitem concluir que programas de PSA so importantes instrumentos de gesto sustentvel dos recursos hdricos, uma vez que possibilitam a preservao dos ecossistemas, colaborando com desenvolvimento socioeconmico das comunidades afetadas.
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reas alagadas so importantes devido grande biodiversidade que sustentam e aos servios ambientais gerados pela sua conservao. Essas reas, quando dominadas por macrfitas, tendem a suportar grande biodiversidade e assumir grande valor de conservao. Assim, o monitoramento do estabelecimento deste importante componente do ecossistema durante um projeto de recuperao de ecossistemas importante para avaliar o sucesso da sua recuperao. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar aquantidade de biomassa por rea acumulada em um ecossistema ao longo de um gradiente de recuperao. Atravs da classificao no supervisionada gerada a partir de de imagens de satlite de alta resoluo (GeoEye-1) e amostragem destrutiva foram estimadas quantidades de biomassa por rea em trs alagados em recuperao na Reserva Ecolgica Guapia. A classificao no supervisionada se mostrou uma ferramenta acurada e eficiente no mapeamento de classes de vegetao. Os alagados estudados apresentam uma taxa de acmulo de carbono anual estimada em 1,12 MgC.hec-1 atingindo um mximo de 5.55 MgC.hec-1 no terceiro ano. Adicionalmente, foi observada uma correlao negativa entre biomassa e profundidade.
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[es]Conocer la distribucin de la biodiversidad y de los servicios de los ecosistemas (SE), as como la demanda por parte de la poblacin es la base para realizar una gestin sostenible en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai. En este trabajo se analizan los valores ecolgicos de la biodiversidad y de cinco SE (regulacin del ciclo hidrolgico, almacenamiento de carbono, polinizacin, uso recreativo y disfrute esttico del paisaje) en las seis unidades ambientales/ecosistemas presentes en la zona (encinar, marisma, plantaciones forestales, fondos y prados de valles, bosques naturales y hbitat costeros). Se compara esta evaluacin con la percepcin que la poblacin tiene de dichos servicios y con la demanda que manifiestan los habitantes/usuarios de la reserva. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que existe una gran demanda de los servicios de abastecimiento y regulacin por parte de la poblacin; sin embargo, la poblacin percibe que Urdaibai ofrece principalmente servicios culturales. Tambin se observa que la poblacin no discrimina las diferentes contribuciones que los diferentes ecosistemas realizan a los servicios y que en general las valoraciones de los servicios suministrados asignadas por la poblacin a los diferentes ecosistemas son superiores a las obtenidas con los datos biofsicos, con la excepcin de los bosques los cuales son infravalorados. Castellano.
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[EUS] Hiriko ekosistemak garrantzi handiko gune berdeak bilakatzen ari diren honetan, geroz eta gehiago dira eremu naturalen kudeaketarako estrategiak garatzeko biodibertsitatearen eta ekosistemen zerbitzuen balioa kontuan hartu behar dela uste dutenak. Ekosistemen zerbitzuen (gizakiak ekosistematik eskuratzen dituen onurak) kudeaketa jasangarria garatzeko, zerbitzuon eskaintza eta eskaria kontuan hartzen dituzten aspektu biofisiko, sozio-kultural eta ekonomikoak ezagutzea beharrezkoa da. Ikerketa honetan, hiritarrek Bilboko Eraztun Berdeko ekosistemek eskaintzen dituzten zerbitzuen inguruan duten pertzepzioa ezagutu nahi da, jendeak eskaintzen diren zerbitzu guztiak hautematen dituen jakiteko. Horretarako, ikertutako arean ekosistemen hiru zerbitzu kartografiatu dira (aspektu biofisikoa) eta 111 pertsona inkestatu dira euren iritzia ezagutzeko (aspektu sozio-kultural eta ekonomikoa). Hala, ikusi da hiritarrek naturak ongizaterako duen garrantzia ezagutzen dutela, nahiz eta ekosistemen zerbitzuen kontzeptua ez ezagutu. Dena dela, ekosistemak egoera onean mantentzeko prest daude, bereziki garrantzitsuak iruditzen baitzaizkie erregulaziozko zerbitzuak (airearen kalitatea) eta zerbitzu kulturalak (lasaitasuna, aisia, eta naturarekin kontaktua). Beraz, emaitza hauek kontuan hartu beharko lituzkete Bilboko Eraztun Berdeko ekosistemen kudeaketaz arduratzen diren agintariek, etorkizun hurbilean zerbitzuen eskaintza eta eskariaren arteko kudeaketa orekatua garatzeko.
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To develop a portfolio of indicators and measures that could best measure changes in the social, economic, environmental and health dimensions of well-being in coastal counties we convened a group of experts March 8-9, 2011 in Charleston, SC, U.S.A. The region of interest was of the northern Gulf of Mexico, specifically, those coastal counties most impacted during the explosion and subsequent oil spill from the Macondo Prospect wellhead during the summer of 2010. Over the course of the two-day workshop participants moved through presentations and facilitated sessions to identify and prioritize potential indicators and measures deemed most valuable for capturing changes in well-being related to changes in or disruption of ecosystem services. The experts reached consensus on a list of indicators that are now being operationalized by NOAA researchers. The ultimate goal of this research project is to determine whether a meaningful set of social and economic indicators can be developed to document changes in well-being that occur as a result of changes in ecosystem services. The outcomes and outputs from the workshop that is the subject of this report helped us to identify high-quality indicators useful for measuring well-being.
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Hawaiis coastal marine resources have declined dramatically over the past 100 years due to multiple anthropogenic stressors including overfishing, coastal development, pollution, overuse, invasive species and climate change. It is now becoming evident that ecosystem-based management, in the form of marine protected areas (MPAs), is necessary to conserve biodiversity, maintain viable fisheries, and deliver a broad suite of ecosystem services. Over the past four decades, Hawaii has developed a system of MPAs to conserve and replenish marine resources around the state. These Marine Life Conservation Districts (MLCDs) vary in size, habitat quality, and management regimes, providing an excellent opportunity to test hypotheses concerning MPA design and function using multiple discreet sampling units. NOAA/NOS/NCCOS/Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessments Biogeography Branch used digital benthic habitat maps coupled with comprehensive ecological studies between 2002 and 2004 to evaluate the efficacy of all existing MLCDs using a spatially-explicit stratified random sampling design. The results from this work have shown that areas fully protected from fishing had higher fish biomass, larger overall fish size, and higher biodiversity than adjacent areas of similar habitat quality. Other key findings demonstrated that top predators and other important fisheries species were more abundant and larger in the MPAs, illustrating the effectiveness of these closures in conserving these populations. Habitat complexity, protected area size and habitat diversity were the major factors in determining effectiveness among MPAs.
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This paper reviews the scientific data on the ecosystem services provided by shoreline habitats, the evidence for adverse impacts from bulkheading on those habitats and services, and describes alternative approaches to shoreline stabilization, which minimize adverse impacts to the shoreline ecosystem. Alternative shoreline stabilization structures that incorporate natural habitats, also known as living shorelines, have been popularized by environmental groups and state regulatory agencies in the mid-Atlantic. Recent data on living shoreline projects in North Carolina that include a stone sill demonstrate that the sills increase sedimentation rates, that after 3 years marshes behind the sills have slightly reduced biomass, and that the living shoreline projects exhibit similar rates of fishery utilization as nearby natural fringing marshes. Although the current emphasis on shoreline armoring in Puget Sound is on steeper, higher-energy shorelines, armoring of lower-energy shorelines may become an issue in the future with expansion of residential development and projected rates of sea level rise. The implementation of regulatory policy on estuarine shoreline stabilization in North Carolina and elsewhere is presented. The regulatory and public education issues experienced in North Carolina, which have made changes in estuarine shoreline stabilization policy difficult, may inform efforts to adopt a sustainable shoreline armoring strategy in Puget Sound. A necessary foundation for regulatory change in shoreline armoring policy, and public support for that change, is rigorous scientific assessment of the variety of services that natural shoreline habitats provide both to the ecosystem and to coastal communities, and evidence demonstrating that shoreline armoring can adversely impact the provision of those services.
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Coastal ecosystems and the services they provide are adversely affected by a wide variety of human activities. In particular, seagrass meadows are negatively affected by impacts accruing from the billion or more people who live within 50 km of them. Seagrass meadows provide important ecosystem services, including an estimated $1.9 trillion per year in the form of nutrient cycling; an order of magnitude enhancement of coral reef fish productivity; a habitat for thousands of fish, bird, and invertebrate species; and a major food source for endangered dugong, manatee, and green turtle. Although individual impacts from coastal development, degraded water quality, and climate change have been documented, there has been no quantitative global assessment of seagrass loss until now. Our comprehensive global assessment of 215 studies found that seagrasses have been disappearing at a rate of 110 square kilometers per year since 1980 and that 29% of the known areal extent has disappeared since seagrass areas were initially recorded in 1879. Furthermore, rates of decline have accelerated from a median of 0.9% per year before 1940 to 7% per year since 1990. Seagrass loss rates are comparable to those reported for mangroves, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests and place seagrass meadows among the most threatened ecosystems on earth.
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Coral reef ecosystems of the Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument, Virgin Islands National Park and the surrounding waters of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands are a precious natural resource worthy of special protection and conservation. The mosaic of habitats including coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves, are home to a diversity of marine organisms. These benthic habitats and their associated inhabitants provide many important ecosystem services to the community of St. John, such as fishing, tourism and shoreline protection. However, coral reef ecosystems throughout the U.S. Caribbean are under increasing pressure from environmental and anthropogenic stressors that threaten to destroy the natural heritage of these marine habitats. Mapping of benthic habitats is an integral component of any effective ecosystem-based management approach. Through the implementation of a multi-year interagency agreement, NOAAs Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment - Biogeography Branch and the U.S. National Park Service (NPS) have completed benthic habitat mapping, field validation and accuracy assessment of maps for the nearshore marine environment of St. John. This work is an expansion of ongoing mapping and monitoring efforts conducted by NOAA and NPS in the U.S. Caribbean and replaces previous NOAA maps generated by Kendall et al. (2001) for the waters around St. John. The use of standardized protocols enables the condition of the coral reef ecosystems around St. John to be evaluated in context to the rest of the Virgin Island Territories and other U.S. coral ecosystems. The products from this effort provide an accurate assessment of the abundance and distribution of marine habitats surrounding St. John to support more effective management and conservation of ocean resources within the National Park system. This report documents the entire process of benthic habitat mapping in St. John. Chapter 1 provides a description of the benthic habitat classification scheme used to categorize the different habitats existing in the nearshore environment. Chapter 2 describes the steps required to create a benthic habitat map from visual interpretation of remotely sensed imagery. Chapter 3 details the process of accuracy assessment and reports on the thematic accuracy of the final maps. Finally, Chapter 4 is a summary of the basic map content and compares the new maps to a previous NOAA effort. Benthic habitat maps of the nearshore marine environment of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands were created by visual interpretation of remotely sensed imagery. Overhead imagery, including color orthophotography and IKONOS satellite imagery, proved to be an excellent source from which to visually interpret the location, extent and attributes of marine habitats. NOAA scientists were able to accurately and reliably delineate the boundaries of features on digital imagery using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and fi eld investigations. The St. John habitat classification scheme defined benthic communities on the basis of four primary coral reef ecosystem attributes: 1) broad geographic zone, 2) geomorphological structure type, 3) dominant biological cover, and 4) degree of live coral cover. Every feature in the benthic habitat map was assigned a designation at each level of the scheme. The ability to apply any component of this scheme was dependent on being able to identify and delineate a given feature in remotely sensed imagery.
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CENTURY;; (1) 112. llthm-2403. 07gC.m-2.a-l (2) NPP= (0.3318ln (V/A) +0.4747)30 (l_e-0'0009695E) (3) 2.65 thm-2 (4) C029. 8% (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 2409.96106US$a-2.52 (10) Va=108.251 06(Tp)0'93
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