La música en el desarrollo de la espiritualidad y la religiosidad. Una aproximación al Cristianismo y al Budismo

La música puede afectar al individuo en todos sus niveles –físico, mental y espiritual–. El presente artículo se centra en el papel que ésta desempeña en el desarrollo de la vida espiritual y trascendental. Para ello, realizaremos un repaso histórico de su evolución estética y social, abordaremos dicho fenómeno a nivel fisiológico y presentaremos sus aplicaciones clínicas y sociales. Seguidamente y a modo de ejemplo de las concepciones de pensamiento occidental y oriental, trataremos la forma en que el cristianismo y el budismo conciben la música dentro de su doctrina. Finalizaremos con algunas reflexiones sobre el tema.

A Corrupção burocrática inibe o empreendedorismo? uma análise empírica dos estados brasileiros

This work aims to investigate the relationship between the entrepreneurship and the incidence of bureaucratic corruption in the states of Brazil and Federal District. The main hypothesis of this study is that the opening of a business in Brazilian states is negatively affected by the incidence of corruption. The theoretical reference is divided into Entrepreneurship and bureaucratic corruption, with an emphasis on materialistic perspective (objectivist) of entrepreneurship and the effects of bureaucratic corruption on entrepreneurial activity. By the regression method with panel data, we estimated the models with pooled data and fixed and random effects. To measure corruption, I used the General Index of Corruption for the Brazilian states (BOLL, 2010), and to represent entrepreneurship, firm entry per capita by state. Tests (Chow, Hausman and Breusch-Pagan) indicate that the random effects model is more appropriate, and the preliminary results indicate a positive impact of bureaucratic corruption on entrepreneurial activity, contradicting the hypothesis expected and found in previous articles to Brazil, and corroborating the proposition of Dreher and Gassebner (2011) that, in countries with high regulation, bureaucratic corruption can be grease in the wheels of entrepreneurship

Propuesta de formalización para el acceso a mercados de exportación e incremento de rentabilidad de los productores cacaoteros de Bagua Grande, Amazonas 2014

Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Paul Perny y el aprendizaje de la lengua china : estudio del Dictionnaire français-latin-chinois de la langue mandarine parlée como parte de una obra didáctica

This paper defends the idea that the Dictionnaire français-latin-chinois de la langue mandarine parlée (1869), written by French clergyman Paul Perny, represents a groundbreaking work within the French to Chinese multilingual lexicography based on its strong communicative stance. It outlines the relationship between Perny’s work and the sinological tradition initiated by the Jesuits in China, and further analyzes the dictionary’s organizational structure, including the nature of its lexical inventory. It is noteworthy that this dictionary features a large number of terms belonging to the Catholic religion, even though it is possible to identify a significant and systematic presence of vocabulary specific to pagan Chinese tradition. The Dictionnaire français-latin-chinois de la langue mandarine parlée also stands out for including the vocabulary of modern Chinese along with numerous expressions and terms related to Chinese culture which enable a closer understanding of the Chinese cultural universe.

Jung and Goddess: the significance of Jungian and post-Jungian theory to the development of the Western Goddess Movement

This study is concerned with the significance of Jungian and post-Jungian theory to the development of the contemporary Western Goddess Movement, which includes the various self-identified nature-based, Pagan, Goddess Feminism, Goddess Consciousness, Goddess Spirituality, Wicca, and Goddess-centred faith traditions that have seen a combined increase in Western adherents over the past five decades and share a common goal to claim Goddess as an active part of Western consciousness and faith traditions. The Western Goddess Movement has been strongly influenced by Jung’s thought, and by feminist revisions of Jungian Theory, sometimes interpreted idiosyncratically, but presented as a route to personal and spiritual transformation. The analysis examines ways in which women encounter Goddess through a process of Jungian Individuation and traces the development of Jungian and post-Jungian theories by identifying the key thinkers and central ideas that helped to shape the development of the Western Goddess Movement. It does so through a close reading and analysis of five biographical ‘rebirth’ memoirs published between 1981 and 1998: Christine Downing’s (1981) The Goddess: Mythological Images of the Feminine; Jean Shinoda Bolen’s (1994) Crossing to Avalon: A Woman’s Midlife Pilgrimage; Sue Monk Kidd’s (1996) The Dance of the Dissident Daughter: A Woman’s Journey from Christian Tradition to the Sacred Feminine; Margaret Starbird’s (1998) The Goddess in the Gospels: Reclaiming the Sacred Feminine; and Phyllis Curott’s (1998) Book of Shadows: A Modern Woman’s Journey into the Wisdom of Witchcraft and the Magic of the Goddess. These five memoirs reflect the diversity of the faith traditions in the Western Goddess Movement. The enquiry centres upon two parallel and complementary research threads: 1) critically examining the content of the memoirs in order to determine their contribution to the development of the Goddess Movement and 2) charting and sourcing the development of the major Jungian and post-Jungian theories championed in the memoirs in order to evaluate the significance of Jungian and post-Jungian thought in the Movement. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the original research question: what is the significance of Jungian and post-Jungian theory for the development of the Western Goddess Movement? Each memoir is subjected to critical review of its intended audiences, its achievements, its functions and strengths, and its theoretical frameworks. Research results offered more than the experiences of five Western women, it also provided evidence to analyse the significance of Jungian and post-Jungian theory to the development of the Western Goddess Movement. The findings demonstrate the vital contributions of the analytical psychology of Carl Jung, and post-Jungians M Esther Harding, Erich Neumann, Christine Downing, E.C. Whitmont, and Jean Shinoda Bolen; the additional contributions of Sue Monk Kidd, Margaret Starbird, and Phyllis Curott, and exhibit Jungian and post-Jungian pathways to Goddess. Through a variety of approaches to Jungian categories, these memoirs constitute a literature of Individuation for the Western Goddess Movement.

Egyptian Pagans through Christian Eyes

Construction of Christian identity in Egypt proceeded in pace with construction of the Egyptian pagan “Other” between the second and sixth centuries. Apologies, martyrdoms, apocalypses, histories, sermons, hagiographies, and magical texts provide several different vantage points from which to view the Christian construction of the Egyptian pagan “Other”: as the agent of anti-Christian violence, as an intellectual rival, as an object of anti-pagan violence, as an obstacle to salvation, and—perhaps most dangerously—as but another participant in a shared religious experience. The recent work of social scientists on identity, deviance, violence, social/cultural memory, and religiosity provides insight into the strategies by which construction of the “Other” was part of a larger project of fashioning a “proper” Christian religious domain.

Ajustes integrales

Exceso de moneda circulante en relación con su cobertura. En economía moderna se considera a la inflación como el Impuesto que pagan los pobres en todos los lugares del mundo. El electo de la inflación sobre los bienes V servicios es de tal magnitud que cada día cientos de personas pierden acceso a cosas determinadas por no poderlas pagar a los precios corregidos, aumentados o crecidos por la inflación.

Ciclo de los negocios en Colombia: el papel de la política de estabilización

Este documento mide la sincronización entre las políticas de estabilización y el ciclo de los negocios en Colombia en el periodo comprendido entre marzo de 1990 y junio de 2013. Para la construcción de los ciclos se utiliza la metodología clásica y se construye un ciclo de referencia a partir de ciclos individuales de tres índices de actividad económica real. Con el fin de medir la sincronización entre el ciclo de nego­cios y los ciclos de las políticas fiscal y monetaria se utiliza el estadístico de Harding y Pagan (2006). Se concluye que durante el periodo de estudio las políticas de estabilización tienden a ser procíclicas (por el lado fiscal) y acíclicas (por el lado monetario). En la literatura se conoce a este fenómeno como when it rains, it pours y es común que se presente en economías emergentes como la colombiana

A Corrupção burocrática inibe o empreendedorismo? uma análise empírica dos estados brasileiros

This work aims to investigate the relationship between the entrepreneurship and the incidence of bureaucratic corruption in the states of Brazil and Federal District. The main hypothesis of this study is that the opening of a business in Brazilian states is negatively affected by the incidence of corruption. The theoretical reference is divided into Entrepreneurship and bureaucratic corruption, with an emphasis on materialistic perspective (objectivist) of entrepreneurship and the effects of bureaucratic corruption on entrepreneurial activity. By the regression method with panel data, we estimated the models with pooled data and fixed and random effects. To measure corruption, I used the General Index of Corruption for the Brazilian states (BOLL, 2010), and to represent entrepreneurship, firm entry per capita by state. Tests (Chow, Hausman and Breusch-Pagan) indicate that the random effects model is more appropriate, and the preliminary results indicate a positive impact of bureaucratic corruption on entrepreneurial activity, contradicting the hypothesis expected and found in previous articles to Brazil, and corroborating the proposition of Dreher and Gassebner (2011) that, in countries with high regulation, bureaucratic corruption can be grease in the wheels of entrepreneurship

Evidence that risk adjustment is unnecessary in estimates of the User cost of money

Investors value the special attributes of monetary assets (e.g., exchangeability, liquidity, and safety) and pay a premium for holding them in the form of a lower return rate -- The user cost of holding monetary assets can be measured approximately by the difference between the returns on illiquid risky assets and those of safer liquid assets -- A more appropriate measure should adjust this difference by the differential risk of the assets in question -- We investigate the impact that time non-separable preferences has on the estimation of the risk-adjusted user cost of money -- Using U.K. data from 1965Q1 to 2011Q1, we estimate a habit-based asset pricing model with money in the utility function and find that the risk adjustment for risky monetary assets is negligible -- Thus, researchers can dispense with risk adjusting the user cost of money in constructing monetary aggregate indexes

La acepción trascendente del refrigerium cristiano: entre el agua y el infierno

El término refrigerium tuvo una doble significación en el cristianismo antiguo: una de carácter físico y material, que derivó de una tradición pagana anterior (“refrescar” al muerto), y otra de naturaleza etérea y sobrenatural que fue producto de un desarrollo etimológico habido en el seno del propio cristianismo (“alcanzar la salvación eterna”). Esta última significación ha pasado en general más desapercibida que la anterior en la historiografía moderna, como si se aceptara que aquélla fue la genuina del término en cuestión, o la más extendida. Este trabajo pretende justamente mostrar que esto no fue exactamente así, y que el contexto semántico de la significación sobrenatural del refrigerium cristiano fue bastante más elevado que el otro. El análisis nos mostrará de paso la función simbólica que tuvo el agua en el cristianismo primitivo.

La santidad compartida: la encrucijada del Islam y la ortodoxia cristiana en los Balcanes, reflejos en Bulgaria

In this doctoral thesis with the title: “The Shared Holiness: The crossroad of Islam and the Christian Orthodoxy in the Balkans, reflections in Bulgaria”, presented by VLADISLAVA SPASOVA ILIEVA, under the direction of Dr. MONTSERRAT ABUMALHAM MAS, and Dr. PEDRO BÁDENAS DE LA PEÑA, we reflect upon the crossroads between the populations in the Balkans, whose conversion into States was significantly influenced by their belonging to the Byzantine and the Ottoman Empires. Known as the crossroads of several cultures, the area was the destination of a massive influx of pagan Slaves, as well as the meeting point of Islam and Christianity. Considering the bidirectionality of the processes, we shall focus on the mutual enrichment brought about in the encounter between the religiosities of the Balkans, and we will discuss these points from different perspectives. In the common Balkan-Anatolian space, we turn our attention to the ancient hermits, with the aim of showing the complicity in the relations of coexistence, whether Islamic-Christian, Turkish-Byzantine, Turkish-Bulgarian, or Ottoman-Balkan, and a possible scheme, that could be valid for both social and spiritual growth of the person, as well as for the development of an ethnic or religious community, when sharing the same space with other populations, communities or ethnicities...

Análisis comparado de la aplicación del principio europeo de responsabilidad ampliada del productor en envases, vehículos fuera de uso y residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos

El marco legal europeo con la intención de proteger al medio ambiente y a las personas, y para preservar los recursos materiales y energéticos, desarrolla la llamada Responsabilidad Ampliada del Productor (RAP). La RAP obliga al fabricante de un bien o producto a que el tratamiento de gestión final que se hace a dichos productos al final de su vida útil sea el adecuado y cumpla con los objetivos que, en cada categoría de producto, marca la normativa. Pese a estar bajo el mismo principio, no todos los productores han adoptado el mismo sistema para cumplir con dichas normas. Así, en el caso de España, para los envases y embalajes se optó por crear un Sistema Integrado de Gestión (SIG) que crease toda la estructura de recogida, clasificación y preparación para la gestión de dichos residuos. De este modo nace Ecoembalajes España que crea desde cero todo un sistema de recogida de envases a partir del llamado contenedor amarillo. Se encarga de construir y gestionar las necesarias plantas de selección de envases y de obtener en ellas un material seleccionado que subasta a los consumidores de dichos materiales. El sistema resulta caro, pues ha de crearse toda una estructura nueva que inicialmente no tiene en cuenta las iniciativas preexistentes de recogida y reciclaje de envases que existían previamente. La financiación de Ecoembes se lleva a cabo a través del llamado punto verde que pagan los envasadores y productores en virtud de la cantidad de envases puestos en el mercado cada año. Las plantas de selección no funcionan bajo parámetros de rentabilidad económica sino como un servicio público y su objetivo es cumplir con los porcentajes de materiales seleccionados que Ecoembes les exige. Finalmente los materiales clasificados que salen de las plantas de selección adolecen de una falta de calidad que penalizan su valor en el mercado de materias primas secundarias obligando en muchos casos a los gestores que adquieren dichos materiales a reprocesarlos para poder venderlos a los consumidores de materiales cumpliendo con los estándares de mercado...