Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina – Perú : inclusión social y discriminación social

Como ha sido observado por estudiosos de la educación superior en el Perú y en América Latina, existen dificultades estructurales para el acceso de grupos vulnerables (pobres, minorías étnicas, grupos urbano-marginales, etc.) a la educación superior de calidad. Asimismo, se observa problemas de permanencia de estudiantes sobre quienes prevalecen relaciones de discriminación en sus entornos institucionales. El proyecto titulado “Programa marco interuniversitario para la equidad y la cohesión social de las instituciones de educación superior en América latina” (RIAIPE3, 2011-2013), del que es parte la Universidad Nacional Agraria-La Molina (UNALM), en Perú, es un esfuerzo interinstitucional que entre otros propósitos tuvo: “crear y aplicar un programa marco de referencia para promover las políticas y prácticas en las instituciones de educación superior en América Latina que favorezcan la equidad en poblaciones vulnerables y considere como focos de atención: la exclusión, el acceso, la permanencia en la educación superior de las poblaciones vulnerables (población rural, indígenas, colectivos urbanos marginales, etc.)”. Es en el marco de este proyecto que se realizó el presente estudio. El presente informe de investigación da cuenta de una primera exploración de la problemática de la inclusión social en una universidad pública nacional del Perú, la Universidad Nacional Agraria-La Molina, al empezar la segunda década del siglo XXI, a partir de información de fuente secundaria y autogenerada mediante una encuesta aplicada a estudiantes de pregrado de dos grupos específicos en el segundo semestre del año 2011: estudiantes ingresantes y estudiantes que terminan su carrera.

Valorizar as diferenças na sala do 1º ciclo, abrir janelas de oportunidades para uma escola rica em aprendizagens e em humanidade

O presente relatório recapitula as diversas etapas de um trabalho de projeto de investigação-ação, no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Especial - Domínio Cognitivo e Motor. Com ele pretendeu-se elaborar uma investigação-ação numa turma do 1º ciclo de escolaridade onde dois alunos sentiam grandes dificuldades de integração. A rejeição e a indiferença em que viviam provocavam, consequentemente, grandes dificuldades de aprendizagens académicas. O foco principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento da interação dos alunos, promovendo a troca de saberes pela entreajuda. Daí resultaram os sucessos escolares esperados dos dois alunos visados a que se juntou a dinamização de todos os alunos da turma e dos restantes intervenientes educativos, professores, técnicos, encarregados de educação e comunidade escolar na construção efetiva de uma verdadeira escola inclusiva. Valorizaram-se as diferenças como património comum. Na fundamentação teórica deste projeto abordam-se a educação inclusiva e suas respetivas estratégias, a aprendizagem cooperativa, as dificuldades específicas de aprendizagem, a inter/multiculturalidade e o modelo pedagógico do Movimento da Escola Moderna como estrutura organizativa da intervenção. De seguida, é caracterizado o projeto e a situação inicial onde se interveio, referenciando o plano de ação implementado. As reflexões conclusivas evidenciam que trabalhar em cooperação permite progressos por parte de todos, tanto a nível das aprendizagens académicas como a nível da interação social.

Eu contigo, tu comigo, todos juntos: estratégias de inclusão de uma criança com diagnóstico de trissomia 21 numa turma de ensino regular

Numa época em que todas as crianças com necessidades educativas especiais estão a frequentar as escolas regulares, é fundamental repensar as práticas educativas e até que ponto são ou não condutoras de uma escola inclusiva. Este estudo acompanhou a inclusão de uma criança com diagnóstico de trissomia 21 numa turma de 1º ano. A intervenção foi realizada semanalmente, de fevereiro a junho de 2012, tendo cada sessão a duração de uma hora e trinta minutos. Utilizando como metodologia para desenvolver o projeto a modalidade qualitativa investigação-ação, as técnicas aplicadas foram a pesquisa documental, a observação naturalista, a sociometria e a entrevista. Após a caracterização da situação inicial programou-se a intervenção em parceria com a professora titular de turma, tendo sempre como preocupação o grupo/turma como um todo. Para desenvolver a intervenção recorremos a metodologias de aprendizagem cooperativa, ensino diferenciado e parceria pedagógica. A análise dos resultados indica que através do recurso a práticas de educação inclusiva é possível a inclusão de crianças com diagnóstico de trissomia 21 no ensino regular.

Life at university with Asperger syndrome: a comparison of student and staff perspectives

Although increasing numbers of students with disabilities are accessing higher education, there is relatively little information about the needs of students with Asperger syndrome. Crucially, students themselves have rarely been included in research examining their needs or the supports they might find helpful. Three focus groups, one with students with Asperger syndrome and two with staff were conducted to explore the challenges, barriers and supports to students’ successful progress though one university in the UK. Thematic analysis revealed some key differences between staff and student perspectives, particularly with regard to impact of sensory sensitivities and daily life difficulties on academic progress. Students and staff also held differing views about what is helpful, relating to disclosure of diagnosis and the value of formal social supports. The study highlights the importance of developing services beyond traditional academic supports that students with Asperger syndrome themselves feel are valuable.

Who Should do What to Whom? : Occupational Groups´Views on Special Needs

The overall aim of this thesis is to increase our knowledge of different occupational groups´ views on work with children in need of special support. This is explored in four separate studies. The first study investigates the views of occupational groups in preschools and schools in one municipality. A questionnaire was handed out to all personnel (N=1297) in the municipality in 2008 (72.5 % response rate). The second study explores the views of educational leaders (N=45) in the same municipality. Questionnaire # 2 was distributed in 2009. All the educational leaders responded to the questionnaire. The third study describes the views of different occupational groups concerning special educational needs coordinators´ (SENCOs) role and work. This was highlighted by comparing responses from questionnaire #1 and # 2. Responses concerning SENCOs´ work were also added using a third questionnaire. This questionnaire was handed out in 2006 to chief education officers (N=290) in all municipalities in Sweden. The response rate was 90.3%. Finally, the fourth study presents five head teachers´ descriptions of their work with special needs issues. Study four was a follow-up study of questionnaire # 2. These head teachers were selected because of their inclusive values and because they seemed to be effective according to certain criteria. They were interviewed in January 2012. The results reveal a number of interesting findings. For example, there are both similar and different views among the occupational groups concerning work with children in need of special support. A majority of the respondents in all groups state that children´s individual deficiencies is one common reason why children need special support in preschools/schools. Differences between the occupational groups become especially visible regarding their views of SENCOs‟ work. Critical pragmatism (Cherryholmes, 1988) is applied as a theoretical point of departure. Skrtic´s (1991) critical reading and analysis of special education relative to general education is specifically used to interpret and discuss the outcome of the studies. Additionally, Abbott´s (1988) reasoning concerning the “division of expert labor” is used to discuss the occupational groups´ replies concerning “who should do what to whom”. The findings in the studies are contextualized and theoretically interpreted in the separate articles. However in the first part of this thesis (in Swedish: Kappa), the theoretical interpretations of the empirical outcome are discussed in more detail and the results are further contextualized and synthesised. Inclusion and premises for inclusive education are also discussed in more depth in the first part of the present thesis.

Implementação da política de educação inclusiva nos municípios do Estado de São Paulo: um estudo de caso do município do Guarujá

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como propósito expor as discussões acerca da temática da implementação da política de educação inclusiva em municípios, destacando e analisando o caso do município de Guarujá. Os objetivos deste trabalho são descrever a implementação da política de educação inclusiva nos municípios e analisar sua rede de atores relevantes. Observando recentes pesquisas sobre a temática, pretende-se discutir a influência do governo federal nessa implementação nos governos subnacionais e discutir a questão federativa na educação, no campo da educação inclusiva. A pesquisa levantou as leis, decretos, declarações e normatizações e os principais planos governamentais e programas que estão conectados ao tema, organizando-os em uma perspectiva histórica. Os principais modelos teóricos utilizados nessa análise são sobre o formato de rede e a perspectiva de jogo na implementação de políticas públicas. Para que essas análises fossem possíveis, observou-se a experiência do município do Guarujá na implementação da política pública de educação inclusiva durante os anos de 2009 a 2012. Levantaram-se dados sobre essa política, que foram organizados para a presente análise, tendo como foco a gestão municipal.

BlueFriends: measuring, analyzing and preventing social exclusion between elementary school students

Social exclusion is a relatively recent term, whose creation is attributed to René Lenoir(Lenoir, 1974). Its concept covers a remarkably wide range of social and economic problems, and can be triggered for various reasons: mentally and physically handicapped, abused children, delinquents, multi-problem households, asocial people, and other social “misfits” (Silver, 1995, pp. 63; Foucault, 1992). With an increasingly multi-cultural population, cultural and social inequalities rapidly ascend, bringing with them the need for educational restructuring. We are living in an evermore diverse world, and children need to be educated to be receptive to the different types of people around them, especially considering social and cultural aspects. It is with these goals that inclusive education has seen an increased trend in today’s academic environment, reminding us that even though children may be taught under the same roof, discriminatory practices might still happen. There are, however, a number of developed tools to assess the various dimensions of social networks. These are mostly based on questionnaires and interviews, which tend to be fastidious and don’t allow for longitudinal, large scale measurement. This thesis introduces BlueFriends, a Bluetooth-based measurement tool for social inclusion/exclusion on elementary school classes. The main goals behind the development of this tool were a) understanding how exclusion manifests in students’ behaviors, and b) motivating pro-social behaviors on children through the use of a persuasive technology. BlueFriends is a distributed application, comprised by an application running on several smartphones, a web-hosted database and a computer providing a visual representation of the data collected on a TV screen, attempting to influence children behaviors. The application makes use of the Bluetooth device present on each phone to continuously sample the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) from other phones, storing the data locally on each phone. All of the stored data is collected, processed and then inserted into the database at the end of each day. At the beginning of each recess, children are reminded of how their behaviors affect others with the help of a visual display, which consists of interactions between dogs. This display illustrates every child’s best friends, as well as which colleagues they don’t interact with as much. Several tips encouraging social interaction and inclusiveness are displayed, inspiring children to change their behaviors towards the colleagues they spend less time with. This thesis documents the process of designing, deploying and analyzing the results of two field studies. On the first study, we assess how the current developed tools are inferior to our measuring tool by deploying a measurement only study, aimed at perceiving how much information can be obtained by the BlueFriends application and attempting to understand how exclusion manifests itself in the school environment. On the second study, we pile on the previous to try and motivate pro-social behaviors on students, with the use of visual cues and recommendations. Ultimately, we confirm that our measurement tool’s results were satisfying towards measuring and changing children’s behaviors, and conclude with our thoughts on possible future work, suggesting a number of possible extensions and improvements.

A informática como uma ferramenta de apoio a inclusão do deficiente visual

An inclusive environment has its foundations in the belief that all people are entitled to participate, to live as normal a life as possible, without discrimination, especially in education. This is to ensure equal opportunities. For individuals with special needs, the use of computers and digital materials is not an alternative, but one of the only forms of access to information. For the visually impaired, they start from the beginning to enter the university, through the selection processes, not always accessible. For those who can, other difficulties arise, undermining the initial enthusiasm and generating a large rate of dropouts. In most cases, these students will depend on the goodwill of colleagues and volunteers for the reading of texts in the basic literature of the disciplines studied. The high cost of technology assisted allied to a lack of resources and knowledge of curricular adaptations, prevents many teachers help these students in an appropriate manner. This thesis seeks to contribute to the inclusion of the visually impaired student pointing alternatives that can help in caring education. The research was conducted specifically for the doctorate during the period 2001 to 2006, the cities of Natal, Salvador and Curitiba, and is based mainly on the methodology of action research. The objective was the construction of Virtual Teaching Support Center , structured in a Web portal that can serve as a resource to help support teachers, staff and other users concerned with the process of inclusion of people with needs special education, with the goal of assimilation of educational opportunities, with the support of resources and methods. The inclusion is for everyone because we are all different

Itinerário educacional de uma aluna cega e a busca pela imagem adaptada

The scope of this study directs an investigation in search of how the blind person learns knowledge at school mediated by the image in context of an inclusive education and how it can be (or is) triggered by the adaptation of images to the tactile seizure of the blind person and his correlative process of reading. To achieve this intent we choose a qualitative approach of research and opted for the modality of case study, based on the empirical field of a public school in the city of Cruzeta, RN and as a the main subject a congenitally blind female student enrolled in high school there, focusing, often, on the discipline of geography in its words mapping. Our procedures for construction of data are directly involved to the documentary analysis of open reflective interview and observation. The base guiding theory of our assessments is located in the current understanding about the human psychological development of its educational process inside an inclusive perspective, of contemporary conceptions about the visual disability as well of image as a cultural product. Accordingly, the human person is a concrete subject, whose development is deeply marked by the culture, historically built by human society. This subject regardless of his specific features, grasping the world in an interactive and immediate way, internalising and producing culture. In this thinking, we believe that the blind person perceives in multiple senses the stimuli of his environment and acts in the world toward his integration into the social environment. The image as a product of culture, historically and socially determined, appears as a sign conventionally used as an icon that in itself concentrates knowledge of which the student who does not realize visually himself and his surroundings cannot be excluded. In this direction, the inclusive educational process must build conditions of access to knowledge for all students without distinction, including access to the interpretation of the images originally intended for the seizure strictly visual to other perceptive models. Based in this theory and adopting principles of content analysis, we circulated inside the interpretation of the data constructed from the analysis of documents, from the subject speeches, from records of the observation made in the classroom and other notes of the field daily. In the search for pictures on the school contents, adapted to the tactile seizure of blind student, was seen little and not systematic in practice and teaching at the school. It showed us the itinerary of the student life marked by a succession of supports, most of the time inappropriate and pioneers in cooling the construction of her autonomy. It also showed us the tensions and contradictions of a school environment, supposedly inclusive, that stumbles in search of its intent, in the attitudinal and cumulative barriers brought, because of its aggravating maintenance. These findings arose of crossing data around of a categorization that gives importance to 1) Concepts regarding the school inclusion, 2) Elements of the school organization, educational proposal and teaching practice, 3) Meaning of the visual image as the object of knowledge, 4) Perception in multiple senses and 5) Development and learning of the blind person before impositions of the social environment. In light of these findings we infer that it must be guaranteed to the disabled person removal of the attitudinal barriers that are against his full development and the construction of his autonomy. In that sense, should be given opportunity to the student with visual disability, similarly to all students, not only access to school, but also the dynamics of a school life efficient, that means the seizure of knowledge in all its modalities, including the imagery. To that end, there is a need of the continued training of teachers, construction of a support network in response to all needs of students, and the opportunity to development of reading skills beyond a perspective eminently focused in the sight

Representação social sobre educação inclusiva por professores de Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre

Nowadays the discussion about providing a quality education for all students is more and more recurrent, including for those who have special educational necessities. The discussion increases regarding that it is not enough to include these students in the regular school, but also to provide conditions of learning and development. This requirement implies changes in the educational system, as well as in the teachers‟ everyday; and these changes manifest themselves through the complexity of the functions which are assigned to the teachers and the school. The news that are generated from the perspective of the inclusive education asks for new formative models for teacher‟s performance, once he tries to (re)build knowledge, knowings and doings among troubles and conflicts as a way to decrease the impact caused by the necessary transformations. This research approached this context in order to understand the social representation about the inclusive education from teachers who work in the regular public school system in the Municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, State of Acre. To approach the symbolic content, we elected the Multiple Classification Procedure (MCP) as the methodological approach. For that, it was necessary to apply the Technique of Free-Association of Words (TFAW) to 60 participants what provided data to the first step of the chosen methodological procedure. The criterion of choice of the participants took into account if they dealt with student who has special educational necessities and with public schools. Later, we applied MCP to 50 teachers from specialized course in inclusive education subgroup 01 and 30 teachers who has no specialized formation subgroup 02. The collected data from this step was examined through multidimensional and content analysis for a better understanding of their symbolic dimensions. The results from the multidimensional analysis showed that the subject inclusive education‟ for subgroup 01 involved the following facets: circulating discourses that meant the naming of the characteristics that teachers think indispensable to inclusive education; teachers in relation to the inclusive practice that was focused on the relation between teaching and included student, and repercussion to the student that showed the advantages that the inclusive education provided to the student who has special educational necessities. Subgroup 02 dealt with the following facets: characteristics of the included student that approached teachers‟ view on this student; negative aspects that regarded the naming of the obstacles in the achievement of inclusive education; and teacher‟s relations to the inclusive education that approach professional, affective, and formative elements. The content analysis revealed four categories: disagreeing concepts; conception of inclusive education; dimension of the teacher‟s inclusive doing, and difficulties and resistance to carry out the inclusion of a student who has special educational necessities in the regularschool. Both analyses multidimensional and content one showed that the constitution of elements in a social representation of inclusive education was a mixture formed by the characteristics of this sort of education and the school integration, materialized on the figure of the different‟ student. The representational field of the subject inclusive education‟ was associated to the social representation of the student who has special educational necessities, making clear the deficiency/ difference, and causing the difficulty of the teachers in achieving what they say about the phenomenon