Heterogeneidad, colonialidad y subalternidad en cuatro novelas latinoamericanas

Heterogeneidad, colonialidad y subalternidad en cuatro novelas latinoamericanas es un intento de lectura y reflexión histórica de una serie discontinua que, partiendo de la propuesta transdisciplinaria de los estudios culturales, trata de relacionar la heterogeneidad del discurso literario con la heterogeneidad cultural e histórica estructural de la región andina en sus respectivas coyunturas históricas, teniendo en consideración la asociación entre dos formas de colonialidad: la etnosocial y la de género. El concepto de cronotopo ha permitido encontrar que la familia, la migración y la peregrinación son los organizadores simbólicos de los principales acontecimientos argumentales y discursivos de los sujetos sociales representados en condiciones subordinadas con respecto a las relaciones de poder. La voz y la palabra de estos sujetos heterogéneos problematizan y fracturan la voluntad de verdad de las relaciones de poder, la cultura letrada y el falocentrismo en procesos discursivos discontinuos. Esta discontinuidad y la apertura a la diversidad expresada en intentos, no sin tensiones, hacia la polifonía como procesos de afirmación; parecen ser algunas de las tendencias contemporáneas de la heterogénea producción discursiva de la subalternidad en la región andina de América Latina.

Heterogeneidad y esquizofrenia en las obras Los Sangurimas de José De La Cuadra y Mama Pacha y El Nuevo San Jorge de Jorge Icaza

El presente trabajo académico analiza, desde la teoría de la heterogeneidad de Antonio Cornejo Polar, las obras Los Sangurimas, “Mama Pacha” y “El nuevo san Jorge”, de José de la Cuadra y Jorge Icaza, respectivamente. En el análisis de estas obras literarias se busca la construcción de universos literarios y narrativos ficcionales sumamente complejos, contradictorios, heterogéneos, fraccionados, y cargados de un relato de los diferentes espacios culturales que chocan, se repelen y se encuentran en la sociedad ecuatoriana. Siendo así, pretendemos en la lectura de las creaciones literarias de los mencionados autores evidenciar la heterogeneidad cultural como premisa fundamental de construcción literaria, heterogeneidad que en la narración conduce directamente a un fraccionamiento subjetivo de los personajes, a una esquisis cultural que orienta a los habitantes de estos universos literarios, que en ocasiones los potencia y en ocasiones los destruye. Construcción y destrucción subjetiva de los habitantes de estas ficcionalizaciones simbólicas, que es planteada como propuesta política, social y cultural ante una sociedad marcada por la colonización, la negación, el olvido y el rechazo de la pertenencia cultural heterogénea andina, que evita precisamente que, esa heterogeneidad estructure una construcción de varias culturas, de varias voces, de varias lenguas, potente y creadora, capaz de abarcar y dialogar con los mundos de vida que conviven en su seno.

Espacio, territorio e interculturalidad. Una aproximación a sus conflictos y resignificaciones desde la Amazonía de Pastaza en la segunda mitad del siglo XX

El presente estudio analiza las tensiones y conflictos presentes entre el Estado ecuatoriano y los pueblos o nacionalidades amazónicas, en particular con los Kichwa de Pastaza, cuyo proceso organizativo ha estado ligado no solo a la defensa territorial, sino a una demanda constante por ser reconocidos, como sujetos políticos, entes colectivos de derechos y dentro de éstos en particular, aquellos que les permitan consolidar y asegurar lo que en la práctica ejercen: el autogobierno y la autodeterminación dentro del Estado ecuatoriano. Aquello lo hacen además, en un escenario plagado de presiones nacionales y globales, por la presencia cada vez más amplia y agresiva del capital, que con el apoyo estatal procura asegurar la explotación intensiva y extensiva de recursos del subsuelo como el petróleo y los minerales. Este escenario, absolutamente asimétrico, torna urgente tal reconocimiento, que pasa a su vez por direccionar los procesos de reforma política, jurídica e institucional del Estado, para que ajusta su visión y sus prácticas, a la condición dentro de la cual existe la sociedad ecuatoriana: heterogénea, diversa, con inequidades y exclusiones estructuralmente presentes. O lo que es su reto relativamente más cercano: la deconstrucción de la estructura colonial para dar paso a un modelo fundado en sociedades interculturales a las que se corresponda un Estado de nuevo tipo, incluyente, plural, abierto, participativo, horizontal, llámese como se llame.

Política y conflictividad en Bolivia (Coyuntura)

Después de las movilizaciones masivas del 2000 al 2005 que llevaron a Evo Morales y su partido a la presidencia se esperaba una incorporación positiva de los sectores populares, campesinos e indígenas a la arena política. Este artículo analiza por qué en su segundo gobierno (2010-2014) esa expectativa cedió paso a una creciente conflictividad con importantes movimientos sociales que lo llevaron al poder. Argumenta que la priorización de políticas de Estado generó fuertes tensiones en la amplia y heterogénea coalición social surgida de las luchas antineoliberales.

Manuela Sáenz y Flora Tristán: sujetos subalternos y nuevas formas de construir la nación (Tema Central)

Flora Tristán y Manuela Sáenz, dos mujeres que rompieron los moldes de la feminidad decimonónica, fueron relegadas a lugares secundarios en el panteón de la construcción nacional. En este artículo se propone una lectura distinta de estos personajes, que permita su inserción en una “red simbólica nacional”. Se plantea una reconstrucción dialogal de la idea de nación que admita una visión más heterogénea que incluya distintos imaginarios culturales y deconstruya los discursos tradicionales.

El discurso de resistencia en los movimientos sociales globales

El fenómeno de movilización social global constituye una nueva lógica en la resistencia emancipadora contra la Globalización. Esta investigación reflexiona sobre su proceso de construcción organizativa y discursiva, con alas de comprender cómo opera la convergencia entre personas y colectivos sociales, que pese a su heterogénea naturaleza y diversidad ideológica, se vuelven capaces de proyectarse en una unidad diversa de resistencia, comprometida la creación de alternativas. Tras un breve abordaje conceptual para comprender la novedad de este fenómeno social, que incorpora al proceso de movilización social una perspectiva de interacción con lo global, se procede a referenciarla mediante la descripción analítica de la trayectoria de formación del Movimiento Anti-Globalización o Altermundista, experiencia con mayor relevancia en el campo de la resistencia global más actual. Dado que la dinámica fundamental en la formación de este movimiento gira en torno a su principal iniciativa, el Foro Social Mundial, la investigación decide darle énfasis al análisis en torno a su proceso de operación y construcción histórica. Esto se logra a través de la recopilación interpretativa de documentos de corte conceptual y/o testimonial, proclamas ideológicas, artículos periodísticos y demás publicaciones pertinentes, elaborados sobre el Movimiento y el FSM. Esto considera, por una parte, la evaluación de los elementos de corte organizativo que le han permitido concretarse como un espacio de interacción y diálogo entre diferentes actores sociales de resistencia, y por otra, los elementos de corte discursivo sobre los cuales convergen esos mismos actores, estableciendo su compromiso con la búsqueda de una sociedad alternativa, más justa y diversa. Este abordaje reflexivo desemboca finalmente en un presente del FSM condicionado por una crisis estructural, que conjuga varias características y síntomas sobre las que se indaga, procurando centrarse en dos: el desencuentro con el proceso anti-sistémico de resistencia y su consecuente apropiación del discurso de resistencia.

A single-step procedure for the preparation of palladium nanoparticles and a phosphine-functionalized support as catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions

We here report the preparation of supported palladium nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by pendant phosphine groups by reacting a palladium complex containing the ligand 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde with an amino-functionalized silica surface The Pd nanocatalyst is active for Suzuki cross-coupling reaction avoiding any addition of other sources of phosphine ligands The Pd intermediates and Pd NPs were characterized by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and transmission electron microscopy techniques The synthetic method was also applied to prepare magnetically recoverable Pd NPs leading to a catalyst that could be reused for up to 10 recycles In summary we gathered the advantages of heterogeneous catalysis magnetic separation and enhanced catalytic activity of palladium promoted by phosphine ligands to synthesize a new catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions The Pd NP catalyst prepared on the phosphine-functionalized support was more active and selective than a similar Pd NP catalyst prepared on an amino-functionalized support (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

On the catalytic hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into less toxic compounds by a facile recoverable catalyst

Here we present the catalytic hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to less toxic mixtures of saturated and partial unsaturated polycyclic hydrocarbons under mild reaction conditions using a magnetically recoverable rhodium catalyst and molecular hydrogen as the exclusive H source. The catalyst is easily recovered after each reaction by placing a permanent magnet on the reactor wall and it can be reused in successive runs without any significant loss of catalytic activity. As an example, anthracene was totally converted into the saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon form (ca. 60%) and the partially hydrogenated form, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroanthracene (ca. 40%). The catalyst operates in a broad range of temperature and H(2) pressure in both organic and aqueous/organic solutions of anthracene and it also exhibits significant activity at low substrate concentrations (20 ppm). This can be an efficient recycling process for hydrogenation of PAHs present in contaminated fluid waste streams. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation of recoverable Ru catalysts for liquid-phase oxidation and hydrogenation reactions

We here report the synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of new supported Ru(III) and Ru(0) catalysts. In contrast to most supported catalysts, these new developed catalysts for oxidation and hydrogenation reactions were prepared using nearly the same synthetic strategy, and are easily recovered by magnetic separation from liquid phase reactions. The catalysts were found to be active in both forms, Ru(III) and Ru(0), for selective oxidation of alcohols and hydrogenation of olefins, respectively. The catalysts operate under mild conditions to activate molecular oxygen or molecular hydrogen to perform clean conversion of selected substrates. Aryl and alkyl alcohols were converted to aldehydes under mild conditions, with negligible metal leaching. If the metal is properly reduced, Ru(0) nanoparticles immobilized on the magnetic support surface are obtained, and the catalyst becomes active for hydrogenation reactions. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electronic Structure and Spectro-Structural Correlations of Fe(III)Zn(II) Biomimetics for Purple Acid Phosphatases: Relevance to DNA Cleavage and Cytotoxic Activity

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are a group of metallohydrolases that contain a dinuclear Fe(II)M(II) center (M(II) = Fe, Mn, Zn) in the active site and are able to catalyze the hydrolysis of a variety of phosphoric acid esters. The dinuclear complex [(H(2)O)Fe(III)(mu-OH)Zn(II)(L-H)](CIO(4))(2) (2) with the ligand 2-[N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-4-methyl-6-[N-(2-pyridylmethyl)(2-hydroxybenzyl) aminomethyl]phenol (H(2)L-H) has recently been prepared and is found to closely mimic the coordination environment of the Fe(III)Zn(II) active site found in red kidney bean PAP (Neves et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7486). The biomimetic shows significant catalytic activity in hydrolytic reactions. By using a variety of structural, spectroscopic, and computational techniques the electronic structure of the Fe(III) center of this biomimetic complex was determined. In the solid state the electronic ground state reflects the rhombically distorted Fe(III)N(2)O(4) octahedron with a dominant tetragonal compression align ad along the mu-OH-Fe-O(phenolate) direction. To probe the role of the Fe-O(phenolate) bond, the phenolate moiety was modified to contain electron-donating or -withdrawing groups (-CH(3), -H, -Br, -NO(2)) in the 5-position. Tie effects of the substituents on the electronic properties of the biomimetic complexes were studied with a range of experimental and computational techniques. This study establishes benchmarks against accurate crystallographic struck ral information using spectroscopic techniques that are not restricted to single crystals. Kinetic studies on the hydrolysis reaction revealed that the phosphodiesterase activity increases in the order -NO(2)<- Br <- H <- CH(3) when 2,4-bis(dinitrophenyl)phosphate (2,4-bdnpp) was used as substrate, and a linear free energy relationship is found when log(k(cat)/k(0)) is plotted against the Hammett parameter a. However, nuclease activity measurements in the cleavage of double stranded DNA showed that the complexes containing the electron-withdrawing -NO(2) and electron-donating CH3 groups are the most active while the cytotoxic activity of the biomimetics on leukemia and lung tumoral cells is highest for complexes with electron-donating groups.

Synthesis, Structure, and Phosphatase-Like Activity of a New Trinuclear Gd Complex with the Unsymmetrical Ligand H(3)L As a Model for Nucleases

The new trinuclear gadolinium complex [Gd(3)L(2)(NO(3))(2)(H(2)O)(4)]NO(3)center dot 8H(2)O (1) with the unsymmetrical ligand 2-[N-bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-4-methyl-6-[N-bis(2-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)aminomethyl] phenol (H(3)L) was synthesized and characterized. The new ligand H(3)L was obtained in good yield. Complex I crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell, space group Pcab. Kinetic studies show that complex 1 is highly active in the hydrolysis of the substrate 2,4-bis(dinitrophenyl)phosphate (K(m) = 4.09 mM, V(max) = 2.68 x 10(-2) mM s(-1), and k(cat) = V(max)/[1] = 0.67 s(-1)). Through a potentiometric study and determination of the kinetic behavior of 1 in acetonitrile/water solution, the species present in solution could be identified, and a trinuclear monohydroxo species appears to be the most prominent catalyst under mild conditions. Complex 1 displays high efficiency in DNA hydrolytic cleavage, and complete kinetic studies were carried out (K(m) = 4.57 x 10(-4) M, K(cat)` = 3.42 h(-1), and k(cat)`/K(m) = 7.48 x 10(3) M(-1) h(-1)). Studies with a radical scavenger (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) showed that it did not inhibit the activity, indicating the hydrolytic action of 1 in the cleavage of DNA, and studies on the incubation of distamycin with plasmid DNA suggest that 1 is regio-specific, interacting with the minor groove of DNA.

Aerobic oxidation of monoterpenic alcohols catalyzed by ruthenium hydroxide supported on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles

Ruthenium hydroxide supported on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles was shown to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the liquid-phase oxidation of a wide range of alcohols using molecular oxygen as a sole oxidant in the absence of co-catalysts or additives. The material was prepared through the loading of the amino modified support with ruthenium(III) ions from an aqueous solution of ruthenium(III) chloride followed by treatment with sodium hydroxide to form ruthenium hydroxide species. Characterizations suggest that ruthenium hydroxide is highly dispersed on the support surface, with no ruthenium containing crystalline phases being detected. Various carbonylic monoterpenoids important for fragrance and pharmaceutical industries can be obtained in good to excellent yields starting from biomass-based monoterpenic alcohols, such as isobomeol, perillyl alcohol, carveol, and citronellol. The catalyst undergoes no metal leaching and can be easily recovered by the application of an external magnet and re-used. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of new fluorous modular chiral ligand derivatives from amino alcohols and application in enantioselective carbon-carbon bond-forming alkylation reactions

N-Trifluoracyl beta-chalcogeno amides and N-perfluoracyl beta-thio amide ligands were prepared by a simple and efficient reaction sequence. These new ligands were evaluated in palladium-catalyzed alkylation of rac-(E)-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate in the presence of dimethyl malonate and an enantioselectivity of up to 99% was obtained. After catalysis, the fluorous ligand can be easily recovered by liquid-liquid extraction and reused without loss in the activity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Heterodinuclear Fe(III)Zn(II)-Bioinspired Complex Supported on 3-Aminopropyl Silica. Efficient Hydrolysis of Phosphate Diester Bonds

Presented herein is the synthesis and characterization of a new Fe(III)Zn(II) complex containing a Fe(III)-bound phenolate with a carbonyl functional group, which was anchored to 3-aminopropylfunctionalized silica as the solid support. The catalytic efficiency of the immobilized catalyst in the hydrolysis of 2,4-bis (dinitrophenyl) phosphate is comparable to the homogeneous reaction, and the supported catalyst can be reused for subsequent diester hydrolysis reactions.

Probing the dependence of the properties of cellulose acetates and their films on the degree of biopolymer substitution: use of solvatochromic indicators and thermal analysis

Although cellulose acetates, CAs, are extensively employed there is scant information about the systematic dependence of their properties on their degree of substitution, DS; this is the subject of the present work. Nine CAs samples, DS from 0.83 to 3.0 were synthesized; their films were prepared. The following solvatochromic probes have been employed in order to determine the empirical polarity, E (T)(33); ""acidity, alpha""; ""basicity, beta"", and ""dipolarity/polarizability, pi*"" of the casted films: 2,6-dichloro-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-pyridinium-1-yl) phenolate, WB; 4-nitroaniline; 4-nitroanisole; 4-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline; 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-pyridinium-1-yl)phenolate, RB. Additionally, two systems, ethanol plus ethyl acetate (EtOH-EtAc), and cellulose plus cellulose triacetate, CTA, were employed as models for CAs of different DS. Regarding the model systems, the following was observed: (i) For EtOH-EtAc, the dependence of all solvatochromic parameters on the ""equivalent-DS"" of the binary mixture was non-linear because of preferential solvation; (ii) The dependence of E (T)(33) on equivalent DS of the cellulose-CTA films is linear, but the slope is smaller than that of the corresponding plot for CAs. This is attributed to the more efficient hydrogen bonding in the model system, a conclusion corroborated by IR measurements. The dependence of solvatochromic parameters of CAs on their DS is described by the simple equations; a consequence of the substitution of the OH by the ester group. The thermal properties of bulk CAs samples were investigated by DSC and TGA; their dependence on DS is described by simple equations. The relevance of these data to the processing and applications of CAs is briefly discussed.