Electron cooling in probe collection from magnetized plasmas with anomalous transport

The electron-retarding range of the current-voltage characteristic of a flat Langmuir probe perpendicular to a strong magnetic field in a fully ionized plasma is analysed allowing for anomalous (Bohm) cross-field transport and temperature changes in the collection process. With probe size and ion thermal gyroradius comparable, and smaller than the electron mean free path, there is an outer quasineutral region with ion viscosity determinant in allowing nonambipolar parallel and cross flow. A potential overshoot lying either at the base or inside the quasineutral region both makes ions follow Boltzmann's law at negative bias and extends the electron-retarding range to probe bias e(j)p ~ +2Too. Electron heating and cooling occur roughly at positive and negative bias, with a re-minimum around efa ~ - 2 7 ^ ; far from the probe heat conduction cools and heats electrons at and radially away from the probe axis, respectively. The potential overshoot with no thermal effects would reduce the electron current Ie, making the In Ie versus 4>p graph downwards-concave,but cooling further reduces Ie substantially, and may tilt the slope upwards past the temperature minimum. The domain of strict validity of our analysis is narrow in case of low ion mass (deuterium), breaking down with the ion Boltzmann law.

Non-Maxwellian electron distributions in time-dependent simulations of low-Z materials illuminated by a high-intensity X-ray laser

The interaction of high intensity X-ray lasers with matter is modeled. A collisional-radiative timedependent module is implemented to study radiation transport in matter from ultrashort and ultraintense X-ray bursts. Inverse bremsstrahlung absorption by free electrons, electron conduction or hydrodynamic effects are not considered. The collisional-radiative system is coupled with the electron distribution evolution treated with a Fokker-Planck approach with additional inelastic terms. The model includes spontaneous emission, resonant photoabsorption, collisional excitation and de-excitation, radiative recombination, photoionization, collisional ionization, three-body recombination, autoionization and dielectronic capture. It is found that for high densities, but still below solid, collisions play an important role and thermalization times are not short enough to ensure a thermal electron distribution. At these densities Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian electron distribution models yield substantial differences in collisional rates, modifying the atomic population dynamics.

Modelización de las propiedades radiativas e interacción de láseres ultraintensos con la materia

Desde el año 2004 el código ARWEN ha sido utilizado con éxito para simular y diseñar experimentos relacionados con blancos para fusión por confinamiento inercial [146], astrofísica de laboratorio [145], plasmas como amplificadores de láseres de rayos X [107] o plasmas creados por láser para la medición de espectros de transmisión. Para la realización de estas simulaciones es necesario, además de métodos de alto orden precisos y que presenten buenas propiedades conservativas, conocer ciertas propiedades de los plasmas. En el caso de la fluidodinámica y la conducción electrónica necesitaremos conocer la ecuación de estado [94, 49, 36], y para el transporte de la radiación será preciso disponer de los datos de absorción y emisión [104, 95, 40]. Hasta el año 2009 ARWEN dependía de códigos externos para la generación de estas tablas de opacidad, careciendo de control sobre los métodos empleados para su generación. Además estos códigos asumían equilibrio local termodinámico (LTE), limitando su validez a rangos de alta densidad y baja temperatura. En el marco de esta tesis se ha desarrollado el código BIGBART para la generación de tablas detalladas de opacidad y emisividad para su uso en el módulo de transporte de radiación. De esta forma el grupo dispondrá de su propia herramienta de generación de propiedades radiativas. El código desarrollado es capaz de tratar plasmas en estado fuera de equilibrio (non-LTE) mediante el modelo colisional-radiativo, extendiendo así el rango de validez de las tablas generadas. El trabajo desarrollado para implementar un código LTE/non-LTE estacionario es el siguiente Cálculo de estructura y datos atómicos. Se ha acoplado en código FAC a BIGBART, incorporando la capacidad para generar potenciales atómicos para una configuración y el cálculo de funciones de onda de electrones en orbitales ligados y libres. Aproximaciones y métodos para la obtención de tasas y secciones eficaces de procesos. Se han incluido y programado los modelos implementados en FAC para el cálculo de secciones eficaces de fotoionización, y tasas de decaimiento de emisión espontánea y autoionización. Además se ha incluido el modelo Plane-Wave Born (PWBA) para el cálculo de las secciones eficaces de ionización y excitación colisional. Modelos para la obtención de la distribución de estados iónicos dentro del plasma. Se ha programado un solver LTE basado en la ecuación de Saha-Boltzmann con efectos de ionización por presión debida a los iones adyacentes. También se ha implementado un modelo non-LTE colisionalradiativo para la resolución del sistema de ecuaciones que nos permite obtener la densidad de estados iónicos fuera de equilibrio. Modelo non-LTE RADIOM. Se ha implementado el modelo RADIOM para aproximar efectos de no-equilibrio mediante cálculos LTE a una temperatura equivalente, menor o igual que la temperatura electrónica real. Cálculo de las propiedades espectrales de absorción y emisión. Se han implementado los modelos para el cálculo de los perfiles espectrales de absorción y emisión para procesos entre niveles ligados, ligado-libre y librelibre. Aprovechando el trabajo realizado en este sentido, durante el transcurso de esta tesis se amplió el código BIGBART para tratar problemas con dependencia temporal. La extensión para tratar este tipo de problemas se orientó a la simulación numérica de la interacción de láseres ultra intensos en el rango XUV/rayos X. Para ello, además de adaptar el modelo non-LTE colisionalradiativo se incluyeron procesos adicionales asociados a la interacción de la materia con fotones altamente energéticos. También se han incluido modelos para el cálculo de las propiedades ópticas, y por ende las propiedades dieléctricas de la materia irradiada, de gran interés en algunas aplicaciones novedosas de estos láseres intensos. Debido a la naturaleza fuertemente fuera de equilibrio en la interacción de fotones de alta energía con la materia, se incluyó el tratamiento de la distribución de electrones libres fuera de equilibrio en la aproximación de Fokker-Planck, tanto para condiciones degeneradas como no degeneradas. El trabajo desarrollado en el código non-LTE con dependencia temporal es el siguiente Procesos asociados a láseres intensos XUV/rayos X. Se ha implementado el cálculo de procesos radiativos estimulados de absorción y emisión por el láser. También se han incluido procesos asociados a la creación de vacantes en capas internas electrónicas (Shake), además de doble autoionización y doble fotoionización. Cálculo de propiedades ópticas y dieléctricas en blancos sólidos. Se ha implementado un modelo para la absorción por bremsstrahlung inverso en blancos en estado sólido. Con el coeficiente de extinción debido a procesos de fotoabsorción resonante, fotoionización y bremsstrahlung inverso se obtiene el ´ındice de refracción mediante la relación de Kronig-Kramers. Electrones fuera de equilibrio. Se ha tratado la evolución de la distribución de electrones, cuando no está justificado asumir que es Maxwelliana o de Fermi-Dirac, mediante la aproximación de Fokker-Planck para la colisión entre electrones libres. En la resolución de la ecuación de Fokker-Planck se han incluido los procesos inelásticos por colisiones con iones y términos fuente por interacción con el láser y otros procesos. ABSTRACT Since 2004 the ARWEN code has been successfully used to simulate and design targets for inertial confinement fusion experiments [146], laboratory astrophysics [145], plasmas as X-ray lasers amplifiers [107] or laser created plasmas for measuring transmission spectra. To perform these simulations it is necessary, in addition to high order precise methods with good conservative properties, to know certain properties of plasmas. For fluid dynamic and electronic conduction we need to know the equation of state [94, 49, 36], and for radiation transport it will be necessary to have the data of the absorption and emission [104, 95, 40]. Until 2009 ARWEN depended on external codes to generate these opacity tables, lacking of control over the methods used for their generation. Besides, these codes assumed local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), limiting their validity ranges to high densities and low temperatures. As part of this thesis it has been developed the BIGBART code for generating detailed opacity and emissivity tables for use in the radiation transport module. This group will have its own tool for the generation of radiative properties. The developed code is capable of treating plasmas out of equilibrium (non-LTE) by means of a collisional-radiative model, extending the range of validity of the generated tables. The work to implement an LTE/non-LTE steady-state code is as follows Calculation of structure and atomic data. the FAC code was coupled to BIGBART, incorporating the ability to generate atomic potentials for calculating configuration wave functions for bound and free electrons. Approaches and methods for obtaining cross sections and processes rates. We have included and reprogrammed in Fortran the models implemented in FAC for calculation of photoionization cross sections and decay rates of spontaneous emission and autoionization. We also included the Plane- Wave Born (PWBA) model to calculate the cross sections of ionization and collisional excitation. Models for the obtention of the distribution of ionic states within the plasma. We programmed a LTE solver based on the Saha-Boltzmann equation with pressure ionization effects due to adjacent ions. It has also been implemented a non-LTE collisional-radiative model for solving the system of equations that allows us to obtain the density of ionic states out of equilibrium. Non-LTE RADIOM model. We have implemented the non-LTE RADIOM model to approximate non-equilibrium effects with LTE data at an equivalent temperature, lower or equal to the actual electronic temperature. Calculation of the spectral absorption and emission properties. Models have been implemented for the calculation of the spectral profiles of absorption and emission processes between bound levels, free-bound and free-free. Taking advantage of the work done in this direction throughout the course of this thesis the code BIGBART was extended to treat time-dependent problems. The extension to treat such problems is oriented to the numerical simulation of the interaction of ultra intense lasers in the XUV/X-ray range. For this range, in addition to adapting the non-LTE collisional-radiative model, additional processes associated with the interaction of matter with high energy photons. We also included models for calculation of the optical properties, and therefore the dielectric properties of the irradiated material, of great interest in some novel applications of these intense lasers. Due to the strong non-equilibrium nature of the interaction of high energy photons with matter, we included the treatment of the distribution of free electrons out of equilibrium in the Fokker-Planck approximation for both degenerate and non-degenerate conditions. The work in the non-LTE time-dependent code is as follows Processes associated with intense XUV/X-ray lasers. We have implemented the calculation of stimulated radiative processes in absorption and emission. Also we included processes associated with the creation of electronic vacancies in inner shells (Shake), double autoionization and double photoionization. Calculation of optical and dielectric properties in solid targets. We have implemented a model for inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in solid targets. With the extinction coefficient from resonant photoabsorption, photoionization and inverse bremsstrahlung the refractive index is obtained by the Kramers-Kronig relation. Electrons out of equilibrium. We treat the evolution of the electron distribution, when it is not justified to assume a Maxwellian or Fermi-Dirac distribution, by the Fokker-Planck approximation for collisions between electrons. When solving the Fokker-Planck equation we included inelastic collision processes with ions and source terms by interaction with the laser and other processes.

FTCS finite difference scheme GPGPU parallel computing for the heat conduction equation = Programación en paralelo GPGPU del método en diferencias finitas FTCS para la ecuación del calor

En el presente artículo se muestran las ventajas de la programación en paralelo resolviendo numéricamente la ecuación del calor en dos dimensiones a través del método de diferencias finitas explícito centrado en el espacio FTCS. De las conclusiones de este trabajo se pone de manifiesto la importancia de la programación en paralelo para tratar problemas grandes, en los que se requiere un elevado número de cálculos, para los cuales la programación secuencial resulta impracticable por el elevado tiempo de ejecución. En la primera sección se describe brevemente los conceptos básicos de programación en paralelo. Seguidamente se resume el método de diferencias finitas explícito centrado en el espacio FTCS aplicado a la ecuación parabólica del calor. Seguidamente se describe el problema de condiciones de contorno y valores iniciales específico al que se va a aplicar el método de diferencias finitas FTCS, proporcionando pseudocódigos de una implementación secuencial y dos implementaciones en paralelo. Finalmente tras la discusión de los resultados se presentan algunas conclusiones. In this paper the advantages of parallel computing are shown by solving the heat conduction equation in two dimensions with the forward in time central in space (FTCS) finite difference method. Two different levels of parallelization are consider and compared with traditional serial procedures. We show in this work the importance of parallel computing when dealing with large problems that are impractical or impossible to solve them with a serial computing procedure. In the first section a summary of parallel computing approach is presented. Subsequently, the forward in time central in space (FTCS) finite difference method for the heat conduction equation is outline, describing how the heat flow equation is derived in two dimensions and the particularities of the finite difference numerical technique considered. Then, a specific initial boundary value problem is solved by the FTCS finite difference method and serial and parallel pseudo codes are provided. Finally after results are discussed some conclusions are presented.

Norepinephrine transporters have channel modes of conduction.

Neurotransmitter transporters couple to existing ion gradients to achieve reuptake of transmitter into presynaptic terminals. For coupled cotransport, substrates and ions cross the membrane in fixed stoichiometry. This is in contrast to ion channels, which carry an arbitrary number of ions depending on the channel open time. Members of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter gene family presumably function with fixed stoichiometry in which a set number of ions cotransport with one transmitter molecule. Here we report channel-like events from a presumably fixed stoichiometry [norepinephrine (NE)+, Na+, and Cl-], human NE (hNET) in the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter gene family. These events are stimulated by NE and by guanethidine, an hNET substrate, and they are blocked by cocaine and the antidepressant desipramine. Voltage-clamp data combined with NE uptake data from these same cells indicate that hNETs have two functional modes of conduction: a classical transporter mode (T-mode) and a novel channel mode (C-mode). Both T-mode and C-mode are gated by the same substrates and antagonized by the same blockers. T-mode is putatively electrogenic because the transmitter and cotransported ions sum to one net charge. However, C-mode carries virtually all of the transmitter-induced current, even though it occurs with low probability. This is because each C-mode opening transports hundreds of charges per event. The existence of a channel mode of conduction in a previously established fixed-stoichiometry transporter suggests the appearance of an aqueous pore through the transporter protein during the transport cycle and may have significance for transporter regulation.

Structural conservation of ion conduction pathways in K channels and glutamate receptors.

Single channel recordings demonstrate that ion channels switch stochastically between an open and a closed pore conformation. In search of a structural explanation for this universal open/close behavior, we have uncovered a striking degree of amino acid homology across the pore-forming regions of voltage-gated K channels and glutamate receptors. This suggested that the pores of these otherwise unrelated classes of channels could be structurally conserved. Strong experimental evidence supports a hairpin structure for the pore-forming region of K channels. Consequently, we hypothesized the existence of a similar structure for the pore of glutamate receptors. In ligand-gated channels, the pore is formed by M2, the second of four putative transmembrane segments. A hairpin structure for M2 would affect the subsequent membrane topology, inverting the proposed orientation of the next segments, M3. We have tested this idea for the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Mutations that affected the glycosylation pattern of the NR1 subunit localize both extremes of the M3-M4 linker to the extracellular space. Whole cell currents and apparent agonist affinities were not affected by these mutations. Therefore it can be assumed that they represent the native transmembrane topology. The extracellular assignment of the M3-M4 linker challenged the current topology model by inverting M3. Taken together, the amino acid homology and the new topology suggest that the pore-forming M2 segment of glutamate receptors does not transverse the membrane but, rather, forms a hairpin structure, similar to that found in K channels.

Measurement of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in p-Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV using TPC and EMCal detectors with ALICE at LHC

Heavy-ion collisions are a powerful tool to study hot and dense QCD matter, the so-called Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). Since heavy quarks (charm and beauty) are dominantly produced in the early stages of the collision, they experience the complete evolution of the system. Measurements of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decay is one possible way to study the interaction of these particles with the QGP. With ALICE at LHC, electrons can be identified with high efficiency and purity. A strong suppression of heavy-flavour decay electrons has been observed at high $p_{m T}$ in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV. Measurements in p-Pb collisions are crucial to understand cold nuclear matter effects on heavy-flavour production in heavy-ion collisions. The spectrum of electrons from the decays of hadrons containing charm and beauty was measured in p-Pb collisions at $\\sqrt = 5.02$ TeV. The heavy flavour decay electrons were measured by using the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMCal) detectors from ALICE in the transverse-momentum range $2 < p_ < 20$ GeV/c. The measurements were done in two different data set: minimum bias collisions and data using the EMCal trigger. The non-heavy flavour electron background was removed using an invariant mass method. The results are compatible with one ($R_ \\approx$ 1) and the cold nuclear matter effects in p-Pb collisions are small for the electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays.

Caracterização elétrica de túnel-FET em estrutura de nanofio com fontes de SiGe e Ge em função da temperatura.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os transistores de tunelamento por efeito de campo em estruturas de nanofio (NW-TFET), sendo realizado através de analises com base em explicações teóricas, simulações numéricas e medidas experimentais. A fim de avaliar melhorar o desempenho do NW-TFET, este trabalho utilizou dispositivos com diferentes materiais de fonte, sendo eles: Si, liga SiGe e Ge, além da variação da espessura de HfO2 no material do dielétrico de porta. Com o auxílio de simulações numéricas foram obtidos os diagramas de bandas de energia dos dispositivos NW-TFET com fonte de Si0,73Ge0,27 e foi analisada a influência de cada um dos mecanismos de transporte de portadores para diversas condições de polarização, sendo observado a predominância da influência da recombinação e geração Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) na corrente de desligamento, do tunelamento induzido por armadilhas (TAT) para baixos valores de tensões de porta (0,5V > VGS > 1,5V) e do tunelamento direto de banda para banda (BTBT) para maiores valores tensões de porta (VGS > 1,5V). A predominância de cada um desses mecanismos de transporte foi posteriormente comprovada com a utilização do método de Arrhenius, sendo este método adotado em todas as análises do trabalho. O comportamento relativamente constante da corrente dos NW-TFETs com a temperatura na região de BTBT tem chamado a atenção e por isso foi realizado o estudo dos parâmetros analógicos em função da temperatura. Este estudo foi realizado comparando a influência dos diferentes materiais de fonte. O uso de Ge na fonte, permitiu a melhora na corrente de tunelamento, devido à sua menor banda proibida, aumentando a corrente de funcionamento (ION) e a transcondutância do dispositivo. Porém, devido à forte dependência de BTBT com o campo elétrico, o uso de Ge na fonte resulta em uma maior degradação da condutância de saída. Entretanto, a redução da espessura de HfO2 no dielétrico de porta resultou no melhor acoplamento eletrostático, também aumentando a corrente de tunelamento, fazendo com que o dispositivo com fonte Ge e menor HfO2 apresentasse melhores resultados analógicos quando comparado ao puramente de Si. O uso de diferentes materiais durante o processo de fabricação induz ao aumento de defeitos nas interfaces do dispositivo. Ao longo deste trabalho foi realizado o estudo da influência da densidade de armadilhas de interface na corrente do dispositivo, demonstrando uma relação direta com o TAT e a formação de uma região de platô nas curvas de IDS x VGS, além de uma forte dependência com a temperatura, aumentando a degradação da corrente para temperaturas mais altas. Além disso, o uso de Ge introduziu maior número de impurezas no óxido, e através do estudo de ruído foi observado que o aumento na densidade de armadilhas no óxido resultou no aumento do ruído flicker em baixa frequência, que para o TFET, ocorre devido ao armadilhamento e desarmadilhamento de elétrons na região do óxido. E mais uma vez, o melhor acoplamento eletrostático devido a redução da espessura de HfO2, resultou na redução desse ruído tornando-se melhor quando comparado à um TFET puramente de Si. Neste trabalho foi proposto um modelo de ruído em baixa frequência para o NW-TFET baseado no modelo para MOSFET. Foram realizadas apenas algumas modificações, e assim, obtendo uma boa concordância com os resultados experimentais na região onde o BTBT é o mecanismo de condução predominante.

Ferromagnetism mediated by few electrons in a semimagnetic quantum dot

A (II,Mn)VI diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dot with an integer number of electrons controlled with a gate voltage is considered. We show that a single electron is able to induce a collective spontaneous magnetization of the Mn spins, overcoming the short range antiferromagnetic interactions, at a temperature order of 1 K, 2 orders of magnitude above the ordering temperature in bulk. The magnetic behavior of the dot depends dramatically on the parity of the number of electrons in the dot.

Spin alignment of extra electrons in K-phenanthrene clusters taken from the crystalline tripotassium-intercalated phenanthrene structure

The appearance of ferromagnetic correlations among π electrons of phenanthrene (C14H10) molecules in the herringbone structure is proven for K doped clusters both by ab initio quantum-chemistry calculations and by the direct solution of the many-body Pariser-Parr-Pople Hamiltonian. Magnetic ground states are predicted for one or three additional electrons per phenanthrene molecule. These results are a consequence of the small overlap between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals + 1) of neutral neighboring phenanthrene molecules, which makes the gain in energy by delocalization similar to the corresponding increase due to the Coulomb interaction.

Difference schemes for numerical solutions of lagging models of heat conduction

Non-Fourier models of heat conduction are increasingly being considered in the modeling of microscale heat transfer in engineering and biomedical heat transfer problems. The dual-phase-lagging model, incorporating time lags in the heat flux and the temperature gradient, and some of its particular cases and approximations, result in heat conduction modeling equations in the form of delayed or hyperbolic partial differential equations. In this work, the application of difference schemes for the numerical solution of lagging models of heat conduction is considered. Numerical schemes for some DPL approximations are developed, characterizing their properties of convergence and stability. Examples of numerical computations are included.

Difference schemes for time-dependent heat conduction models with delay

Different non-Fourier models of heat conduction, that incorporate time lags in the heat flux and/or the temperature gradient, have been increasingly considered in the last years to model microscale heat transfer problems in engineering. Numerical schemes to obtain approximate solutions of constant coefficients lagging models of heat conduction have already been proposed. In this work, an explicit finite difference scheme for a model with coefficients variable in time is developed, and their properties of convergence and stability are studied. Numerical computations showing examples of applications of the scheme are presented.

Simulation of the secondary electrons energy deposition produced by proton beams in PMMA: influence of the target electronic excitation description

We have studied the radial dependence of the energy deposition of the secondary electron generated by swift proton beams incident with energies T = 50 keV–5 MeV on poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). Two different approaches have been used to model the electronic excitation spectrum of PMMA through its energy loss function (ELF), namely the extended-Drude ELF and the Mermin ELF. The singly differential cross section and the total cross section for ionization, as well as the average energy of the generated secondary electrons, show sizeable differences at T ⩽ 0.1 MeV when evaluated with these two ELF models. In order to know the radial distribution around the proton track of the energy deposited by the cascade of secondary electrons, a simulation has been performed that follows the motion of the electrons through the target taking into account both the inelastic interactions (via electronic ionizations and excitations as well as electron-phonon and electron trapping by polaron creation) and the elastic interactions. The radial distribution of the energy deposited by the secondary electrons around the proton track shows notable differences between the simulations performed with the extended-Drude ELF or the Mermin ELF, being the former more spread out (and, therefore, less peaked) than the latter. The highest intensity and sharpness of the deposited energy distributions takes place for proton beams incident with T ~ 0.1–1 MeV. We have also studied the influence in the radial distribution of deposited energy of using a full energy distribution of secondary electrons generated by proton impact or using a single value (namely, the average value of the distribution); our results show that differences between both simulations become important for proton energies larger than ~0.1 MeV. The results presented in this work have potential applications in materials science, as well as hadron therapy (due to the use of PMMA as a tissue phantom) in order to properly consider the generation of electrons by proton beams and their subsequent transport and energy deposition through the target in nanometric scales.

Large spin splitting in the conduction band of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

We study the conduction band spin splitting that arises in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductor monolayers such as MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2 due to the combination of spin-orbit coupling and lack of inversion symmetry. Two types of calculation are done. First, density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on plane waves that yield large splittings, between 3 and 30 meV. Second, we derive a tight-binding model that permits to address the atomic origin of the splitting. The basis set of the model is provided by the maximally localized Wannier orbitals, obtained from the DFT calculation, and formed by 11 atomiclike orbitals corresponding to d and p orbitals of the transition metal (W, Mo) and chalcogenide (S, Se) atoms respectively. In the resulting Hamiltonian, we can independently change the atomic spin-orbit coupling constant of the two atomic species at the unit cell, which permits to analyze their contribution to the spin splitting at the high symmetry points. We find that—in contrast to the valence band—both atoms give comparable contributions to the conduction band splittings. Given that these materials are most often n-doped, our findings are important for developments in TMD spintronics.