Inferencia bayesiana sobre los parámetros de dispersión genéticos y ambientales en modelos animales con efectos maternos

Los modelos 'modelos animales con efectos maternos' (MAM)son modelos lineales mixtos que se utilizan para ajustar registros de caracteres bajo la influencia de efectos maternos. Uno de los desafíos más importantes en el marco de los MAM es la estimación de los parámetros de dispersión o 'componentes de (co)varianza' (CVC). En esta tesis se introducen desde una perspectiva bayesiana contribuciones teóricas y metodológicas con relación a la estimación de CVC para MAM sujetos a estructuras de covarianza novedosas. En primer lugar, se describe una implementación del análisis bayesiano jerárquico vía el algoritmo del muestreo de Gibbs. Luego, se considera una especificación conjugada diferente para la distribución a priori de la matriz de covarianza genética, basada en la distribución Wishart invertida generalizada, y se presenta una estrategia para determinar los correspondientes hiperparámetros. Esta estrategia fue comparada contra otras especificaciones a priori mediante un estudio de simulación estocástica, y produjo estimaciones precisas de los parámetros genéticos, con menores errores estándares y mejor tasa de convergencia. En segundo lugar, se presenta una formulación alternativa del MAM que incluye un parámetro de correlación ambiental entre pares de observaciones madre-progenie, y se desarrolla un procedimiento de estimación basado en un algoritmo de muestreo por grilla. El procedimiento fue programado y ejecutado exitosamente, y se obtuvo la primera estimación del parámetro de correlación con datos de campo para peso al destete en bovinos de carne. Por último, se considera el problema de la estimación de CVC en una población multirracial, donde en general es necesario especificar una estructura de covarianza heterogénea para los valores de cría. En particular, se demuestra que el modelo basado en la descomposición de la matriz de covarianza genética es equivalente al que deriva de la teoría genética cuantitativa. Además, se extiende el modelo para incluir efectos maternos y se describe la implementación de un análisis bayesiano jerárquico con el objetivo de estimar los CVC. El procedimiento fue implementado con éxito en datos experimentales de peso al destete y se obtuvieron por primera vez estimaciones para el conjunto completo de CVC.

Estimación de heredabilidades y correlaciones genéticas para caracteres funcionales mediante análisis de supervivencia en Holstein Colombiano.

Las evaluaciones genéticas para caracteres funcionales requieren metodologías como el análisis de supervivencia (SA), que contemplen registros pertenecientes a hembras que no han presentado el evento de interes (descarte o prenez)al momento de la evaluacion. Así, los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: 1)analizar los factores que afectan el riesgo de descarte en vida productiva (VP), y de concepción en días abiertos (DA)e intervalo primer-último servicio (IP), 2)estimar parámetros genéticos de dispersión para los caracteres evaluados. Se emplearon 44652 registros de lactancia de 15706 vacas Holstein Colombiano, ajustando un modelo animal frágil Weibull para VP, con el número de partos (NP), producción de leche (PL)y edad al primer parto (EPP)como efectos fijos. En el caso de DA e IPU se emplearon 14789 servicios de 6205 vacas, ajustando un modelo de datos agrupados con efectos fijos de NP, EPP y número de servicios (SC). En todos los casos se incluyeron efectos aleatorios de animal y de hato. Tanto PL como NP tuvieron gran influencia en la VP, al igual que NP en DA e IPU. Se estimaron valores de h2 de 0,104, 0,086 y 0,1013 para VP, DA, e IPU, respectivamente, asi como correlaciones genéticas simples (rs)entre el nivel de PL con VP y DA de ƒ{0,03 y 0,47, respectivamente. Teniendo en cuenta tanto los valores de cría expresados como riesgo relativo, asi como la magnitud de rs, un aumento en PL conllevaría a disminución en el riesgo de descarte y aumento en el riesgo de concepción, dando lugar a aumentos en la VP y reducción en DA. Las h2s estimadas sugieren la existencia de variabilidad genetica para VP, DA e IPU en Holstein Colombiano, sirviendo de sustento para la implementación de evaluaciones genética de la raza, aprovechando las ventajas de metodologías como SA.

Aspectos morfológicos y biológicos de la oruga militar verdadera (Pseudaletia adultera (Schaus) ) (Lep. Noctuidae)

p.39-46

Resultados económicos de la producción comercial de jabalíes cruza en la Argentina

p.139-145

Dogs in the paradise: The influence of the cynical philosophy in the construction of the myth of the good savage

This paper studies the influence of cynic philosophy in the construction of the myth of the good savage. In the first part it studies the importance of cynicism in the XVI century and how the cynic influence of Erasmus, More and Montaigne was fundamental to the way that Europe approached the American indigenous. In the second part it studies the cynic motives that could have influenced in the construction of the myth of the good savage.

Colour Doppler ultrasound of the ocular circulation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies altered microcirculatory haemodynamics

We assessed whether quantitative analysis of Doppler flow velocity waveforms is able to identify subclinical microvascular abnormalities in SLE and whether eigenvector analysis can detect changes not detectable using the resistive index (RI). Fifty-four SLE patients with no conventional cardiovascular risk factors, major organ involvement or retinopathy were compared to 32 controls. Flow velocity waveforms were obtained from the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA) and common carotid artery (CA). The waveforms were analysed using eigenvector decomposition and compared between groups at each arterial site. The RI was also determined. The RI was comparable between groups. In the OA and CRA, there were significant differences in the lower frequency sinusoidal components (P <0.05 for each component). No differences were apparent in the CA between groups. Eigenvector analysis of Doppler flow waveforms, recorded in proximity of the terminal vascular bed, identified altered ocular microvascular haemodynamics in SLE. Altered waveform structure could not be identified by changes in RI, the traditional measure of downstream vascular resistance. This analytical approach to waveform analysis is more sensitive in detecting preclinical microvascular abnormalities in SLE. It may hold potential as a useful tool for assessing disease activity, response to treatment, and predicting future vascular complications.

Ultrasound entropy may be a new non-invasive measure of pre-clinical vascular damage in young hypertensive patients

Background: The identification of pre-clinical microvascular damage in hypertension by non-invasive techniques has proved frustrating for clinicians. This proof of concept study investigated whether entropy, a novel summary measure for characterizing blood velocity waveforms, is altered in participants with hypertension and may therefore be useful in risk stratification.

Methods: Doppler ultrasound waveforms were obtained from the carotid and retrobulbar circulation in 42 participants with uncomplicated grade 1 hypertension (mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) 142/92 mmHg), and 26 healthy controls (mean systolic/diastolic BP 116/69 mmHg). Mean wavelet entropy was derived from flow-velocity data and compared with traditional haemodynamic measures of microvascular function, namely the resistive and pulsatility indices.

Results: Entropy, was significantly higher in control participants in the central retinal artery (CRA) (differential mean 0.11 (standard error 0.05 cms(-1)), CI 0.009 to 0.219, p 0.017) and ophthalmic artery (0.12 (0.05), CI 0.004 to 0.215, p 0.04). In comparison, the resistive index (0.12 (0.05), CI 0.005 to 0.226, p 0.029) and pulsatility index (0.96 (0.38), CI 0.19 to 1.72, p 0.015) showed significant differences between groups in the CRA alone. Regression analysis indicated that entropy was significantly influenced by age and systolic blood pressure (r values 0.4-0.6). None of the measures were significantly altered in the larger conduit vessel.

Conclusion: This is the first application of entropy to human blood velocity waveform analysis and shows that this new technique has the ability to discriminate health from early hypertensive disease, thereby promoting the early identification of cardiovascular disease in a young hypertensive population.

Correlation of wear in vivo and six laboratory wear methods.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the correlation between clinical wear rates of restorative materials and enamel (TRAC Research Foundation, Provo, USA) and the results of six laboratory test methods (ACTA, Alabama (generalized, localized), Ivoclar (vertical, volumetric), Munich, OHSU (abrasion, attrition), Zurich). METHODS: Individual clinical wear data were available from clinical trials that were conducted by TRAC Research Foundation (formerly CRA) together with general practitioners. For each of the n=28 materials (21 composite resins for intra-coronal restorations [20 direct and 1 indirect], 5 resin materials for crowns, 1 amalgam, enamel) a minimum of 30 restorations had been placed in posterior teeth, mainly molars. The recall intervals were up to 5 years with the majority of materials (n=27) being monitored, however, only for up to 2 years. For the laboratory data, the databases MEDLINE and IADR abstracts were searched for wear data on materials which were also clinically tested by TRAC Research Foundation. Only those data for which the same test parameters (e.g. number of cycles, loading force, type of antagonist) had been published were included in the study. A different quantity of data was available for each laboratory method: Ivoclar (n=22), Zurich (n=20), Alabama (n=17), OHSU and ACTA (n=12), Munich (n=7). The clinical results were summed up in an index and a linear mixed model was fitted to the log wear measurements including the following factors: material, time (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 years), tooth (premolar/molar) and gender (male/female) as fixed effects, and patient as random effect. Relative ranks were created for each material and method; the same was performed with the clinical results. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 40 (±12) years. The materials had been mostly applied in molars (81%) and 95% of the intracoronal restorations were Class II restorations. The mean number of individual wear data per material was 25 (range 14-42). The mean coefficient of variation of clinical wear data was 53%. The only significant correlation was reached by OHSU (abrasion) with a Spearman r of 0.86 (p=0.001). Zurich, ACTA, Alabama generalized wear and Ivoclar (volume) had correlation coefficients between 0.3 and 0.4. For Zurich, Alabama generalized wear and Munich, the correlation coefficient improved if only composites for direct use were taken into consideration. The combination of different laboratory methods did not significantly improve the correlation. SIGNIFICANCE: The clinical wear of composite resins is mainly dependent on differences between patients and less on the differences between materials. Laboratory methods to test conventional resins for wear are therefore less important, especially since most of them do not reflect the clinical wear.

Electrical properties of some single crystal dodecaborides /|nby Jyoti Burte. -- 260 St. Catharines [Ont. : s. n.],

PreVi011.3 ':i or~ : indicat e('. tk~t ho t~)rE's sed ~-Al B 12 1i~2, ~' a semiconductor. r:Toreove r , the s i mpl.(~ electronic t heory also indi cates that ~ -AIB1 2 should be a semico nductor, since thf're is one nonbonding e 'Le ctrofl per AlB12- uni t. JPor these reasons, we decided to measure t he electrical n ropert i ~ s of ~ -AlB1 2 single crystal s . Singl e crystal s of¥- AIB 12 ab ou t 1 x 1 r1n1 . size were grown from a copper mel t at 12500 C. The melt technique coupled. 1,vi th slow cooling vilas used because of i ts advantages such as : siTYInle set- up of the expe rimon t ; only e ;l.sil y available c hemi cals are required and it i s a c omparatively strair::bt forvvard y,le t hod still yielding crystal s big enouGh for OtU' purpose . Copper rms used as a solvent , i nst8ad of previOl.wly used aluminum , because it allows c.l.'ystal growth at hig he r t emneratures. HovlGver, the cry s tals of ] -AlB12 shm'red very hi gh res i s t ance a t r oom temperature . From our neasureJ'lents we conclude that the r esistivity of j3- Al B12 is, at least, given as ~ = 4. x 107 oblD .em •• Those results are inc ons i s t ent wi 'uh the ones .. reported by IIiss Khin fo r bot- pressed j3-AlB12 g i ven a s = 7600 ohm . em . or I e s s . ' Since tbe hot pressing was done at about 800 - ' 9000C i n ~ rap hi te moul ds 1,7i th 97% AlB12- p oVJder, vie thi nk there is pas s ib i 1 i ty th a.t lower borides or borot] carbide are , being formed, ':.Jhich are k11 own to be good semiconductors . v7e tried to ro-pe r-AlB12 by addi'J,'?: agents s uch as l:Ig , IG.-InO 4. ' HgS04 , KI12PO 4·' etc. to t he melt .. However , all these re age 11 t eel either reduced the yield and size of t lJe crystals or r;ave crystals of high r esis'can ce again. We think tba t molten copper keeps t he i mpurities off . There is also a pos s i bil i ty t hc:!,t these doping agents get oxidi~::;ed at '1 250°C • Hence, we co ~ clud e that J -AIB12 has v~ ry high r es i stance at r oom temperature . This was a l s o C011 - fi rmed by checki ng the siYlgle and. polycrystals of .~-AIB12 from Norton Co., Ontario and Cooper Nletallurgical Association. Boron carbide has been reported to be a semiconductor with ~ - 0.3 to 0.8 ohm . cm. for hotpres sed s araples. Boron carbide b e inq: struct urally related to ¥-AIB12 , we de cided to study the electrical prone rties of it~ Single crystals. These crystals were cut from a Single melt grovvn crystal a t Norton Co., Ontario. The resistivity of th," se crystal s was measured by the Van der Pam-v' s ~ nethod, which \vas very c onvenient fo r our crystal sha-pp.s. Some of the crystals showed resistivity ~ == 0.50 ob,Tn.cr] . i n agreement with the previously reported results . However , a few crystals showed lower resistivity e.g . 0 .13 and 0.20 ohm.cra • • The Hall mobility could .not be measured and th8reiore i s lower than 0 .16 em 2 v - 1 sec -1 • This is in agreement \vith t he re1)orted Hall mobility for pyrolytic boron . _ 2 -1 -1 carbide as 0.13 cm v sec • We also studied the orientation of the boron carbide crystals by the Jjaue-method. The inclination of c-axis with res pect to x-ray be81Il was det ermined . This was found to be 100 t o 20° f or normal resistivity sarnples (0.5 ohm . cm.) and 27 - 30° for t he lower r esistivity samples (0.1 ~5 to 0.20 ohm.cm .). This indica tes the possibility that th.e r es if.1tivity of B13C3 i s orientation dependent.

Consumo voluntario de alimento y comportamiento productivo de cerdas lactantes de acuerdo al nivel de alimentación durante la gestación

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Producción Animal) UANL

Efectos de pigmentación en el músculo de trucha arcoiris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) mediante el uso de extractos pigmentantes de flor de cempasúchil (Tagetes erecta) y paprika (Capsicum annuum) incorporados en el alimento balanceado.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Ecología Acuática y Pesca) UANL

Efecto de la cabeza de camarón co-extruida con trigo o sorgo sobre el crecimiento del camarón Penaeus stylirostris

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Acuícola) UANL

Variación anual de la calidad de semen porcino y su relación con parámetros reproductivos

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Producción Animal) UANL

Epizootiología de las enfermedades detectadas en el cultivo de camarón azul Litopenaeus stylirostris en el parque acuícola El Siari, Sonora, México

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Parasitología) UANL

Análisis de asociación de los genes receptor de rianodina (RYR-1) e insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) con caracteres productivos en una población porcina de tipo comercial en el estado de Nuevo León, México

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Veterinarias) U.A.N.L., 2006.