Trends in the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections in Northern Ireland between January 1984 and December 2000

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections (BSI) in Northern Ireland. Methods: Retrospective collation of data relating to all clinically significant BSI in a university teaching hospital, which had been recorded prospectively, between 1984 and 2000. Results: One hundred and forty five episodes of candidaemia occurred in 144 patients (of mean age 56.6 years). The contribution of Candida spp. towards all significant BSI increased from 2.00% to 2.5%. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species, however, its incidence fell from 70% to 53% during the study period. The greatest increase in incidence was seen with C. glabrata which was the most common non-albicans species. Twenty-nine per cent of isolates occurred in patients from an intensive care unit and, surprisingly, a further 25.5% occurred in patients from a surgical service. Conclusion: There appears to be several subtle differences in the epidemiology of candidal BSI between Northern Ireland and other countries. © 2002 The British Infection Society.

Preliminary report of the 1984 field season at Gubbio.,

Malone, C.A.T., et al., in Xerox circulation to sponsors. 1984. Cambridge University.

Uma missão para o império : política missionária e o "novo imperialismo" (1885-1926)

Tese de doutoramento, História («Impérios, Colonialismo e Pós-Colonialismo»), Universidade de Lisboa, ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa e Universidade de Évora, 2014

Road freight transport and sustainability in Britain: 1984-2007

This report builds on a conceptual framework developed by McKinnon (2007) for analysing the performance and impacts of freight transport. This framework is used to analyse the performance of road freight transport by heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) in Britain over the period from 1984 to 2007 using data from the Continuing Survey of Road Goods Transport. The efficiency and intensity of HGV operations are assessed. The determinants that have led to the changes in HGV key variables (including length of haul, vehicle carrying capacity, lading factor, empty running) are considered. A forecast of the future level of HGV activity (in terms of vehicle kilometres travelled, fuel consumed and CO2 emissions) in 2020 is presented.

As políticas sociais em Portugal (1910-1926)

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História Económica e Social Contemporânea

Educação e Ideologia Portugal, pátria de heróis: a figura histórica em contexto educativo (1926-1974﴿

Tese de Doutoramento em História Especialidade de História Contemporânea

Res Publica: Citizenship and Political Representation in Portugal, 1820-1926

The term res publica (literally “thing of the people”) was coined by the Romans to translate the Greek word politeia, which, as we know, referred to a political community organised in accordance with certain principles, amongst which the notion of the “good life” (as against exclusively private interests) was paramount. This ideal also came to be known as political virtue. To achieve it, it was necessary to combine the best of each “constitutional” type and avoid their worst aspects (tyranny, oligarchy and ochlocracy). Hence, the term acquired from the Greeks a sense of being a “mixed” and “balanced” system. Anyone that was entitled to citizenship could participate in the governance of the “public thing”. This implied the institutionalization of open debate and confrontation between interested parties as a way of achieving the consensus necessary to ensure that man the political animal, who fought with words and reason, prevailed over his “natural” counterpart. These premises lie at the heart of the project which is now being presented under the title of Res Publica: Citizenship and Political Representation in Portugal, 1820-1926. The fact that it is integrated into the centenary commemorations of the establishment of the Republic in Portugal is significant, as it was the idea of revolution – with its promise of rupture and change – that inspired it. However, it has also sought to explore events that could be considered the precursor of democratization in the history of Portugal, namely the vintista, setembrista and patuleia revolutions. It is true that the republican regime was opposed to the monarchic. However, although the thesis that monarchy would inevitably lead to tyranny had held sway for centuries, it had also been long believed that the monarchic system could be as “politically virtuous” as a republic (in the strict sense of the word) provided that power was not concentrated in the hands of a single individual. Moreover, various historical experiments had shown that republics could also degenerate into Caesarism and different kinds of despotism. Thus, when absolutism began to be overturned in continental Europe in the name of the natural rights of man and the new social pact theories, initiating the difficult process of (written) constitutionalization, the monarchic principle began to be qualified as a “monarchy hedged by republican institutions”, a situation in which not even the king was exempt from isonomy. This context justifies the time frame chosen here, as it captures the various changes and continuities that run through it. Having rejected the imperative mandate and the reinstatement of the model of corporative representation (which did not mean that, in new contexts, this might not be revived, or that the second chamber established by the Constitutional Charter of 1826 might not be given another lease of life), a new power base was convened: national sovereignty, a precept that would be shared by the monarchic constitutions of 1822 and 1838, and by the republican one of 1911. This followed the French example (manifested in the monarchic constitution of 1791 and in the Spanish constitution of 1812), as not even republicans entertained a tradition of republicanism based upon popular sovereignty. This enables us to better understand the rejection of direct democracy and universal suffrage, and also the long incapacitation (concerning voting and standing for office) of the vast body of “passive” citizens, justified by “enlightened”, property- and gender-based criteria. Although the republicans had promised in the propaganda phase to alter this situation, they ultimately failed to do so. Indeed, throughout the whole period under analysis, the realisation of the potential of national sovereignty was mediated above all by the individual citizen through his choice of representatives. However, this representation was indirect and took place at national level, in the hope that action would be motivated not by particular local interests but by the common good, as dictated by reason. This was considered the only way for the law to be virtuous, a requirement that was also manifested in the separation and balance of powers. As sovereignty was postulated as single and indivisible, so would be the nation that gave it soul and the State that embodied it. Although these characteristics were common to foreign paradigms of reference, in Portugal, the constitutionalization process also sought to nationalise the idea of Empire. Indeed, this had been the overriding purpose of the 1822 Constitution, and it persisted, even after the loss of Brazil, until decolonization. Then, the dream of a single nation stretching from the Minho to Timor finally came to an end.

Eleições municipais em Lisboa na Primeira República (19910-1926)

Esta tese investiga as eleições municipais em Lisboa durante a Primeira República (1910-1926). Pretende-se captar permanências e mudanças neste microcosmo político, para um conhecimento aprofundado da História eleitoral e local desta época. Estuda, uma a uma, as eleições municipais em Lisboa (1913, 1917, 1919, 1922 e 1925). Pesquisa as forças partidárias, os candidatos a vereadores, a campanha política, o corpo eleitoral e o resultado da votação para cada um dos escrutínios. No capítulo final faz-se análise de todos os sufrágios, averiguando a questão da legitimação do poder municipal em Lisboa na Primeira República. Concluímos que as “eleições feitas” ditaram a hegemonia do Partido Republicano Português em todas as eleições camarárias da capital. Apesar disso, o regime republicano empenhou-se na participação política, na cultura cívica e no processo de modernização e democratização da sociedade portuguesa.

Conhecer para dominar : o desenvolvimento do conhecimento antropológico na política colonial portuguesa em Moçambique, 1926-1959

Em Portugal, a Antropologia, enquanto prática científica nas suas diversas assunções, leva já um século de existência, estando todavia por fazer uma História da Antropologia Portuguesa. Existem, é certo, visões parcelares, mas mesmo essas surgidas apenas nas últimas duas décadas e referindo-se, quase que exclusivamente, ao contexto «metropolitano»10. A dimensão colonial, ou tem sido sistematicamente ignorada, ou tem-se prestado a leituras algo marcadas por uma visão demasiado ideológica 11. Esse quase desconhecimento do seu próprio passado poderá ter origem naquela «cegueira histórica» referida por Thomas Kuhn e que conduz, como consequência mais evidente, a «uma distorção drástica da percepção que o cientista possui do passado da sua disciplina»12, ou, então, resultar do relativo atraso da Antropologia Portuguesa. Mas estas são leituras demasiado extemporâneas, isto é, sem que se proceda à retrospecção factual e analítica das práticas antropológicas portuguesas não se poderá emitir qualquer parecer nessa área. Torna-se imperioso, por isso mesmo, reconstituir a História da Antropologia Portuguesa, conhecer as suas motivações, dar conta das suas limitações, o que conduzirá, necessariamente, a uma mais completa compreensão das suas realizações, tanto as do passado, como as do presente.

Magnitud poblacional de lobos marinos en el litoral peruano en marzo de 1984

Resultado del censo de lobos marinos realizado en marzo de 1984, de acuerdo al convenio celebrado entre el Ministerio de Pesquería y el Instituto del Mar del Perú, por sugerencia de la Comisión de lobos marinos.

Cambios en densidad, número y biomasa de la población de de la Concha de Abanico (Argopecten purpuratus) en la Bahía Independencia (Pisco, Perú) durante 1984-87

Se presentan los cambios de densidad y biomasa de la población de de la Concha de Abanico (Argopecten purpuratus) en Bahía Independencia. Los análisis indican que tanto la temperatura como el oxigeno han influenciado en los cambios de los niveles poblacionales.