Accumulation of point mutations and reassortment of genomic RNA segments are involved in the microevolution of Puumala hantavirus in a bank vole (Myodes glareolus) population

"The genetic diversity of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) was studied in a local population of its natural host, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). The trapping area (2.5x2.5 km) at Konnevesi, Central Finland, included 14 trapping sites, at least 500 m apart; altogether, 147 voles were captured during May and October 2005. Partial sequences of the S, M and L viral genome segments were recovered from 40 animals. Seven, 12 and 17 variants were detected for the S, M and L sequences, respectively; these represent new wild-type PUUV strains that belong to the Finnish genetic lineage. The genetic diversity of PUUV strains from Konnevesi was 0.2-4.9% for the S segment, 0.2-4.8% for the M segment and 0.2-9.7% for the L segment. Most nucleotide substitutions were synonymous and most deduced amino acid substitutions were conservative, probably due to strong stabilizing selection operating at the protein level. Based on both sequence markers and phylogenetic clustering, the S, M and L sequences could be assigned to two groups, 'A' and 'B'. Notably, not all bank voles carried S, M and L sequences belonging to the same group, i.e. SAMALA or SBMBLB.. A substantial proportion (8/40, 20%) of the newly characterized PUUV strains possessed reassortant genomes such as SBMALA, SAMBLB or SBMALB. These results suggest that at least some of the PUUV reassortants are viable and can survive in the presence of their parental strains."

Analysis of Puumala hantavirus in a bank vole population in northern Finland: evidence for co-circulation of two genetic lineages and frequent reassortment between strains

"In this study, for the first time, two distinct genetic lineages of Puumala virus (PUUV) were found within a small sampling area and within a single host genetic lineage (Ural mtDNA) at Pallasjarvi, northern Finland. Lung tissue samples of 171 bank voles (Myodes glareolus) trapped in September 1998 were screened for the presence of PUUV nucleocapsid antigen and 25 were found to be positive. Partial sequences of the PUUV small (S), medium (M) and large (L) genome segments were recovered from these samples using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two genetic groups of PUUV sequences that belonged to the Finnish and north Scandinavian lineages. This presented a unique opportunity to study inter-lineage reassortment in PUUV; indeed, 32% of the studied bank voles appeared to carry reassortant virus genomes. Thus, the frequency of inter-lineage reassortment in PUUV was comparable to that of intra-lineage reassortment observed previously (Razzauti, M., Plyusnina, A., Henttonen, H. & Plyusnin, A. (2008). J Gen Virol 89, 1649-1660). Of six possible reassortant S/M/L combinations, only two were found at Pallasjarvi and, notably, in all reassortants, both S and L segments originated from the same genetic lineage, suggesting a non-random pattern for the reassortment. These findings are discussed in connection to PUUV evolution in Fermoscandia."

Phase Relations in the System Cu-Gd-O and Gibbs Energy of Formation of CuGd204

The phase relations in the system Cu-Gd-O have been determined at 1273 K by X-ray diffrac- tion, optical microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis of samples equilibrated in quartz ampules and in pure oxygen. Only one ternary compound, CuGd2O4, was found to be stable. The Gibbs free energy of formation of this compound has been measured using the solid-state cell Pt, Cu2O + CuGd2O4 + Gd2O3 // (Y2O3) ZrO2 // CuO + Cu2O, Pt in the temperature range of 900 to 1350 K. For the formation of CuGd2O4 from its binary component oxides, CuO (s) + Gd2O3 (s) → CuGd2O4 (s) ΔG° = 8230 - 11.2T (±50) J mol-1 Since the formation is endothermic, CuGd2O4 becomes thermodynamically unstable with respect to CuO and Gd2O3 below 735 K. When the oxygen partial pressure over CuGd2O4 is lowered, it decomposes according to the reaction 4CuGd2O4 (s) → 4Gd2O3 (s) + 2Cu2O (s) + O2 (g) for which the equilibrium oxygen potential is given by Δμo 2 = −227,970 + 143.2T (±500) J mol−1 An oxygen potential diagram for the system Cu-Gd-O at 1273 K is presented.

A single network adaptive critic (SNAC) architecture for optimal control synthesis for a class of nonlinear systems

Even though dynamic programming offers an optimal control solution in a state feedback form, the method is overwhelmed by computational and storage requirements. Approximate dynamic programming implemented with an Adaptive Critic (AC) neural network structure has evolved as a powerful alternative technique that obviates the need for excessive computations and storage requirements in solving optimal control problems. In this paper, an improvement to the AC architecture, called the �Single Network Adaptive Critic (SNAC)� is presented. This approach is applicable to a wide class of nonlinear systems where the optimal control (stationary) equation can be explicitly expressed in terms of the state and costate variables. The selection of this terminology is guided by the fact that it eliminates the use of one neural network (namely the action network) that is part of a typical dual network AC setup. As a consequence, the SNAC architecture offers three potential advantages: a simpler architecture, lesser computational load and elimination of the approximation error associated with the eliminated network. In order to demonstrate these benefits and the control synthesis technique using SNAC, two problems have been solved with the AC and SNAC approaches and their computational performances are compared. One of these problems is a real-life Micro-Electro-Mechanical-system (MEMS) problem, which demonstrates that the SNAC technique is applicable to complex engineering systems.

The generation of carbonyl compounds from acetals and ketals by iodotrichlorosilane (ITCS)

Cheap and readily available iodotrichlorosilane (SiCl4 / NaI) readily regenerates aldehydes and ketones from cyclic and acyclic acetals and ketals, in 20–60 min at ambient temperature. The reaction is highly chemoselective as phenolic ethers and esters are not cleaved. The pathway for the process is unlike any previously proposed.

Sulphur potential measurements with a two phase sulphide oxide electrolyte

The open circuit potentials of the galvanic cell,Pt (or Au)¦(Ar + H2S + H2)primeparCaS + ZrO2(CaO)par (Ar + H2S+ H2)Prime£t (or Au) has been measured in the temperature range 1000 to 1660 K and PH2S:PH 2 ratios from 1.73×10–5 to 2.65×10–1. The solid electrolyte consists of a dispersion of calcium sulphide in a matrix of calcia-stabilized zirconia. The surface of the electrolyte is coated with a thin layer of calcium sulphide to prevent the formation of water vapour by reaction of hydrogen sulphide with calcium oxide or zirconia present in the electrolyte. The use of a lsquopoint electrodersquo with a catalytically active tip was necessary to obtain steady emfs. At low temperatures and high sulphur potentials the emfs agreed with the Nernst equation. Deviations were observed at high temperatures and low sulphur potentials, probably due to the onset of significant electronic conduction in the oxide matrix of the electrolyte. The values of oxygen and sulphur potentials at which the electronic conductivity is equal to ionic conductivity in the two-phase electrolyte have been evaluated from the emf response of the cell. The sulphide-oxide electrolyte is unsuitable for sulphur potential measurements in atmospheres with high oxygen potentials, where oxidation of calcium sulphide may be expected.

A low cost approach for the fabrication of microwave phase shifter on laminates

This paper presents a simple and low cost fabrication approach using extended printed circuit board processing techniques for an electrostatically actuated phase shifter on a common microwave laminate. This approach uses 15 mu m thin copper foils for realizing the bridge structures as well as for a spacer. A polymeric thin film deposited by spin coating and patterned using lithographic process is used as a dielectric layer to improve the reliability of the device. The prototype of the phase shifter for X-band operation is fabricated and tested for electrical and electromechanical performance parameters. The realized devices have a figure of merit of 70 degrees/dB for a maximum applied bias potential of 85 V. Since these phase shifters can be conveniently fabricated directly on microwave substrates used for feed distribution networks of phased arrays, the overall addition in cost, dimensions and processing for including these phase shifters in these arrays is minimal.

Real source-sink pair

This work is concerned with the interaction of a source-sink pair. The main parameters of the problem are source and sink flow rates, the axial and lateral separations of the source and sink, and the angle between the axes of source and sink. Of concern is the percentage of source fluid that enters the sink as a function of these parameters. The experiments have been carried using the source nozzle diameter of 6 mm and the sink pipe diameter of two sizes: 10 mm and 20 mm. The Reynolds numbers of the source jet is about 3200. The main diagnostics are flow visualization using dye, laser induced fluorescence (LIF), particle streak photographs and particle image velocimetry (Ply). To obtain the removal effectiveness (that is percentage of source fluid that is going through the sink pipe), titration method is used. The sink diameter and the angle between source and the sink axes do not influence efficiencies as do the sink flow rate and the lateral separation. Data from experiments have been consolidated so that these results can be used for designing sinks for removal of heat and pollutants. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of compressible mixing layers of similar and dissimilar gases: Performance of k- turbulence model

The issue of growth rate reduction of high speed mixing layer with convective Mach number is examined for similar and dissimilar gases using Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methodology with k- turbulence model. It is observed that the growth rate predicted using RANS simulations closely matches with that predicted using model free simulations. Velocity profiles do not depend on the modelled value of Pr-t and Sc-t; while the temperature and species mass fraction distributions depend heavily on them. Although basic k- turbulence model could not capture the reduced growth rate for the mixing layer formed between similar gases, it predicts very well the reduced growth rate for the mixing layer for the dissimilar gases. It appears that density ratio changes caused by temperature changes for the dissimilar gases have profound effect on the growth rate reduction.

波浪欣沙的动力学机理分析

本文从床面附近泥沙颗粒的运动特征出发，详细分析波作用下床面泥沙扬起的动力学机制，得到了波浪欣沙计算公式，计算结果与实测资料相吻合、研究表明淤泥质第岸泥沙颗粒的稳定性主要受制于颗粒间的粘结力和薄膜水压力，重力作用居于次要地位，因此泥沙颗粒越细越难以起悬。

A New Version of Smoothed Point Method to Simulate Linear Elastic Wave Propagation

By using the kernel function of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and modification of statistical volumes of the boundary points and their kernel functions, a new version of smoothed point method is established for simulating elastic waves in solid. With the simplicity of SPH kept, the method is easy to handle stress boundary conditions, especially for the transmitting boundary condition. A result improving by de-convolution is also proposed to achieve high accuracy under a relatively large smooth length. A numerical example is given and compared favorably with the analytical solution.

Evaluación agro-industrial de veinticinco variedades de caña de azúcar (Saccharum sp. hibrido), en comparación con la variedad L 68-90, en planta y retoño 1

El presente estudio corresponde a la evaluación de dos años de producción (90-91;91-92), de 25 variedades de caña de azúcar en comparación con la variedad L 68-90, establecido en el ingenio " Julio Buitrago Urroz ", para determinar su comportamiento agro­ industrial y seleccionar las mejores variedades para una segunda fase de selección. El ensayo se sembró 24 de marzo de 1990, la cosecha de planta se realizó el 21 de marzo de 1991, y el retoño 1 se cosecho el 21 de febrero de 1992. El diseño utilizado fue el de látice triple (5 x 5) parcialmente equilibrado y los parámetros estudiados fueron: Germinación, Población, Altura, Diámetro de los tallos, Peso promedio de los tallos, Rendimiento agrícola, Rendimiento industrial, y Rendimiento agro-industrial. Cada una de las variables fueron evaluadas mediante un análisis de varianza y a la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan a un 5% de significación. Los resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: Germinación; Se obtuvieron diferencias altamente significativas, las mejores variedades son: Cp 70-321, Cp 70-1527, RB 73-9735, Mex 68-P23, RB 73-1012, Mex 53-473. Población; Se presentaron diferencias altamente significativas, resultando los mejores genotipos: Rb 73-2727, Cp 70-321, Sp 70-1423. Altura; Se determinó una alta diferencia significativa entre los cultivares destacándose: Sp 72-4790, RB 76-5288, RB 73-429. Diámetro de tallo; Se obtuvo una alta diferencia significativa siendo las mejores: RB 73-2223, Mex 56-476, Mex 69-420, RB 73-9735, Mex 53- 473, RB 73-9953, Cp 74-383. Peso promedio de los tallos; Se observó una alta diferencia significativa resultando los mejores genotipos: Mex 56-476, RB 73-2223, Mex 69-420, RB 73-429, Q 96, Mex 68-P23, RB 76-5288, RB 73-9735. Rendimiento agrícola; Estadísticamente se determinó una alta diferencia significativa, las variedades que superan al testigo son: Sp 72-4790, Sp 70- 1284, RB 73-9735. Rendimiento industrial; Se obtuvo diferencia significativa, siendo el mejor genotipo: La Q-96. Rendimiento agro-industrial; No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los cultivares en estudio, de acuerdo a la separación de medias las variedades más destacadas fueron: Sp 72-4790, RB 73- 5220. Respecto a las observaciones fitosanitarias la única variedad que no presento síntomas de las enfermedades señaladas en este estudio es: Sp 72-4790, las variedades más afectadas por el carbón son: RB 74-5672, Cp 72-1210, Cp 70-1527, RB 76-5288, RB 77-320, RB 73-1012, RB 73-9735, L 68-90.

Efecto de distancias de siembra y frecuencia de control mecánico de malezas, sobre la dinámica de las malezas y el crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Este experimento fue realizado en la época de postrera de 1993, en la estación experimental La Compañía, ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos, Carazo, con el propósito de determinar el efecto de tres distancias de siembra y frecuencias de control mecánico de malezas sobre la cenosis de las malezas y el crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), variedad Revolución 84. Los factores en estudio fueron: a) distancia de siembra (0.20 m., 0.40 m. y 0.60 m.) y b) frecuencias de control mecánico de malezas (enmalezado, control durante el período crítico (21 días después de la siembra) y limpia periódica (15, 21 y 28 días después de la siembra). En los resultados se presentan los efectos principales de cada uno de los factores, ya que no se encontró interacciones entre factores. Los resultados se resumen de la siguiente manera: referente a abundancia de individuos de malezas a los 28, 42 y 56 días después de la siembra, se observó menor abundancia y biomasa de malezas en el control limpia periódica. Se determinaron como especies más abundantes y dominantes las siguientes: Melanthera aspera (Jacq) Rich, et Spreng. Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC y Bidens pilosa L. En cuanto a los componentes del rendimiento, se determinó mayor número de plantas en el control periodo crítico, y en distanciamiento de 0.40 m., seguido del control limpia periódica y distanciamiento de 0.20 m. El mayor número de vainas por planta, granos por vaina y los mayores rendimientos se presentaron en el control limpia periódica y en la distancia de 0.40 m. El tratamiento con mejor rentabilidad fue el control durante el periodo crítico y la distancia de siembra de 0.40 m.