The impact of whey protein isolate on energy balance regulation

Using C57BL/6J mice fed whey protein isolate (WPI) enriched high fat (HFD) or low-fat diets (LFD), this study tested the hypothesis that WPI directly impacts on adiposity by influencing lipid metabolism. WPI suppressed HFD-induced body fat and increased lean mass at 8 weeks of dietary challenge despite elevated plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) levels, suggesting reduced TAG storage. WPI reduced HFD-associated hypothalamic leptin and insulin receptor (IR) mRNA expression, and prevented HFD-associated reductions in adipose tissue IR and glucose transporter 4 expression. These effects were largely absent at 21 weeks of HFD feeding, however WPI increased lean mass and cause a trend towards decreased fat mass, with notable increased Lactobacillus and decreased Clostridium gut bacterial species. Increasing the protein to carbohydrate ratio enhanced the above effects, and shifted the gut microbiota composition away from the HFD group. Seven weeks of WPI intake with a LFD decreased insulin signalling gene expression in the adipose tissue in association with an increased fat accumulation. WPI reduced intestinal weight and length, suggesting a potential functional relationship between WPI, gastro-intestinal morphology and insulin related signalling in the adipose. Extending the study to 15 weeks, did not affect adipose fat weight, but decreased energy intake, weight gain and intestinal length. The functionality of protein sensing lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPA5) in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes was assessed. Over-expression of the receptor in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes provided a growth advantage to the cells and suppressed cellular differentiation into mature fat cells. In conclusion, the data demonstrates WPI impacts on adiposity by influencing lipid metabolism in a temporal manner, resulting possibly due to changes in lean mass, hypothalamic and adipose gene expression, gut microbiota and gastrointestinal morphology. The data also showed LPA5 is a novel candidate in regulating of preadipocyte growth and differentiation, and may mediate dietary protein effects on adipose tissue.

Thermodynamic analysis of a molecular chaperone binding to unfolded protein substrates.

Molecular chaperones are a highly diverse group of proteins that recognize and bind unfolded proteins to facilitate protein folding and prevent nonspecific protein aggregation. The mechanisms by which chaperones bind their protein substrates have been studied for decades. However, there are few reports about the affinity of molecular chaperones for their unfolded protein substrates. Thus, little is known about the relative binding affinities of different chaperones and about the relative binding affinities of chaperones for different unfolded protein substrates. Here we describe the application of SUPREX (stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H-D exchange), an H-D exchange and MALDI-based technique, in studying the binding interaction between the molecular chaperone Hsp33 and four different unfolded protein substrates, including citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and aldolase. The results of our studies suggest that the cooperativity of the Hsp33 folding-unfolding reaction increases upon binding with denatured protein substrates. This is consistent with the burial of significant hydrophobic surface area in Hsp33 when it interacts with its substrate proteins. The SUPREX-derived K(d) values for Hsp33 complexes with four different substrates were all found to be within the range of 3-300 nM.

The pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism in cancer: emerging links with tumour biology.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent complication in individuals with cancer and is considered to be a cause of substantial mortality. Epidemiological studies identify malignancy as an independent VTE risk factor and show that cancer patients are at increased risk of both initial and recurrent VTE events. The risk due to cancer is compounded by the effects of chemotherapy and other treatments. The pathogenesis of cancer-associated VTE is complex involving multiple interactions between tumours and various components of haemostasis. The development of a systemic hypercoagulable state is considered a key pathogenetic feature and is attributed to tumour expression of tissue factor and other procoagulants, activation of vascular cells by tumour-derived cytokines and adhesive interactions between tumour cells and host cells. An increasing body of evidence indicates that the activation of haemostasis in malignant disease contributes to tumour growth and progression by stimulation of intracellular signalling pathways. The interaction of tissue factor, thrombin and other coagulation factors with protease activated receptor (PAR) proteins expressed by tumour cells and host vascular cells leads to the induction of genes related to the processes of angiogenesis, cell survival and cell adhesion and migration.

The role of lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress in activation of the canonical wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) pathway in a rat model of diabetic retinopathy

Our recent studies suggest that activation of the wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) pathway plays pathogenic roles in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Here we investigated the causative role of oxidative stress in retinal WNT pathway activation in an experimental model of diabetes.

Activation of the Wnt pathway plays a pathogenic role in diabetic retinopathy in humans and animal models

Although Wnt signaling is known to mediate multiple biological and pathological processes, its association with diabetic retinopathy (DR) has not been established. Here we show that retinal levels and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin, a key effector in the canonical Wnt pathway, were increased in humans with DR and in three DR models. Retinal levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6, coreceptors of Wnts, were also elevated in the DR models. The high glucose-induced activation of beta-catenin was attenuated by aminoguanidine, suggesting that oxidative stress is a direct cause for the Wnt pathway activation in diabetes. Indeed, Dickkopf homolog 1, a specific inhibitor of the Wnt pathway, ameliorated retinal inflammation, vascular leakage, and retinal neovascularization in the DR models. Dickkopf homolog 1 also blocked the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by high glucose, suggesting that Wnt signaling contributes to the oxidative stress in diabetes. These observations indicate that the Wnt pathway plays a pathogenic role in DR and represents a novel therapeutic target.

Receptores de aniões baseados em azacalix[4]arenos e isoftalamidas

Nesta tese, desenvolvida no âmbito do Programa Doutoral em Química da Universidade de Aveiro, foram desenvolvidos novos receptores sintéticos construídos a partir da plataforma macrocíclica tetraazacalix[2]areno[2]triazina ou do fragmento de isoftalamida. Ambas as unidades estruturais foram decora-das com grupos de reconhecimento molecular baseados em grupos amida e/ou ureia com o objectivo de actuarem como receptores selectivos de aniões com importância biológica ou farmacológica, incluindo acetato, oxalato, malo-nato, succinato, glutarato, diglicolato, L- e D-NHBoc-alanina, (S)- e (R)-fenilpro-panoato, (S,S)- e (R,R)-tartarato, fumarato, maleato, Cl-, HCO3-, H2PO4-, HSO4- e SO42-. No Capítulo 1 é efectuada uma revisão bibliográfica dos desenvolvimentos recentes na síntese, caracterização estrutural e aplicações de receptores fun-cionais relacionados com os desenvolvidos no âmbito desta tese, com especial incidência para aqueles que foram estudados como receptores de aniões. Neste domínio, enquanto que receptores derivados da isoftalamida têm sido bastante estudados ao longo das últimas décadas, o desenvolvimento de receptores de aniões inspirados em heteracalix[2]areno[2]triazinas ainda se encontra a dar os primeiros passos. No Capítulo 2 é apresentada a síntese de quatro novos macrociclos derivados de tetraazacalix[2]areno[2]triazina incorporando um ou dois braços de L-alanina (A1, A2) ou de L-leucina (L1, L2) nos anéis benzénicos, e derivados com grupos amida como unidades de reconhecimento. Adicionalmente, são também apresentados dois novos azacalix[2]areno[2]triazinas contendo um (U1) ou dois (U2) braços com grupos ureia substituídos com um grupo (S)-metilbenzílico. Foram ainda preparados os macrociclos A2Me4 e U2Me4 por metilação dos átomos de azoto em ponte de A2 e U2, os quais foram posterior-mente utilizados em estudos de associação. Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados através de técnicas espectroscópicas, complementadas por difracção de raios X de cristal único no caso de U2Me4. O Capítulo 3 contempla os estudos de reconhecimento molecular entre os macrociclos A2Me4 e U2Me4 e os aniões derivados de ácidos mono- e dicarbo-xílicos alifáticos, ácidos carboxílicos isoméricos (enantiómeros e isómeros geométricos), aminoácidos e polioxaniões acima referidos, excepto HCO3-. Os estudos de associação foram realizados através de técnicas de titulação por RMN 1H com determinação das respectivas constantes de afinidade. Todas as associações estudadas apresentaram uma estequiometria receptor-substrato 1:1 com excepção das associações formadas entre A2Me4 e U2Me4 com H2PO4- (1:2). Os complexos A2Me4∙SO42- e U2Me4∙(H2PO4-)2 são os mais estáveis com constantes de associação de 7,4 × 104 M-1 e superior a 105 M-2, respectivamente. O reconhecimento dos dicarboxilatos ocorreu através dos dois braços do macrociclo, com os aniões com grupos carboxilato separados por cadeias alifáticas mais compridas (glutarato e diglicolato) apresentando um melhor ajuste aos braços de A2Me4 e U2Me4. Não foi observado reconheci-mento enantiosselectivo de aniões. Em contraste, as constantes de afinidade para as associações com os aniões dos isómeros cis (maleato) e trans (fumarato) do ácido but-2-enodióico, de 89 e 4920 M-1 para A2Me4 e 481 e 4007 M-1 para U2Me4, respectivamente, sugerem selectividade de ambos os receptores para o fumarato. No Capítulo 4 é descrita a síntese de nove receptores acíclicos incorporando a unidade de isoftalamida (Iso-1 a Iso-9) e braços laterais com grupos de reconhecimento de aniões. Enquanto que o receptor Iso-1 possui como unida-des de reconhecimento apenas grupos amida, os receptores Iso-2, Iso-3, Iso-5, Iso-6, Iso-7 e Iso-9 possuem grupos amida e ureia, e os derivados Iso-4 e Iso-8 grupos amida e sulfonilureia. Em cada um destes compostos, os grupos de reconhecimento estão separados por uma cadeia etilénica cuja flexibilidade confere um melhor ajuste com os aniões. Os derivados de isoftalamida preparados foram caracterizados através de técnicas espectroscópicas. No Capítulo 5 são apresentados os estudos de associação realizados por técnicas de titulação por RMN 1H entre Iso-1, Iso-2, Iso-4, Iso-6 e Iso-8 com os aniões H2PO4-, HCO3-, Cl- e oxalato. Os receptores Iso-1, Iso-2 e Iso-6 apresentaram maior afinidade para o dianião, com valores de Kass de 6100, 7800 e 9800 M-1 respectivamente, e menor para Cl- (17 < Kass < 19 M-1). Foram sempre formadas associações mais estáveis com H2PO4- (294 < Kass < 427 M-1) comparativamente a HCO3-, sendo que a associação mais forte com este últi-mo foi determinada com Iso-2 (Kass = 95 M-1). As moléculas de Iso-4 e Iso-8 sofreram desprotonação dos grupos sulfonilureia na presença de todos os aniões excepto de Cl-. No Capítulo 6 apresentam-se as conclusões gerais e no Capítulo 7 descrevem-se os procedimentos experimentais e também os dados espectroscópicos dos produtos obtidos.

Étude du rôle régulateur de la lamine B1 dans l’activation plaquettaire : base moléculaire de la thromboprotection chez les patients porteurs d'anticoagulant lupique et d'anti-lamine B1

Les anticorps anti-phospholipides (aPL), tels que les anticoagulants lupiques (LAC), sont associés au développement récurrent de thromboses chez les patients atteints du lupus érythémateux disséminé (LED). Il a été observé que des titres élevés d’auto-anticorps antilamine B1 (anti-LB1), chez des patients porteurs de LAC, diminuent le risque de ces manifestations thrombotiques. Toutefois, la relation existant entre la lamine B1 (LB1), les anti-LB1 et la thromboprotection n’est toujours pas expliquée. Dans cette étude, nous avons donc cherché à comprendre comment la LB1 et les anti-LB1 induisent cette thromboprotection. Nous avons testé les effets d'anti-LB1 purifiés et de LB1 recombinante sur l'activation des cellules endothéliales et des plaquettes. Nous avons été en mesure de déterminer que la LB1, contrairement aux anti-LB1, possède une activité anti-plaquettaire. En effet, la LB1 réduit l’activation et l’agrégation plaquettaires in vitro et in vivo. Cette activité est due à une liaison directe de la LB1 aux plaquettes, suivie par une internalisation rapide dans des vésicules de clathrine. Par co-immunoprécipitation, nous avons découvert que la LB1 interagit avec le récepteur de l’insuline situé sur la membrane plaquettaire. La liaison de la LB1 à ce récepteur entraîne vraisemblablement son internalisation et l'inhibition d'une des cascades de signalisation normalement induite par le récepteur de l’insuline, menant éventuellement à l’inhibition des fonctions plaquettaires. L’ajout d’anti-LB1 purifiés dans nos expériences a permis d'augmenter de façon significative la persistance de la LB1 dans les plaquettes, une observation confirmée par la détection de LB1 uniquement dans les lysats de plaquettes prélevées chez des patients anti-LB1 positifs. iv Nos résultats suggèrent que la LB1 prend part aux mécanismes régulateurs des processus d’hémostase chez des sujets sains et que la présence d’anti-LB1, chez les patients lupiques, prolonge la persistance de cet auto-antigène dans les plaquettes, les empêchant ainsi de s’activer. Ce mécanisme expliquerait la diminution du risque de thrombose chez les patients LAC positifs porteurs d’anti-LB1 circulants.

Comparaison de l’ubiquitylation de différentes protéines à domaine SH3 impliquées dans l’endocytose suite à leur interaction avec la ligase de l’ubiquitine Itch

Itch est la seule ligase de l'ubiquitine de type C2-WW-HECT capable d'interagir avec les protéines à domaine SH3. Ce domaine est particulièrement représenté parmi les protéines régulatrices de l'endocytose. Les travaux présentés ici visaient à examiner la capacité d'Itch à interagir avec plusieurs protéines endocytiques. Nous avons utilisé la technique du BRET (Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer) pour examiner quelques protéines candidates. Nous avons ensuite confirmé les résultats obtenus par BRET avec des tests d'interaction in vitro, puis déterminé la capacité d'Itch à ubiquityler les protéines liées via leurs domaines SH3. Nous avons ainsi découvert deux nouveaux partenaires d'interaction et substrats d'Itch parmi les protéines endocytiques, amphyphisine et pacsine. De plus, Itch interagit avec les domaines SH3 isolés d'intersectine, mais pas avec la protéine complète, suggérant que cette dernière n'est pas un substrat d'Itch. Itch est donc bien positionnée pour exercer un rôle régulateur de l'endocytose en ubiquitylant ses substrats.

Étude de la voie de signalisation de l’insuline chez la drosophile par une approche phosphoprotéomique

La phosphorylation est une modification post-traductionnelle modulant l’activité, la conformation ou la localisation d’une protéine et régulant divers processus. Les kinases et phosphatases sont responsables de la dynamique de phosphorylation et agissent de manière coordonnée. L’activation anormale ou la dérégulation de kinases peuvent conduire au développement de cancers ou de désordres métaboliques. Les récepteurs tyrosine kinase (RTKs) sont souvent impliqués dans des maladies et la compréhension des mécanismes régissant leur régulation permet de déterminer les effets anticipés sur leurs substrats. Dans ce contexte, le but de cette thèse est d’identifier les évènements de phosphorylation intervenant dans la voie de l’insuline chez la drosophile impliquant un RTK : le récepteur de l’insuline (InR). La cascade de phosphorylation déclenchée suite à l’activation du récepteur est conservée chez le mammifère. Afin d’étudier le phosphoprotéome de cellules S2 de drosophile, nous avons utilisé une étape d’enrichissement de phosphopeptides sur dioxyde de titane suivie de leur séparation par chromatographie liquide (LC) et mobilité ionique (FAIMS). Les phosphopeptides sont analysés par spectrométrie de masse en tandem à haute résolution. Nous avons d’abord démontré les bénéfices de l’utilisation du FAIMS comparativement à une étude conventionnelle en rapportant une augmentation de 50 % dans le nombre de phosphopeptides identifiés avec FAIMS. Cette technique permet de séparer des phosphoisomères difficilement distinguables par LC et l’acquisition de spectres MS/MS distincts où la localisation précise du phosphate est déterminée. Nous avons appliqué cette approche pour l’étude des phosphoprotéomes de cellules S2 contrôles ou traitées à l’insuline et avons identifié 32 phosphopeptides (sur 2 660 quantifiés) pour lesquels la phosphorylation est modulée. Étonnamment, 50 % des cibles régulées possèdent un site consensus pour la kinase CK2. Une stratégie d’inhibition par RNAi a été implémentée afin d’investiguer le rôle de CK2 dans la voie de l’insuline. Nous avons identifié 6 phosphoprotéines (CG30085, su(var)205, scny, protein CDV3 homolog, D1 et mu2) positivement régulées suite à l’insuline et négativement modulées après le traitement par RNAi CK2. Par essai kinase in vitro, nous avons identifié 29 cibles directes de CK2 dont 15 corrélaient avec les résultats obtenus par RNAi. Nous avons démontré que la phosphorylation de su(var)205 (S15) était modulée par l’insuline en plus d’être une cible directe de CK2 suite à l’expérience RNAi et à l’essai kinase. L’analyse des données phosphoprotéomiques a mis en évidence des phosphopeptides isomériques dont certains étaient séparables par FAIMS. Nous avons déterminé leur fréquence lors d’études à grande échelle grâce à deux algorithmes. Le script basé sur les différences de temps de rétention entre isomères a identifié 64 phosphoisomères séparés par LC chez la souris et le rat (moins de 1 % des peptides identifiés). Chez la drosophile, 117 ont été répertoriés en combinaison avec une approche ciblée impliquant des listes d’inclusion. Le second algorithme basé sur la présence d’ions caractéristiques suite à la fragmentation de formes qui co-éluent a rapporté 23 paires isomériques. L’importance de pouvoir distinguer des phosphoisomères est capitale dans le but d’associer une fonction biologique à un site de phosphorylation précis qui doit être identifié avec confiance.

Nous factors inflamatoris de la diabetis tipus 2: SP-D, SP-A, a-Defensives i visfatina

La DM 2 és una malaltia multifactorial i multigènica. Aquest fet condueix a l'estudi de molts gens i proteïnes susceptibles d'estar implicades amb la DM 2. Algunes d'aquestes proteïnes i gens estan associats a un estat lleu d'inflamació crònica, la qual pot desencadenar la síndrome metabòlica (SRI) i DM 2. Moltes d'aquestes proteïnes poden usar-se com a possibles marcadors de malaltia cardiovascular, resistència a la insulina i futura DM 2. Aquest treball presenta quatre proteïnes i la seva relació amb la SRI i la DM 2. L'SP-D i l'SP-A s'estudien per la relació que hi ha entre la disminució de la funció pulmonar i la resistència a la insulina i pel fet de ser moduladores de la inflamació. Les α-defensines s'estudien perquè també són moduladores de la inflamació i per una possible relació amb l'arteriosclerosi i el colesterol LDL. La visfatina s'estudia per la possible associació amb la insulinosecreció.

Rapid acidification and alkylation: Redox analysis of the MHC class I pathway

The technique of rapid acidification and alkylation can be used to characterise the redox status of oxidoreductases, and to determine numbers of free cysteine residues within substrate proteins. We have previously used this method to analyse interacting components of the MHC class I pathway, namely ERp57 and tapasin. Here, we have applied rapid acidification alkylation as a novel approach to analysing the redox status of MHC class I molecules. This analysis of the redox status of the MHC class I molecules HLA-A2 and HLA-B27, which is strongly associated with a group of inflammatory arthritic disorders referred to as Spondyloarthropathies, revealed structural and conformational information. We propose that this assay provides a useful tool in the study of in vivo MHC class I structure. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The genetics of diabetes mellitus

Genes play an important role in the development of diabetes mellitus. Putative susceptibility genes could be the key to the development of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is most likely the cause of Type 1 diabetes. The pathogenetic sequence leading to the selective autoimmune destruction of islet beta-cells and development of Type 1 diabetes involves genetic factors, environmental factors, immune regulation and chemical mediators. Unlike Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Type 2 diabetes is often considered a polygenic disorder with multiple genes located on different chromosomes being associated with this condition. This is further complicated by numerous environmental factors which also contribute to the clinical manifestation of the disorder in genetically predisposed persons. Only a minority of cases of type 2 diabetes are caused by single gene defects such as maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), syndrome of insulin resistance (insulin receptor defect) and maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (mitochondrial gene defect). Although Type 2 diabetes mellitus appears in almost epidemic proportions our knowledge of the mechanism of this disease is limited. More information about insulin secretion and action and the genetic variability of the various factors involved will contribute to better understanding and classification of this group of diseases. This article discusses the results of various genetic studies on diabetes with special reference to Indian population.

Structural and functional characterization of neuwiedase, a nonhemorrhagic fibrin(ogen)olytic metalloprotease from Bothrops neuwiedi snake venom

A fibrino(geno)lytic nonhemorrhagic metalloprotease (neuwiedase) was purified from Bothrops neuwiedi snake venom by a single chromatographic step procedure on a CM-Sepharose column, Neuwiedase represented 4.5% (w/w) of the crude desiccated venom, with an approximate Mr of 20,000 and pI 5.9, As regards the amino acid composition, neuwiedase showed similarities with other metalloproteases, with high proportions of Asx, Glx, Leu, and Ser, Atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that one mole of Zn2+ and one mole of Ca2+ were present per mole olf protein. The cDNA encoding neuwiedase was isolated by RT-PCR from venom gland RNA, using oligonucleotides based on the partially determined amino-acid sequences of this metalloprotease. The fall sequence contained approximately 594 bp, which codified the 198 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular weight of 22,375. Comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of neuwiedase with those of other snake venom metalloproteases showed a high level of sequential similarity, Neuwiedase has two highly conserved characteristics sequences H(142)E(143)XXH(146)XXG(140)XXH(152) and C164I165M166. The three-dimensional structure of neuwiedase was modeled based on the crystal structure of Crotalus adamanteus Adamalysin II. This model revealed that the zinc binding site region showed a I high structural similarity with other metalloproteases,, the proteolyitc specificity, using the B beta-chain of oxidized insulin as substrate, was shown to be directed to the Ala(14)-Leu(15) and Tyr(16)-Leu(17) peptide bonds which were preferentially hydrolyzed. Neuwiedase is a A alpha,B beta fibrinogenase, Its activity upon the A alpha chain of fibrinogen was detected within 15 min of incubation. The optimal temperature and pH for the degradation of both A alpha and B beta chains were 37 degrees C and 7.4-8.0, respectively. This activity was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenantroline, Neuwiedase also showed proteolytic activity upon fibrin and some components of the extracellular matrix. However, it did not show TAME esterase activity and was not able to inhibit platelet aggregation. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

Efeitos do diabetes gestacional moderado e da reposição com insulina na lactação sobre a próstata ventral do rato Wistar

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Molecular and Electronic Structure of the Peptide Subunit of Geobacter sulfurreducens Conductive Phi from First Principles

The respiration of metal oxides by the bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens requires the assembly of a small peptide (the GS pilin) into conductive filaments termed pili. We gained insights into the contribution of the GS pilin to the pilus conductivity by developing a homology model and performing molecular dynamics simulations of the pilin peptide in vacuo and in solution. The results were consistent with a predominantly helical peptide containing the conserved a-helix region required for pilin assembly but carrying a short carboxy-terminal random-coiled segment rather than the large globular head of other bacterial pilins. The electronic structure of the pain was also explored from first principles and revealed a biphasic charge distribution along the pilin and a low electronic HOMO-LUMO gap, even in a wet environment. The low electronic band gap was the result of strong electrostatic fields generated by the alignment of the peptide bond dipoles in the pilin's alpha-helix and by charges from ions in solution and amino acids in the protein. The electronic structure also revealed some level of orbital delocalization in regions of the pilin containing aromatic amino acids and in spatial regions of high resonance where the HOMO and LUMO states are, which could provide an optimal environment for the hopping of electrons under thermal fluctuations. Hence, the structural and electronic features of the pilin revealed in these studies support the notion of a pilin peptide environment optimized for electron conduction.