Munc18c in adipose tissue is downregulated in obesity and is associated with insulin.

OBJECTIVE Munc18c is associated with glucose metabolism and could play a relevant role in obesity. However, little is known about the regulation of Munc18c expression. We analyzed Munc18c gene expression in human visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue and its relationship with obesity and insulin. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated 70 subjects distributed in 12 non-obese lean subjects, 23 overweight subjects, 12 obese subjects and 23 nondiabetic morbidly obese patients (11 with low insulin resistance and 12 with high insulin resistance). RESULTS The lean, overweight and obese persons had a greater Munc18c gene expression in adipose tissue than the morbidly obese patients (p<0.001). VAT Munc18c gene expression was predicted by the body mass index (B���= -0.001, p = 0.009). In SAT, no associations were found by different multiple regression analysis models. SAT Munc18c gene expression was the main determinant of the improvement in the HOMA-IR index 15 days after bariatric surgery (B���= -2148.4, p = 0.038). SAT explant cultures showed that insulin produced a significant down-regulation of Munc18c gene expression (p = 0.048). This decrease was also obtained when explants were incubated with liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) agonist, either without (p = 0.038) or with insulin (p = 0.050). However, Munc18c gene expression was not affected when explants were incubated with insulin plus a sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) inhibitor (p = 0.504). CONCLUSIONS Munc18c gene expression in human adipose tissue is down-regulated in morbid obesity. Insulin may have an effect on the Munc18c expression, probably through LXRα and SREBP-1c.

The rise of soluble TWEAK levels in severely obese subjects after bariatric surgery may affect adipocyte-cytokine production induced by TNFα.

CONTEXT Soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) is generated by the intracellular proteolytic cleavage of full-length membrane-bound TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (mTWEAK). sTWEAK levels are reduced in diseases with an inflammatory component. Additionally, sTWEAK hampers TNFα activity in human cells. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were as follows: 1) to determine circulating sTWEAK in severe obesity and after bariatric surgery; 2) to study m/sTWEAK and its receptor fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) protein expression in sc adipose tissue (SAT) of severely obese subjects, in SAT stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and isolated adipocytes and in human monocyte-derived macrophages; and 3) to explore, on human adipocytes, the sTWEAK effect on TNFα proinflammatory activity. DESIGN sTWEAK levels were measured in cohort 1: severely obese subjects (n = 23) and a control group (n = 35); and in cohort 2: (n = 23) severely obese subjects before and after surgery. The m/sTWEAK and Fn14 expressions were determined in SAT biopsies, SVF, and isolated adipocytes from severely obese and control subjects and in human monocyte-derived macrophages. In human primary cultured adipocytes, sTWEAK pretreated and TNFα challenged, IL-6, IL-8, and adiponectin protein and gene expressions were determined and nuclear factor-κ B and MAPK signaling analyzed. RESULTS sTWEAK levels were reduced in severely obese subjects. After surgery, sTWEAK levels rose in 69% of patients. mTWEAK protein expression was increased in SAT and SVF of severely obese subjects, whereas Fn14 was up-regulated in isolated adipocytes. M2 human monocyte-derived macrophages overexpress mTWEAK. In human adipocytes, sTWEAK down-regulates TNFα cytokine production by hampering TNFα intracellular signaling events. CONCLUSION The decrease of sTWEAK in severely obese patients may favor the proinflammatory activity elicited by TNFα.

Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity across Body Mass Index in Females: Moderating Effect of Endocannabinoids and Temperament.

BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids and temperament traits have been linked to both physical activity and body mass index (BMI) however no study has explored how these factors interact in females. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to 1) examine differences among distinct BMI groups on daytime physical activity and time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), temperament traits and plasma endocannabinoid concentrations; and 2) explore the association and interaction between MVPA, temperament, endocannabinoids and BMI. METHODS Physical activity was measured with the wrist-worn accelerometer Actiwatch AW7, in a sample of 189 female participants (43 morbid obese, 30 obese, and 116 healthy-weight controls). The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised questionnaire was used to assess personality traits. BMI was calculated by bioelectrical impedance analysis via the TANITA digital scale. Blood analyses were conducted to measure levels of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds. Path-analysis was performed to examine the association between predictive variables and MVPA. RESULTS Obese groups showed lower MVPA and dysfunctional temperament traits compared to healthy-weight controls. Plasma concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglyceryl (2-AG) were greater in obese groups. Path-analysis identified a direct effect between greater MVPA and low BMI (b���= -0.13, p = .039) and high MVPA levels were associated with elevated anandamide (AEA) levels (b���= 0.16, p = .049) and N-oleylethanolamide (OEA) levels (b���= 0.22, p = .004), as well as high Novelty seeking (b���= 0.18, p<.001) and low Harm avoidance (b���= -0.16, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS Obese individuals showed a distinct temperament profile and circulating endocannabinoids compared to controls. Temperament and endocannabinoids may act as moderators of the low MVPA in obesity.

Olfaction in eating disorders and abnormal eating behavior: a systematic review.

The study provides a systematic review that explores the current literature on olfactory capacity in abnormal eating behavior. The objective is to present a basis for discussion on whether research in olfaction in eating disorders may offer additional insight with regard to the complex etiopathology of eating disorders (ED) and abnormal eating behaviors. Electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science) were searched using the components in relation to olfaction and combining them with the components related to abnormal eating behavior. Out of 1352 articles, titles were first excluded by title (n = 64) and then by abstract and fulltext resulting in a final selection of 14 articles (820 patients and 385 control participants) for this review. The highest number of existing literature on olfaction in ED were carried out with AN patients (78.6%) followed by BN patients (35.7%) and obese individuals (14.3%). Most studies were only conducted on females. The general findings support that olfaction is altered in AN and in obesity and indicates toward there being little to no difference in olfactory capacity between BN patients and the general population. Due to the limited number of studies and heterogeneity this review stresses on the importance of more research on olfaction and abnormal eating behavior.

Changes in Body Composition in Anorexia Nervosa: Predictors of Recovery and Treatment Outcome.

The restoration of body composition (BC) parameters is considered to be one of the most important goals in the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known about differences between AN diagnostic subtypes [restricting (AN-R) and binge/purging (AN-BP)] and weekly changes in BC during refeeding treatment. Therefore, the main objectives of our study were twofold: 1) to assess the changes in BC throughout nutritional treatment in an AN sample and 2) to analyze predictors of BC changes during treatment, as well as predictors of treatment outcome. The whole sample comprised 261 participants [118 adult females with AN (70 AN-R vs. 48 AN-BP), and 143 healthy controls]. BC was measured weekly during 15 weeks of day-hospital treatment using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Assessment measures also included the Eating Disorders Inventory-2, as well as a number of other clinical indices. Overall, the results showed that AN-R and AN-BP patients statistically differed in all BC measures at admission. However, no significant time×group interaction was found for almost all BC parameters. Significant time×group interactions were only found for basal metabolic rate (p = .041) and body mass index (BMI) (p = .035). Multiple regression models showed that the best predictors of pre-post changes in BC parameters (namely fat-free mass, muscular mass, total body water and BMI) were the baseline values of BC parameters. Stepwise predictive logistic regressions showed that only BMI and age were significantly associated with outcome, but not with the percentage of body fat. In conclusion, these data suggest that although AN patients tended to restore all BC parameters during nutritional treatment, only AN-BP patients obtained the same fat mass values as healthy controls. Put succinctly, the best predictors of changes in BC were baseline BC values, which did not, however, seem to influence treatment outcome.

A Lower Olfactory Capacity Is Related to Higher Circulating Concentrations of Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and Higher Body Mass Index in Women.

The endocannabinoid (eCB) system can promote food intake by increasing odor detection in mice. The eCB system is over-active in human obesity. Our aim is to measure circulating eCB concentrations and olfactory capacity in a human sample that includes people with obesity and explore the possible interaction between olfaction, obesity and the eCB system. The study sample was made up of 161 females with five groups of body mass index sub-categories ranging from under-weight to morbidly obese. We assessed olfactory capacity with the "Sniffin´Sticks" test, which measures olfactory threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) capacity. We measured plasma concentrations of the eCBs 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine or anandamide (AEA), and several eCB-related compounds, 2-acylglycerols and N-acylethanolamines. 2-AG and other 2-acylglycerols fasting plasma circulating plasma concentrations were higher in obese and morbidly obese subjects. AEA and other N-acylethanolamine circulating concentrations were lower in under-weight subjects. Olfactory TDI scores were lower in obese and morbidly obese subjects. Lower TDI scores were independently associated with higher 2-AG fasting plasma circulating concentrations, higher %body fat, and higher body mass index, after controlling for age, smoking, menstruation, and use of contraceptives. Our results show that obese subjects have a lower olfactory capacity than non-obese ones and that elevated fasting plasma circulating 2-AG concentrations in obesity are linked to a lower olfactory capacity. In agreement with previous studies we show that eCBs AEA and 2-AG, and their respective congeners have a distinct profile in relation to body mass index. The present report is the first study in humans in which olfactory capacity and circulating eCB concentrations have been measured in the same subjects.

Aspectos oceanográficos en primavera 2003: Crucero pelágico BIC Humboldt y Olaya 0310-12

El estudio se realizó a bordo de dos barcos y en forma simultánea: BIC Humboldt que cubrió de 100 a 200 mn y BIC Olaya, dentro de las 100 mn. Las observaciones más importantes fueron: (a) presencia de las aguas subtropicales superficiales (ASS) de Pimentel (8°S) hasta la frontera sur (18°S), con una notable advección a la costa de Huarmey (10°S), al Callao (12°S) y al sur de los 15°S (San Juan de Marcona); (b) proyección de aguas ecuatoriales superficiales (AES) hasta los 5°20’S, por el arribo de una nueva onda Kelvin; (c) registro de aguas ecuatoriales superficiales (AES) entre 6°30’ y 8°S por fuera de las 140 mn, constituyendo rezagos de las ondas que arribaron en agosto; (d) predominancia de anomalías térmicas positivas de hasta +1,5 °C, relacionadas con la persistencia de las ondas Kelvin y el relajamiento de los sistemas atmosféricos que debilitaron los vientos Alisios del sudeste, y que redujeron las áreas de afloramiento costero; (e) registro de dos pequeños núcleos con anomalías negativas.

Selectividad de la red Granton 400x120 mm PA en la evaluación de merluza peruana. Otoño 2002

En el crucero BIC Olaya 0205 (Callao-Puerto Pizarro), se monitoreó la selectividad de la red de arrastre de fondo Granton tipo 400x120 mm PA, empleando copo (90 mm) y sobrecopo (13 mm). La probabilidad de captura al 50%, en la sub��rea A fue de 4,52cm; en la B, de 25,46 cm y en la C de 26,14 cm. El L50% total de las sub��reas A, B, C fue 25,15 cm, con un factor de selección 0,28 y un rango de selección de 8,55 cm.

índice "LABCOS" para la caracterización de eventos El Niño y La Niña frente a la costa del Perú, 1976-205

Se propone un índice de las anomalías de temperatura superficial del mar en la zona costera del país (LABCOS), basado en registros diarios de los Laboratorios Costeros de IMARPE y en la estación San Juan de la Dirección de Hidrografía y Navegación (DHN), desde 1976 al 2015. Se empleó criterios similares a los del ONI (Índice Oceánico de El Niño) de la NOAA para identificar eventos El Niño y La Niña. Mediante la técnica de percentiles y cuartiles se hizo una clasificación de ambos eventos por categoría e intensidad.

Determinación de la longitud de la falla y velocidad de ruptura para terremotos de magnitud media

En el proceso de inversión de la función de directividad para la obtención de la longitud de falla y velocidad de mptura, en el caso de terremotos de magnitud media, es muy dificil obtener ambos parámetros independientemente y deben hacerse hipótesis sobre uno de los dos parámetros. Proponemos una solución a este problema mediante un proceso iterativo, que iniciamos con un valor hipotético de la velocidad de ruptura. El resultado final resulta ser independiente del valor de partida. Mediante este proceso hemos obtenido la longitud de falla y velocidad de ruptura de dos terremotos, el del 18-nov-1970, ocurrido en la Dorsal Oriental del Pacifico, y el del 4-jul-1966, ocurrido en la Dorsal Centro-Atlántica. Para el sismo del 18-nov-1970 los valores obtenidos en la b = (18 4- 1) km v = (2.3 f 0.1) kmls y para el sismo del 4-jul-1966 b = (19 f 2) km, v = (2.1 i 0.1) kmls. Las desviaciones tipicas de estos parámetros, del orden del 5-10 %, son inferiores a las obtenidas en trabajos previos.

De la distancia y la hospitalidad: consideraciones sobre la razón espacial

En este artículo hemos pretendido reconsiderar algunas de las formas de pensar las relaciones entre espacio y sociedad, en particular por lo que hace a contextos urbanos socioculturalmente heterogéneos. Con este fin, hemos esbozado una triple crítica a lo que damos en llamar ?razón espacial?, esto es, a aquellas formas de aprehensión de las relaciones espacio-sociedad en las que lo espacial no sólo disuelve lo social, generando un enturbamiento de las relaciones y posiciones sociales en juego, sino que impiden percibir una multiplicidad de prácticas cotidianas de intercambio, transacción, comunicación u hospitalidad, en suma de reconocimiento, entre unos y otros grupos o sectores sociales. De este modo, hemos acabado poniendo especial énfasis en las complejas relaciones entre distancia y hospitalidad.

Aprendizaje basado en problemas en la formación de psicólogos

Este trabajo presenta una experiencia innovadora en la formación de pregrado de estudiantes de psicología de la Universidad de Talca. Para ello se diseñó un ambiente de aprendizaje sustentado en la metodología de aprendizaje basado en problemas, con el propósito de mejorar las capacidades de toma de decisiones de los futuros psicólogos frente a una posible intervención en un contexto educativo. Los resultados de la experiencia mostraron un leve aumento en el desempeño estudiantil, mayor compromiso y participación, autogestión en la b&#250;squeda de información y capacidad de problematización en los estudiantes.

La innovació als centres educatius de Catalunya

Aquest article sintetitza els resultats de la investigació realitzada entorn de la innovació en els centres educatius a Catalunya. Una vegada conceptualitzada la innovació, des del seu origen, naturalesa i dimensions, s'hi justifica el disseny d'investigació utilitzat (objectius, fases, instrumentalització, mostra), al mateix temps que s'ofereixen les aportacions més rellevants dels resultats i les conclusions d'investigació obtinguts.